{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T09:07:29Z","timestamp":1775639249752,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cluster Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-024-05008-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T12:02:12Z","timestamp":1745841732000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Design and analysis of UWB antenna using machine learning for next-generation communications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Rachit","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vandana Vikas","family":"Thakare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P. K.","family":"Singhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"5008_CR1","volume-title":"Antenna theory analysis and design","author":"CA Balanis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balanis, C.A.: Antenna theory analysis and design. New Jersey Wiley, Hoboken (2016)"},{"key":"5008_CR2","unstructured":"Revision of part 15 of the commission\u2019s rules regarding ultra WideBand transmission systems. https:\/\/www.fcc.gov\/document\/revision-part-15-commissions-rules-regarding-ultra-wideband-7"},{"key":"5008_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2390808","volume":"2017","author":"R Cicchetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cicchetti, R., Miozzi, E., Testa, O.: Wideband and UWB antennas for wireless applications: a comprehensive review. Int. J. Antennas Propag. 2017, 1\u201345 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/2390808","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"5008_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-022-10181-w","author":"D Sarkar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarkar, D., Khan, T., Talukdar, F.A., Antar, Y.M.M.: Computational intelligence paradigms for UWB antennas: a comprehensive review of analysis, synthesis and optimization. Artif. Intell. Rev. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10462-022-10181-w","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"5008_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/21681724.2021.1966655","volume":"10","author":"A Varshney","year":"2021","unstructured":"Varshney, A., Cholake, N., Sharma, V.: Low-cost ELC-UWB fan-shaped antenna using parasitic SRR triplet for ISM band and PCS applications. Int. J. Electron. Lett. 10, 391\u2013402 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21681724.2021.1966655","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron. Lett."},{"key":"5008_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03772063.2022.2034536","author":"A Varshney","year":"2022","unstructured":"Varshney, A., Neebha, T.M., Sharma, V., Jency, J.G., Andrushia, A.D.: Dodecagon-shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna practically loaded with 3-delta structures for ISM band and wireless applications. IETE J. Res. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03772063.2022.2034536","journal-title":"IETE J. Res."},{"key":"5008_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hussain, M., Rafique, U., Zahra, H., Abbas, S.M., Zhu, Y.: A compact PDMS based ultra wideband antenna for wireless body area networks, pp. 735\u2013736 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ap-s\/inc-usnc-ursi52054.2024.10687092","DOI":"10.1109\/ap-s\/inc-usnc-ursi52054.2024.10687092"},{"key":"5008_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jhunjhunwala, V.K., Ali, T., Kumar, P., Malchandka, A.M., Srivastava, S.: A modified circular shaped flexible UWB antenna for wireless body area network (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mosicom59118.2023.10458814","DOI":"10.1109\/mosicom59118.2023.10458814"},{"key":"5008_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21419","volume":"9","author":"M Hussain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hussain, M., Islam, T., Alzaidi, M.S., Elkamchouchi, D.H., Alsunaydih, F.N.: Fahd Alsaleem, Khaled Alhassoon: Single iterated fractal inspired UWB antenna with reconfigurable notch bands for compact electronics. Heliyon 9, e21419\u2013e21419 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21419","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"5008_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14030591","volume":"14","author":"M Hussain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hussain, M., Sufian, M.A., Alzaidi, M.S., Naqvi, S.I., Hussain, N., Elkamchouchi, D.H., Fathy, M., Yehia, S.: Bandwidth and gain enhancement of a CPW antenna using frequency selective surface for UWB applications. Micromachines 14, 591\u2013591 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi14030591","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"5008_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14091732","volume":"14","author":"SH Kiani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kiani, S.H., Savci, H.S., Munir, M.E., Sedik, A., Mostafa, H.: An ultra-wide band MIMO antenna system with enhanced isolation for microwave imaging applications. Micromachines 14, 1732\u20131732 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi14091732","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"5008_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8563","DOI":"10.3390\/s23208563","volume":"23","author":"RK Mistri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mistri, R.K., Mahto, S.K., Singh, A.K., Sinha, R., Jamal, A., Alghamdi, H., Alathbah, M.: Quad element MIMO antenna for C, X, Ku, and Ka-band applications. Sensors 23, 8563\u20138563 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23208563","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"5008_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-023-02321-9","author":"RH Elabd","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elabd, R.H., Hussein, A.H.: Efficient design of a wideband tunable microstrip filtenna for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-023-02321-9","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"5008_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10762-022-00894-y","author":"RH Elabd","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elabd, R.H., Abdullah, H.H.: A high isolation UWB MIMO vivaldi antenna based on CSRR-NL for contemporary 5G millimeter-wave applications. J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10762-022-00894-y","journal-title":"J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves"},{"key":"5008_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-023-02319-3","author":"RH Elabd","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elabd, R.H.: Compact dual-port MIMO filtenna-based DMS with high isolation for C-band and X-band applications. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-023-02319-3","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"5008_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10762-023-00959-6","volume":"45","author":"RH Elabd","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elabd, R.H., Jamal, A.: Super-compact 28\/38 GHz 4-Port MIMO antenna using metamaterial-inspired EBG structure with SAR analysis for 5G cellular devices. J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 45, 35\u201365 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10762-023-00959-6","journal-title":"J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves"},{"key":"5008_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10060673","volume":"10","author":"MM Kamal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamal, M.M., Yang, S., Kiani, S.H., Sehrai, D.A., Alibakhshikenari, M., Abdullah, M., Falcone, F., Limiti, E., Munir, M.: A novel hook-shaped antenna operating at 28 GHz for future 5G mmwave applications. Electronics 10, 673 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics10060673","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"5008_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2286011","volume":"2021","author":"SH Kiani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kiani, S.H., Ren, X.C., Bashir, A., Rafiq, A., Anjum, M.R., Kamal, M.M., Din, B.U., Muhammad, F.: Square-framed T shape mmwave antenna array at 28 GHz for future 5G devices. Int. J. Antennas Propag. 2021, 1\u20139 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/2286011","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"5008_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.102551","volume":"23","author":"P Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Ali, T., ManoharaPai, M.M., Pathan, S., Nayak, K., Khan, T., Kishk, A.A.: A quad port dual band notch UWB MIMO antenna using hybrid decoupling structure. Results Eng. 23, 102551 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.102551","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"5008_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-024-03726-0","volume":"30","author":"VR Nawati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nawati, V.R., Sujatha, B.K., Karthikeya, G.S., Desai, A., Hsu, H.T.: Merih Palandoken: a compact dual-polarized probe-fed UWB antenna system for breast cancer detection applications. Wireless Netw. 30, 3039\u20133050 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11276-024-03726-0","journal-title":"Wireless Netw."},{"key":"5008_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82946","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3301185","volume":"11","author":"SK Mahto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahto, S.K., Singh, A.K., Sinha, R., Alibakhshikenari, M., Khan, S., Pau, G.: High isolated four element MIMO antenna for ISM\/LTE\/5G (Sub-6GHz) applications. IEEE Access 11, 82946\u201382959 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"5008_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vedipala, V.R., Spandana, K., Kulla, R.K., Poola, A., Kandhigatla, P.: U-slot loaded Flared-U fractal antenna analysis using ANN (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSCSS57650.2023.10169280","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSCSS57650.2023.10169280"},{"key":"5008_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saifullah, Ahmed, B.: Machine learning for isotropic antenna design. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/MIKON.2018.8405325","DOI":"10.23919\/MIKON.2018.8405325"},{"key":"5008_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gampala, G., Reddy, C.J.: Fast and intelligent antenna design optimization using machine learning (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/ACES49320.2020.9196193","DOI":"10.23919\/ACES49320.2020.9196193"},{"key":"5008_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Farahani, M.F., Tran, A.: Machine learning application for antenna design. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AP-S\/USNC-URSI47032.2022.9886919","DOI":"10.1109\/AP-S\/USNC-URSI47032.2022.9886919"},{"key":"5008_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xue, M., Shi, D., He, Y., Li, C.: A novel intelligent antenna synthesis system using hybrid machine learning algorithms (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMCEurope.2019.8871996","DOI":"10.1109\/EMCEurope.2019.8871996"},{"key":"5008_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jafarieh, A., Nouri, M., Behroozi, H.: Optimized 5G-MMW compact Yagi-Uda antenna based on machine learning methodology (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICEE52715.2021.9544194","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEE52715.2021.9544194"},{"key":"5008_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Chen, L., Yuan, Z., Lan, S.: Optimization of a metasurface antenna composed of dual T-shaped antenna elements based on machine learning (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/ISAP47258.2021.9614410","DOI":"10.23919\/ISAP47258.2021.9614410"},{"key":"5008_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.006.2200124","volume":"60","author":"SK Goudos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goudos, S.K., Diamantoulakis, P.D., Matin, M.A., Sarigiannidis, P., Wan, S., Karagiannidis, G.K.: Design of antennas through artificial intelligence: state of the art and challenges. IEEE Commun. Mag. 60, 96\u2013102 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCOM.006.2200124","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"5008_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e09317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09317","volume":"8","author":"MM Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan, M.M., Hossain, M.S., Majumder, P., Akter, S., Salam, Z.: A review on machine learning and deep learning for various antenna design applications. Heliyon 8, e09317\u2013e09317 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09317","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"5008_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2528\/pierc22121004","volume":"130","author":"R Ramasamy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramasamy, R., Anto Bennet, M.: An efficient antenna parameters estimation using machine learning algorithms. Progr. Electromagn. Res. C 130, 169\u2013181 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2528\/pierc22121004","journal-title":"Progr. Electromagn. Res. C"},{"key":"5008_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pavithran, S., Viswasom, S., Santhosh Kumar, S., Asha J.: Designing of a 5G multiband antenna using decision tree and random forest regression models (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SPIN52536.2021.9566117","DOI":"10.1109\/SPIN52536.2021.9566117"},{"key":"5008_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ncim59001.2023.10212805","author":"N Hasan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hasan, N., Aktar, M., Rana, M.M., Moni, M.A.: Machine learning-based biomedical antenna for brain tumor detection. IEEE Xplore (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ncim59001.2023.10212805","journal-title":"IEEE Xplore"},{"key":"5008_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.5738","author":"K Pachori","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pachori, K., Prakash, A., Kumar, N.: Effective modeling of metasurface-loaded circularly polarized dielectric resonator-based MIMO antenna for sub-6.0-GHz band using machine learning algorithms. Int. J. Commun. Syst. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dac.5738","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"5008_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2023.154716","volume":"168","author":"H Ahmed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmed, H., Zeng, X., Bello, H., Wang, Y., Iqbal, N.: Sub-6 GHz MIMO antenna design for 5G smartphones: a deep learning approach. AE\u00dc Int. J. Electron. Commun. 168, 154716\u2013154716 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aeue.2023.154716","journal-title":"AE\u00dc Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"5008_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/eucap57121.2023.10133660","author":"P Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, P., Shan, Z., Chen, Z.N.: Machine-learning-based optimization method for wideband metasurface antenna. IEEE Xplore (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/eucap57121.2023.10133660","journal-title":"IEEE Xplore"},{"key":"5008_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2528\/pierm23062505","volume":"118","author":"R Jain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jain, R., Thakare, V.V., Singhal, P.K.: Employing machine learning models to predict return loss precisely in 5G antenna. Progr. Electromagn. Res. M 118, 151\u2013161 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2528\/pierm23062505","journal-title":"Progr. Electromagn. Res. M"},{"key":"5008_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-024-11359-x","volume":"136","author":"R Tiwari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tiwari, R., Sharma, R., Dubey, R.: A modified regression model for analysing the performance of metamaterial antenna using machine learning and deep learning. Wireless Pers. Commun. 136, 1769\u20131789 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-024-11359-x","journal-title":"Wireless Pers. Commun."},{"key":"5008_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mapcon58678.2023.10463931","author":"M Yusuf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yusuf, M., Bhandare, N.D., Nisha, S.A., Roy, S.: A machine learning based design of frequency reconfigurable compact microstrip patch antenna. IEEE Xplore (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mapcon58678.2023.10463931","journal-title":"IEEE Xplore"},{"key":"5008_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012008","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899x\/705\/1\/012008","volume":"705","author":"M Maqsood","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maqsood, M., Lashari, S.A., Saare, M.A., Sari, S.A., Hussein, Y.M., Hatem, H.O.: Minimization response time task scheduling algorithm. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 705, 012008 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1757-899x\/705\/1\/012008","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"5008_CR41","first-page":"797","volume":"35","author":"HO Hanoosh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hanoosh, H.O., Rahim, A., Murad, N.A., Hussein, Y.M.: Multi-beams waveguide slot antennas at X-band for wireless communications systems. Appl. Comput. Electromagn. Soc. J. (ACES) 35, 797\u2013802 (2020)","journal-title":"Appl. Comput. Electromagn. Soc. J. (ACES)"},{"key":"5008_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1967-3","volume-title":"Machine learning","author":"Z-H Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou, Z.-H.: Machine learning. Springer Nature, New York (2021)"},{"key":"5008_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/TLA.2024.10412032","volume":"22","author":"R Jain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jain, R., Thakare, V.V., Singhal, P.K.: Design and comparative analysis of THz antenna through machine learning for 6G connectivity. IEEE Lat. Am. Trans. 22, 82\u201391 (2024)","journal-title":"IEEE Lat. Am. Trans."},{"key":"5008_CR44","unstructured":"Ansys HFSS | 3D High Frequency Simulation Software. https:\/\/www.ansys.com\/en-in\/products\/electronics\/ansys-hfss"},{"key":"5008_CR45","unstructured":"Google Colaboratory. https:\/\/research.google.com\/colaboratory\/"},{"key":"5008_CR46","unstructured":"Training and Test Sets: Splitting Data | Machine Learning Crash Course. https:\/\/developers.google.com\/machine-learning\/crash-course\/training-and-test-sets\/splitting-data"},{"key":"5008_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00116251","volume":"1","author":"JR Quinlan","year":"1986","unstructured":"Quinlan, J.R.: Induction of decision trees. Mach. Learn. 1, 81\u2013106 (1986). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00116251","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"5008_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman, L.: Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45, 5\u201332 (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1010933404324","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"5008_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/tit.1967.1053964","volume":"13","author":"T Cover","year":"1967","unstructured":"Cover, T., Hart, P.: Nearest neighbor pattern classification. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 13, 21\u201327 (1967). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tit.1967.1053964","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"5008_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02478259","volume":"5","author":"WS McCulloch","year":"1943","unstructured":"McCulloch, W.S., Pitts, W.: A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. Bull. Math. Biophys. 5, 115\u2013133 (1943). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02478259","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"5008_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-006-6226-1","volume":"63","author":"P Geurts","year":"2006","unstructured":"Geurts, P., Ernst, D., Wehenkel, L.: Extremely randomized trees. Mach. Learn. 63, 3\u201342 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10994-006-6226-1","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"5008_CR52","unstructured":"Prokhorenkova, L., Gusev, G., Vorobev, A., Dorogush, A., Gulin, A.: CatBoost: unbiased boosting with categorical features"},{"key":"5008_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451","volume":"29","author":"JH Friedman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Friedman, J.H.: Greedy function approximation: a gradient boosting machine. Ann. Stat. 29, 1189\u20131232 (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/aos\/1013203451","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"5008_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, T., Guestrin, C.: XGBoost: a scalable tree boosting system. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining - KDD \u201916, pp. 785\u2013794 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2939672.2939785","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"5008_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1109\/map.2009.5162049","volume":"51","author":"TS Bird","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bird, T.S.: Definition and misuse of return loss [report of the transactions Editor-in-Chief]. IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 51, 166\u2013167 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/map.2009.5162049","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag."},{"key":"5008_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1109\/lawp.2011.2109030","volume":"10","author":"H Oraizi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oraizi, H., Hedayati, S.: Miniaturized UWB monopole microstrip antenna design by the combination of giusepe peano and sierpinski carpet fractals. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 10, 67\u201370 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/lawp.2011.2109030","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"5008_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2298\/FUEE2304589J","volume":"36","author":"R Jain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jain, R., Thakare, V.V., Singhal, P.K.: Enhancing circular microstrip patch antenna performance using machine learning models. Facta Univ Electron Energ 36, 589\u2013600 (2023)","journal-title":"Facta Univ Electron Energ"},{"key":"5008_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e623","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.623","volume":"7","author":"D Chicco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chicco, D., Warrens, M.J., Jurman, G.: The coefficient of determination R-squared is more informative than SMAPE, MAE, MAPE, MSE and RMSE in regression analysis evaluation. PeerJ Comp. Sci. 7, e623 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj-cs.623","journal-title":"PeerJ Comp. Sci."}],"container-title":["Cluster Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-024-05008-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10586-024-05008-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-024-05008-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T12:24:53Z","timestamp":1757161493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10586-024-05008-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["5008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-024-05008-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7543","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"338"}}