{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T11:58:50Z","timestamp":1772798330020,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cluster Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-024-05009-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T12:08:16Z","timestamp":1750075696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["CTourLLM: enhancing LLMs with Chinese tourism knowledge"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Qikai","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingzhi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenwei","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiabo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huansheng","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"5009_CR1","unstructured":"Achiam, J., Adler, S., Agarwal, S., Ahmad, L., Akkaya, I., Aleman, F.L., Almeida, D., Altenschmidt, J., Altman, S., Anadkat, S., et al.: Gpt-4 technical report (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.08774"},{"key":"5009_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Z., Qian, Y., Liu, X., Ding, M., Qiu, J., Yang, Z., Tang, J.: Glm: general language model pretraining with autoregressive blank infilling (2021). arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.10360","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.26"},{"key":"5009_CR3","unstructured":"Touvron, H., Lavril, T., Izacard, G., Martinet, X., Lachaux, M.-A., Lacroix, T., Rozi\u00e8re, B., Goyal, N., Hambro, E., Azhar, F., et al.: Llama: open and efficient foundation language models (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.13971"},{"key":"5009_CR4","first-page":"1877","volume":"33","author":"T Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown, T., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J.D., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A.: Language models are few-shot learners. Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst. 33, 1877\u20131901 (2020)","journal-title":"Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"5009_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-021-02438-8","volume":"52","author":"J Feng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feng, J., Wei, Q., Cui, J., Chen, J.: Novel translation knowledge graph completion model based on 2d convolution. Appl. Intell. 52(3), 3266\u20133275 (2022)","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"5009_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omari, S., Basnet, K., Wardat, M.: Investigating large language models capabilities for automatic code repair in python. Clust. Comput., 1\u201315 (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-024-04490-8"},{"key":"5009_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2022.101432","volume":"77","author":"J Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng, J., Wei, Q., Cui, J.: Prototypical networks relation classification model based on entity convolution. Comput. Speech Lang. 77, 101432 (2023)","journal-title":"Comput. Speech Lang."},{"key":"5009_CR8","unstructured":"Zhao, W.X., Zhou, K., Li, J., Tang, T., Wang, X., Hou, Y., Min, Y., Zhang, B., Zhang, J., Dong, Z., et al.: A survey of large language models (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.18223"},{"issue":"1","key":"5009_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-023-04203-7","volume":"27","author":"D Myers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Myers, D., Mohawesh, R., Chellaboina, V.I., Sathvik, A.L., Venkatesh, P., Ho, Y.-H., Henshaw, H., Alhawawreh, M., Berdik, D., Jararweh, Y.: Foundation and large language models: fundamentals, challenges, opportunities, and social impacts. Clust. Comput. 27(1), 1\u201326 (2024)","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"key":"5009_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2023.126708","volume":"557","author":"B Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, B., Jin, W., Del Ser, J., Yang, G.: Chatagri: Exploring potentials of ChatGPT on cross-linguistic agricultural text classification. Neurocomputing 557, 126708 (2023)","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"5009_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2024.127558","volume":"583","author":"K Sanjay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sanjay, K., Pervin, N.: Integration of short and long-term interests: a preference aware session-based recommender. Neurocomputing 583, 127558 (2024)","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"5009_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2023.127115","volume":"570","author":"C Mi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mi, C., Xie, S.: Language relatedness evaluation for multilingual neural machine translation. Neurocomputing 570, 127115 (2024)","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"5009_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, S.: The future of tourism: examining the potential applications of large language models. Qeios (2024)","DOI":"10.32388\/UYRUWT"},{"key":"5009_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lester, B., Al-Rfou, R., Constant, N.: The power of scale for parameter-efficient prompt tuning. In: Proceedings of the 2021 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing. Association for Computational Linguistics (2021)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.243"},{"key":"5009_CR15","unstructured":"Hu, E.J., Wallis, P., Allen-Zhu, Z., Li, Y., Wang, S., Wang, L., Chen, W.: Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models. In: International conference on learning representations (2021)"},{"key":"5009_CR16","unstructured":"Dettmers, T., Pagnoni, A., Holtzman, A., Zettlemoyer, L.: Qlora: efficient finetuning of quantized LLMS. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 36 (2024)"},{"key":"5009_CR17","first-page":"27730","volume":"35","author":"L Ouyang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ouyang, L., Wu, J., Jiang, X., Almeida, D., Wainwright, C., Mishkin, P., Zhang, C., Agarwal, S., Slama, K., Ray, A.: Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback. Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst. 35, 27730\u201327744 (2022)","journal-title":"Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"5009_CR18","unstructured":"Wang, H., Liu, C., Xi, N., Qiang, Z., Zhao, S., Qin, B., Liu, T.: Huatuo: tuning llama model with chinese medical knowledge (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.06975"},{"key":"5009_CR19","unstructured":"Huang, Q., Tao, M., An, Z., Zhang, C., Jiang, C., Chen, Z., Wu, Z., Feng, Y.: Lawyer llama technical report (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.15062"},{"key":"5009_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122289","volume":"238","author":"W Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin, W., Zhao, B., Zhang, Y., Huang, J., Yu, H.: Wordtransabsa: enhancing aspect-based sentiment analysis with masked language modeling for affective token prediction. Expert Syst. Appl. 238, 122289 (2024)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"5009_CR21","unstructured":"Vaswani, A.: Attention is all you need. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (2017)"},{"key":"5009_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Sanders, H.M., Liu, Y., Seang, K., Tran, B.X., Atanasov, A.G., Qiu, Y., Tang, S., Car, J., Wang, Y.X., et al.: Chatgpt: promise and challenges for deployment in low-and middle-income countries. Lancet Regional Health\u2014Western Pacific 41 (2023)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100905"},{"key":"5009_CR23","first-page":"19368","volume":"38","author":"S Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, S., Zhao, H., Zhu, S., Zhou, G., Xu, H., Jia, Y., Zan, H.: Zhongjing: enhancing the Chinese medical capabilities of large language model through expert feedback and real-world multi-turn dialogue. Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell. 38, 19368\u201319376 (2024)","journal-title":"Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"5009_CR24","unstructured":"Xiong, H., Wang, S., Zhu, Y., Zhao, Z., Liu, Y., Huang, L., Wang, Q., Shen, D.: Doctorglm: fine-tuning your Chinese doctor is not a herculean task (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.01097"},{"key":"5009_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Li, Z., Zhang, K., Dan, R., Jiang, S., Zhang, Y.: Chatdoctor: a medical chat model fine-tuned on a large language model meta-AI (llama) using medical domain knowledge. Cureus 15(6) (2023)","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.40895"},{"key":"5009_CR26","unstructured":"Xu, M.: Medicalgpt: training medical GPT model (2023)"},{"key":"5009_CR27","unstructured":"Rafailov, R., Sharma, A., Mitchell, E., Manning, C.D., Ermon, S., Finn, C.: Direct preference optimization: your language model is secretly a reward model. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 36 (2024)"},{"key":"5009_CR28","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Xiong, Y., Gao, X., Jia, K., Pan, J., Bi, Y., Dai, Y., Sun, J., Wang, H.: Retrieval-augmented generation for large language models: a survey (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.10997"},{"key":"5009_CR29","unstructured":"Cui, J., Li, Z., Yan, Y., Chen, B., Yuan, L.: Chatlaw: open-source legal large language model with integrated external knowledge bases (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.16092"},{"key":"5009_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2023.110928","volume":"279","author":"B Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, B., Jin, W., Zhang, Y., Huang, S., Yang, G.: Prompt learning for metonymy resolution: enhancing performance with internal prior knowledge of pre-trained language models. Knowl.-Based Syst. 279, 110928 (2023)","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"5009_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, C.H., Tan, G., Stantic, B.: A fine-tuned tourism-specific generative ai concept. Ann. Tourism Res., 103723 (2024)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2023.103723"},{"key":"5009_CR32","unstructured":"Mo, B., Xu, H., Zhuang, D., Ma, R., Guo, X., Zhao, J.: Large language models for travel behavior prediction (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.00819"},{"key":"5009_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Yuan, L.-P., Wang, L., Jiang, B., Zeng, W.: Virtuwander: enhancing multi-modal interaction for virtual tour guidance through large language models. In: Proceedings of the CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp. 1\u201320 (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642235"},{"key":"5009_CR34","unstructured":"Secchi, L., et al.: Knowledge graphs and large language models for intelligent applications in the tourism domain (2024)"},{"key":"5009_CR35","unstructured":"Bao, Z., Chen, W., Xiao, S., Ren, K., Wu, J., Zhong, C., Peng, J., Huang, X., Wei, Z.: Disc-medllm: bridging general large language models and real-world medical consultation (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.14346"},{"key":"5009_CR36","unstructured":"Rawte, V., Sheth, A., Das, A.: A survey of hallucination in large foundation models (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.05922"},{"key":"5009_CR37","unstructured":"Wen, C., Sun, X., Zhao, S., Fang, X., Chen, L., Zou, W.: Chathome: development and evaluation of a domain-specific language model for home renovation (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.15290"},{"key":"5009_CR38","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Yang, Z., Yao, X.: Efficient and effective text encoding for Chinese llama and alpaca (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.08177"},{"key":"5009_CR39","unstructured":"Yang, A., Xiao, B., Wang, B., Zhang, B., Bian, C., Yin, C., Lv, C., Pan, D., Wang, D., Yan, D., et al.: Baichuan 2: open large-scale language models (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.10305"},{"key":"5009_CR40","unstructured":"Taori, R., Gulrajani, I., Zhang, T., Dubois, Y., Li, X., Guestrin, C., Liang, P., Hashimoto, T.B.: Alpaca: A strong, replicable instruction-following model. Stanford Center Res Foundation Models. 3(6), 7 (2023)https:\/\/crfm.stanford.edu\/2023\/03\/13\/alpaca.html"},{"key":"5009_CR41","unstructured":"Bai, J., Bai, S., Chu, Y., Cui, Z., Dang, K., Deng, X., Fan, Y., Ge, W., Han, Y., Huang, F., et al.: Qwen technical report (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.16609"},{"key":"5009_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 770\u2013778 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"5009_CR43","unstructured":"Kingma, D.P., Ba, J.: Adam: a method for stochastic optimization (2014). arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980"},{"key":"5009_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T., Zhu, W.-J.: Bleu: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 40th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, pp. 311\u2013318 (2002)","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"5009_CR45","unstructured":"Lin, C.-Y.: Rouge: a package for automatic evaluation of summaries. In: Text summarization branches out, pp. 74\u201381 (2004)"},{"key":"5009_CR46","unstructured":"Banerjee, S., Lavie, A.: Meteor: an automatic metric for MT evaluation with improved correlation with human judgments. In: Proceedings of the ACL workshop on intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation measures for machine translation and\/or summarization, pp. 65\u201372 (2005)"},{"key":"5009_CR47","unstructured":"Shi, E., Zhang, F., Wang, Y., Chen, B., Du, L., Zhang, H., Han, S., Zhang, D., Sun, H.: Sotana: the open-source software development assistant (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.13416"}],"container-title":["Cluster Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-024-05009-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10586-024-05009-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-024-05009-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T20:21:22Z","timestamp":1756930882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10586-024-05009-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-024-05009-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7543","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"351"}}