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The data utilized in this study was sourced from publicly accessible platforms, including VirusTotal, the National Vulnerability Database (NVD), and AlienVault Open Threat Exchange (OTX). According to the terms and conditions of these platforms, the reuse of data is permitted under specific guidelines outlined in their respective policies. 1. VirusTotal: The reuse of data for research and threat detection is explicitly allowed, as per the . 2. National Vulnerability Database (NVD): The NVD provides open access to its data, and its terms of use for the API and data allow for public retrieval and analysis, as stated in the . AlienVault Open Threat Exchange (OTX): OTX enables public access to threat intelligence data and encourages collaborative sharing, as detailed in the .","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research was funded by a grant from the University of Hail, which provided financial support to all authors. While the university had no involvement in the design, conduct, or reporting of the research, we acknowledge this potential source of funding bias and have strived to maintain scientific objectivity throughout the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This research was conducted with strict adherence to ethical principles and guidelines.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided informed consent before any data collection began. This consent process met all relevant institutional and research ethics board requirements.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"683"}}