{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T22:10:03Z","timestamp":1768601403663,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"P.R.S. Planning Ricerche e Studi srl"},{"name":"Knowledge Foundation (KKS), Sweden","award":["20220068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220068"]}]},{"name":"MUR-NEXTGenerationEU","award":["2022Y45XE3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Y45XE3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cluster Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Satellite Edge Computing (SEC) enables deploying computational services on Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites and transforms LEO constellations into distributed platforms composed of hundreds to thousands of nodes. SEC has the potential to offer a Quality of Service level comparable to mature edge computing solutions, with the advantage of offering global connectivity and low-latency computing in geographical locations not reached by high-speed internet links or 5G networks. The fulfillment of SEC requires computation offloading, resource allocation, and load distribution solutions challenged by scarce computational resources, energy constraints, high-speed motion of computing nodes, communication instability, and fault detection and recovery. This paper focuses on the problem of computation offloading and resource allocation (i.e., task scheduling) by proposing a distributed solution dealing with resource constraints, execution time constraints, satellite motion visibility (sunset), and minimizing the overall average response time. Our solution is based on a system model that captures satellites\u2019 orbital motion and removes the classical assumptions made in the literature on the satellite network topology and the maximum number of one-hop connections among satellites. Using DES simulation, we assess the performance of the proposed scheduling algorithms when long-running tasks are executed, i.e., tasks with a service time in the range of sunset time, 25 to 176 seconds. Results show that the proposed solution allows for achieving a very high success rate of the tasks, guaranteeing the execution before sunset; the resource allocation policy permits the completion of a high percentage of tasks within the deadline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-025-05663-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T16:08:05Z","timestamp":1760717285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Orbit-aware task scheduling in satellite edge computing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Danilo","family":"Magliarisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Casalicchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"5663_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3334813","volume":"72","author":"Q Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Chen, X., Qi, Q.: Energy-efficient design of satellite-terrestrial computing in 6g wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Commun. 72(3), 1759\u20131772 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3334813","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"5663_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6180","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3296584","volume":"71","author":"I Leyva-Mayorga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leyva-Mayorga, I., Martinez-Gost, M., Moretti, M., Perez-Neira, A., Vazquez, M.A., Popovski, P., Soret, B.: Satellite edge computing for real-time and very-high resolution earth observation. IEEE Trans. Commun. 71(10), 6180\u20136194 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3296584","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"5663_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3312676","volume":"73","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Jiang, L., Qi, Q., Xie, K., Xie, S.: Online computation offloading for collaborative space\/aerial-aided edge computing toward 6g system. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 73(2), 2495\u20132505 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2023.3312676","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"24","key":"5663_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22514","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3303346","volume":"10","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, S., Li, Q.: Satellite computing: Vision and challenges. IEEE Internet Things J. 10(24), 22514\u201322529 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3303346","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"5663_CR5","unstructured":"McDowell, J.: Starlink launch statistics. Jonathan\u2019s Space Pages (3 January 2024)"},{"key":"5663_CR6","unstructured":"Amazon: Project kuiper. https:\/\/www.aboutamazon.com\/what-we-do\/devices-services\/project-kuiper (March 2024)"},{"issue":"1","key":"5663_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1800172","volume":"33","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., Tseng, F.-H.: Satellite mobile edge computing: Improving qos of high-speed satellite-terrestrial networks using edge computing techniques. IEEE Network 33(1), 70\u201376 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MNET.2018.1800172","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"issue":"3","key":"5663_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.1900369","volume":"34","author":"R Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie, R., Tang, Q., Wang, Q., Liu, X., Yu, F.R., Huang, T.: Satellite-terrestrial integrated edge computing networks: Architecture, challenges, and open issues. IEEE Network 34(3), 224\u2013231 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MNET.011.1900369","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"5663_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39126","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3064397","volume":"9","author":"C Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, C., Zhang, Y., Xie, R., Hao, X., Huang, T.: Integrating edge computing into low earth orbit satellite networks: Architecture and prototype. IEEE Access 9, 39126\u201339137 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3064397","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"5663_CR10","unstructured":"Hu, P.: Closing the performance and management gaps with satellite internet: Challenges, approaches, and future directions. In: IAB Workshop on Barriers to Internet Access of Services (BIAS) 2024 (2024)"},{"issue":"3","key":"5663_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3058126","volume":"70","author":"Q Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Giambene, G., Yang, L., Fan, C., Chen, X.: Analysis of inter-satellite link paths for leo mega-constellation networks. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 70(3), 2743\u20132755 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2021.3058126","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"5663_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3471658","volume":"74","author":"S Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Liu, A., Han, C., Xu, X., Liang, X., An, K., Zhang, Y.: Grlr: Routing with graph neural network and reinforcement learning for mega leo satellite constellations. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 74(2), 3225\u20133237 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2024.3471658","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"5663_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3470075","volume":"74","author":"L Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Du, Y., Zhang, Y., Tang, Y.: Distributed anti-cascading routing scheme based on fuzzy logic in leo satellite networks. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 74(2), 3196\u20133211 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2024.3470075","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"5663_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3468642","volume":"12","author":"X Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, X., Zhou, H., Zhang, Z., Gao, Q., Ma, T.: Multipath cooperative routing in ultradense leo satellite networks: A deep-reinforcement-learning-based approach. IEEE Internet Things J. 12(2), 1789\u20131804 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3468642","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"5663_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casalicchio, E., Magliarisi, D.: Decentralized task scheduling in satellite edge computing. In: 2024 9th International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC), pp. 154\u2013161 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FMEC62297.2024.10710288","DOI":"10.1109\/FMEC62297.2024.10710288"},{"key":"5663_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vallado, D., Crawford, P., Hujsak, R., Kelso, T.S.: Revisiting Spacetrack Report #3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/6.2006-6753. https:\/\/arc.aiaa.org\/doi\/abs\/10.2514\/6.2006-6753","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2006-6753"},{"issue":"1","key":"5663_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chinastron.2009.12.009","volume":"34","author":"W Dong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dong, W., Chang-yin, Z.: An accuracy analysis of the sgp4\/sdp4 model. Chin. Astron. Astrophy 34(1), 69\u201376 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chinastron.2009.12.009","journal-title":"Chin. Astron. Astrophy"},{"key":"5663_CR18","unstructured":"COMINI, M.: Orbit determination with the simplified general perturbation model (2015)"},{"issue":"10","key":"5663_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9092","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3233383","volume":"10","author":"H Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Liu, R., Kaushik, A., Gao, X.: Satellite edge computing with collaborative computation offloading: An intelligent deep deterministic policy gradient approach. IEEE Internet Things J. 10(10), 9092\u20139107 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3233383","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"2","key":"5663_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-019-01421-5","volume":"26","author":"F Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, F., Jiang, D., Qi, S., Qiao, C., Shi, L.: A dynamic resource scheduling scheme in edge computing satellite networks. Mobile Networks and Applications 26(2), 597\u2013608 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11036-019-01421-5","journal-title":"Mobile Networks and Applications"},{"key":"5663_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wei, K., Tang, Q., Guo, J., Zeng, M., Fei, Z., Cui, Q.: Resource scheduling and offloading strategy based on leo satellite edge computing. In: 2021 IEEE 94th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Fall), pp. 1\u20136 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VTC2021-Fall52928.2021.9625072","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2021-Fall52928.2021.9625072"},{"issue":"4","key":"5663_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5638","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3307707","volume":"11","author":"Q Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang, Q., Fei, Z., Li, B., Yu, H., Cui, Q., Zhang, J., Han, Z.: Stochastic computation offloading for leo satellite edge computing networks: A learning-based approach. IEEE Internet Things J. 11(4), 5638\u20135652 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3307707","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"5663_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han, J., Wang, H., Wu, S., Wei, J., Yan, L.: Task scheduling of high dynamic edge cluster in satellite edge computing. In: 2020 IEEE World Congress on Services (SERVICES), pp. 287\u2013293 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SERVICES48979.2020.00063","DOI":"10.1109\/SERVICES48979.2020.00063"},{"key":"5663_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, H., Han, J., Cao, S., Zhang, X.: Computation offloading strategy of multi-satellite cooperative tasks based on genetic algorithm in satellite edge computing. In: 2021 International Conference on Space-Air-Ground Computing (SAGC), pp. 22\u201328 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SAGC52752.2021.00011","DOI":"10.1109\/SAGC52752.2021.00011"},{"issue":"2","key":"5663_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3491839","volume":"12","author":"P Peng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peng, P., Xu, T., Chen, X., Zarakovitis, C.C., Wu, C.: Blocked-job-offloading-based computing resources sharing in leo satellite networks. IEEE Internet Things J. 12(2), 2287\u20132290 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3491839","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"5663_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sahni, Y., Cao, J., Yang, L., Wang, S.: Distributed resource scheduling in edge computing: Problems, solutions, and opportunities. Computer Networks 219, 109430 (2022) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109430"},{"issue":"3","key":"5663_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2022.3204698","volume":"31","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, X., Ye, J., Lui, J.C.S.: Decentralized scheduling and dynamic pricing for edge computing: A mean field game approach. IEEE\/ACM Trans. Networking 31(3), 965\u2013978 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNET.2022.3204698","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Networking"},{"issue":"4","key":"5663_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2023.3266226","volume":"23","author":"Y Fan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Ge, J., Zhang, S., Wu, J., Luo, B.: Decentralized scheduling for concurrent tasks in mobile edge computing via deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 23(4), 2765\u20132779 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMC.2023.3266226","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"issue":"6","key":"5663_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3107431","volume":"9","author":"Q Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng, Q., Wu, C., Xia, Y., Ma, Y., Wang, X., Jiang, N.: Dosra: A decentralized approach to online edge task scheduling and resource allocation. IEEE Internet Things J. 9(6), 4677\u20134692 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3107431","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"1","key":"5663_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-022-01108-y","volume":"105","author":"E Hosseini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hosseini, E., Nickray, M., Ghanbari, S.: Energy-efficient scheduling based on task prioritization in mobile fog computing. Computing 105(1), 187\u2013215 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00607-022-01108-y","journal-title":"Computing"},{"issue":"2","key":"5663_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2021.3063706","volume":"16","author":"AU Chaudhry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chaudhry, A.U., Yanikomeroglu, H.: Laser intersatellite links in a starlink constellation: A classification and analysis. IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag. 16(2), 48\u201356 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MVT.2021.3063706","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"issue":"7","key":"5663_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2008.11.017","volume":"43","author":"R Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang, R., Liu, J., Zhang, Q.M.: Propagation errors analysis of tle data. Adv. Space Res. 43(7), 1065\u20131069 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asr.2008.11.017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"5663_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cakaj, S.: The parameters comparison of the \u201cstarlink\u201d leo satellites constellation for different orbital shells. Frontiers in Communications and Networks Volume 2 - 2021 (2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frcmn.2021.643095","DOI":"10.3389\/frcmn.2021.643095"},{"issue":"9","key":"5663_CR34","first-page":"585","volume":"4","author":"S Cakaj","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cakaj, S., Kamo, B., Koli\u00e7i, V., Shurdi, O.: The range and horizon plane simulation for ground stations of low earth orbiting (leo) satellites. Int. J. Commun. Netw. Syst. Sci. 4(9), 585\u2013589 (2011)","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Netw. Syst. Sci."},{"key":"5663_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dong, F., Huang, T., Zhang, Y., Sun, C., Li, C.: A computation offloading strategy in leo constellation edge cloud network. Electronics 11(13) (2022) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics11132024","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11132024"},{"key":"5663_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vallado, D., Crawford, P.: SGP4 Orbit Determination. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/6.2008-6770. https:\/\/arc.aiaa.org\/doi\/abs\/10.2514\/6.2008-6770","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2008-6770"},{"issue":"6","key":"5663_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2010.08.008","volume":"65","author":"Y Rao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rao, Y., Wang, R.: Performance of qos routing using genetic algorithm for polar-orbit leo satellite networks. AEU-Int. J. Electron. C. 65(6), 530\u2013538 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aeue.2010.08.008","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. C."},{"issue":"1","key":"5663_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3032997","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3032997","volume":"2022","author":"X Deng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deng, X., Zeng, S., Chang, L., Wang, Y., Wu, X., Liang, J., Ou, J., Fan, C.: An ant colony optimization-based routing algorithm for load balancing in leo satellite networks. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput. 2022(1), 3032997 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/3032997. (https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2022\/3032997)","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"5663_CR39","volume-title":"Michael: Communication and Computer Networks: Modeling with Discrete-time Queues","author":"E Woodward","year":"1994","unstructured":"Woodward, E.: Michael: Communication and Computer Networks: Modeling with Discrete-time Queues. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamos, CA (1994)"},{"key":"5663_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471200581","volume-title":"Kishor: Queuing Networks and Markov Chains","author":"G Bolch","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bolch, G., Greiner, S., Meer, S., Trivedi, S.: Kishor: Queuing Networks and Markov Chains. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, NY (1998)"},{"key":"5663_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao, L., Moh, M.: Joint computation offloading and prioritized scheduling in mobile edge computing. In: 2018 International Conference on High Performance Computing and Simulation (HPCS), pp. 1000\u20131007 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HPCS.2018.00157","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCS.2018.00157"},{"issue":"2","key":"5663_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2024.3437344","volume":"44","author":"K Cao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cao, K., Chen, M., Karnouskos, S., Hu, S.: Reliability-aware personalized deployment of approximate computation iot applications in serverless mobile edge computing. IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst. 44(2), 430\u2013443 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCAD.2024.3437344","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"issue":"12","key":"5663_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11326","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3394486","volume":"23","author":"S Pallewatta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pallewatta, S., Kostakos, V., Buyya, R.: Reliability-aware proactive placement of microservices-based iot applications in fog computing environments. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 23(12), 11326\u201311341 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMC.2024.3394486","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."}],"container-title":["Cluster Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05663-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05663-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05663-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T09:40:06Z","timestamp":1768556406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05663-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05663-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7543","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1013"}}