{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:25:18Z","timestamp":1773933918760,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.72471019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.72471019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.72471019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.72471019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.72471019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.72471019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.72471019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.72471019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.72471019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.72471019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.2021ZD0114204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2021ZD0114204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.2021ZD0114204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2021ZD0114204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.2021ZD0114204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2021ZD0114204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.2021ZD0114204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2021ZD0114204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.2021ZD0114204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2021ZD0114204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cluster Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-025-05753-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T10:35:10Z","timestamp":1763202910000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adaptive particle swarm optimization with Multi-Heuristic initializations for Truck\u2013UGV collaborative routing for emergency material distribution"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Xun","family":"Weng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fangwen","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hongqiang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jingtian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lifen","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"5753_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ANOR.0000030690.27939.39","volume":"129","author":"L \u00d6zdamar","year":"2004","unstructured":"\u00d6zdamar, L., Ekinci, E., K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckyazici, B.: Emergency logistics planning in natural disasters. Annals of Operations Research 129, 217\u2013245 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:ANOR.0000030690.27939.39","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"key":"5753_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-021-04267-x","author":"RK Jana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jana, R.K., Sharma, D.K., Mehta, P.: A probabilistic fuzzy goal programming model for managing the supply of emergency relief materials. Ann. Oper. Res. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-021-04267-x","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"5753_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102464","volume":"154","author":"J Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, J., Bai, J., Wu, D.: Medical supplies scheduling in major public health emergencies. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 154, 102464 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102464","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"5753_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2022.106039","volume":"149","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Li, Y.: Collaborative vehicle-drone distribution network optimization for perishable products in the epidemic situation. Computers & Operations Research 149, 106039 (2023)","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"5753_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2015.03.005","volume":"54","author":"CC Murray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murray, C.C., Chu, A.G.: The flying sidekick traveling salesman problem: Optimization of drone-assisted parcel delivery. Transp. Res. C. 54, 86\u2013110 (2015)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C."},{"key":"5753_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s11590-016-1035-3","volume":"11","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, X., Poikonen, S., Golden, B.: The vehicle routing problem with drones: Several worst-case results[J]. Optim. Lett. 11, 679\u2013697 (2017)","journal-title":"Optim. Lett."},{"key":"5753_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.02.018","volume":"102","author":"D Sacramento","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sacramento, D., Pisinger, D., Ropke, S.: An adaptive large neighborhood search metaheuristic for the vehicle routing problem with drones[J]. Transp. Res. Part. C: Emerg. Technol. 102, 289\u2013315 (2019)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"5753_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S.N., Panneerselvam, R.: A survey on the vehicle routing problem and its variants[J]. (2012)","DOI":"10.4236\/iim.2012.43010"},{"key":"5753_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2017.03.024","volume":"188","author":"S Chowdhury","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chowdhury, S., Emelogu, A., Marufuzzaman, M., et al.: Drones for disaster response and relief operations: A continuous approximation model. International Journal of Production Economics 188, 167\u2013184 (2017)","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"5753_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2019.0944","volume":"54","author":"I Dayarian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dayarian, I., Savelsbergh, M., Clarke, J.P.: Same-day delivery with drone resupply. Transport. Sci. 54(1), 229\u2013249 (2020)","journal-title":"Transport. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"5753_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2022.06.004","volume":"305","author":"K Kloster","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kloster, K., Moeini, M., Vigo, D., et al.: The multiple traveling salesman problem in presence of drone-and robot-supported packet stations[J]. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 305(2), 630\u2013643 (2023)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"5753_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2017.0791","volume":"52","author":"N Agatz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agatz, N., Bouman, P., Schmidt, M.: Optimization approaches for the traveling salesman problem with drone[J]. Transport. Sci. 52(4), 965\u2013981 (2018)","journal-title":"Transport. Sci."},{"key":"5753_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.11.003","volume":"110","author":"CC Murray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murray, C.C., Raj, R.: The multiple flying sidekicks traveling salesman problem: Parcel delivery with multiple drones[J]. Transp. Res. Part. C: Emerg. Technol. 110, 368\u2013398 (2020)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"5753_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102813","volume":"120","author":"R Raj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raj, R., Murray, C.: The multiple flying sidekicks traveling salesman problem with variable drone speeds[J]. Transp. Res. Part. C: Emerg. Technol. 120, 102813 (2020)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"5753_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, F., Jiang, B., Wang, J., et al.: Collaborative Delivery Optimization with Multiple Drones Via Constrained Hybrid Pointer Network[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3318524"},{"key":"5753_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2024.102970","volume":"185","author":"R She","year":"2024","unstructured":"She, R., Ouyang, Y.: Hybrid truck\u2013drone delivery under aerial traffic congestion[J]. Transp. Res. Part. B: Methodological. 185, 102970 (2024)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part. B: Methodological"},{"key":"5753_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103280","volume":"130","author":"S Cavani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cavani, S., Iori, M., Roberti, R.: Exact methods for the traveling salesman problem with multiple drones. Transp. Res. Part. C: Emerg. Technol. 130, 103280 (2021)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"5753_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhen, L., Gao, J., Wang, S., et al.: Optimizing an On-Demand Delivery Mode Based on Trucks and Drones[J]. Transportation Science (2025)","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2024.0693"},{"key":"5753_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85017","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3087751","volume":"9","author":"A Jeon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeon, A., Kang, J., Choi, B., et al.: Unmanned aerial vehicle last-mile delivery considering backhauls[J]. IEEE Access. 9, 85017\u201385033 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"issue":"7","key":"5753_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/19427867.2022.2082006","volume":"15","author":"H Cha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cha, H., Kim, D.K., Eun, J., et al.: Collaborative traveling salesman problem with ground vehicle as a charger for unmanned aerial vehicle. Transportation Letters 15(7), 707\u2013721 (2023)","journal-title":"Transportation Letters"},{"key":"5753_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/drones8010027","volume":"8","author":"Z Bi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bi, Z., Guo, X., Wang, J., Qin, S., Liu, G.: Truck-Drone Delivery Optimization Based on Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning. Drones 8, 27 (2024)","journal-title":"Drones"},{"issue":"1","key":"5753_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2024.0544","volume":"59","author":"J Schmidt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schmidt, J., Tilk, C., Irnich, S.: Exact solution of the vehicle routing problem with drones. Transport. Sci. 59(1), 60\u201380 (2025)","journal-title":"Transport. Sci."},{"key":"5753_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106809","volume":"149","author":"Q Gu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gu, Q., Fan, T., Pan, F., et al.: A vehicle-UAV operation scheme for instant delivery[J]. Comput. Ind. Eng. 149, 106809 (2020)","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"5753_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.102985","volume":"125","author":"O Dukkanci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dukkanci, O., Kara, B.Y., Bekta\u015f, T.: Minimizing energy and cost in range-limited drone deliveries with speed optimization[J]. Transp. Res. Part. C: Emerg. Technol. 125, 102985 (2021)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"5753_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2020.102214","volume":"146","author":"C Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, C., Demir, E., Huang, Y., et al.: The adoption of self-driving delivery robots in last Mile logistics[J]. Transp. Res. E. 146, 102214 (2021)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. E"},{"key":"5753_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruni, M.E., Khodaparasti, S., Moshref-Javadi, M.: A logic-based Benders Decomposition Method for the multi-trip Traveling Repairman Problem with drones[J], vol. 145, p. 105845. Computers & Operations Research (2022)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2022.105845"},{"key":"5753_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2023.01.002","volume":"168","author":"H Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Qin, H., Cheng, C., et al.: An exact algorithm for the two-echelon vehicle routing problem with drones[J]. Transp. Res. part. B: Methodological. 168, 124\u2013150 (2023)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. part. B: Methodological"},{"issue":"1","key":"5753_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83149-1","volume":"14","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Yang, S., Wang, X.V., et al.: Research on truck-drone collaborative route planning for rural logistics delivery services[J]. Sci. Rep. 14(1), 31815 (2024)","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"5753_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14102026","volume":"14","author":"D Cicek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cicek, D., Simsek, M., Kantarci, B.: Machine Learning-Driven Truck\u2013Drone Collaborative Delivery for Time-and Energy-Efficient Last-Mile Deliveries. Electronics 14(10), 2026 (2025)","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"5753_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.2197\/ipsjjip.25.655","volume":"25","author":"MS Bin Othman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bin Othman, M.S., Shurbevski, A., Karuno, Y., et al.: Routing of carrier-vehicle systems with dedicated last-stretch delivery vehicle and fixed carrier route[J]. J. Inform. Process. 25, 655\u2013666 (2017)","journal-title":"J. Inform. Process."},{"issue":"4","key":"5753_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2015.2461213","volume":"12","author":"N Mathew","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mathew, N., Smith, S.L., Waslander, S.L.: Planning paths for package delivery in heterogeneous multirobot teams. IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 12(4), 1298\u20131308 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"5753_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2020.102049","volume":"142","author":"MD Simoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simoni, M.D., Kutanoglu, E., Claudel, C.G.: Optimization and analysis of a robot-assisted last Mile delivery system. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 142, 102049 (2020)","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"5753_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-023-05418-y","volume":"339","author":"T Thomas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thomas, T., Srinivas, S., Rajendran, C.: Collaborative truck multi-drone delivery system considering drone scheduling and En route operations. Ann. Oper. Res. 339(1), 693\u2013739 (2024)","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"5753_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2020.102018","volume":"141","author":"S Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu, S., Puchinger, J., Sun, S.: Two-echelon urban deliveries using autonomous vehicles. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 141, 102018 (2020)","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"5753_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2021.06.009","volume":"298","author":"S Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, S., Puchinger, J., Sun, S.: Van-based robot hybrid pickup and delivery routing problem. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 298(3), 894\u2013914 (2022)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"5753_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2022.10.015","volume":"308","author":"A Rave","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rave, A., Fontaine, P., Kuhn, H.: Drone location and vehicle fleet planning with trucks and aerial drones[J]. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 308(1), 113\u2013130 (2023)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"5753_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, J., Eberhart, R.: Particle swarm optimization[C]\/\/Proceedings of ICNN\u201995-international conference on neural networks. ieee, 4: 1942\u20131948. (1995)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1995.488968"},{"key":"5753_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Eberhart, R.C.: Empirical study of particle swarm optimization[C]\/\/Proceedings of the 1999 congress on evolutionary computation-CEC99 (Cat. No. 99TH8406). IEEE, 3: 1945\u20131950. (1999)","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.1999.785511"},{"issue":"1","key":"5753_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-024-04809-5","volume":"28","author":"X Weng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Weng, X., She, W., Fan, H., et al.: Multi-depot vehicle routing problem with drones in emergency logistics[J]. Cluster Comput. 28(1), 1\u201327 (2025)","journal-title":"Cluster Comput."}],"container-title":["Cluster Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05753-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05753-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05753-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T13:07:40Z","timestamp":1773925660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05753-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["5753"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05753-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7543","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This research does not involve human participants, animal experiments, or any data requiring ethical approval.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}],"article-number":"32"}}