{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T21:49:57Z","timestamp":1770155397082,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cluster Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-025-05926-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:53:50Z","timestamp":1770108830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bio-block: future-proofing medical data with blockchain"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Vidyotma","family":"Thakur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. K.","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Surjit","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"5926_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3287636","author":"J Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, J., Fan, Y., Sun, R., Liu, L., Wu, C., Mumtaz, S.: Blockchain-Aided Privacy-Preserving medical data sharing scheme for E-Healthcare system. IEEE Internet Things J. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3287636","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"5926_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, G., Xie, H., Wang, W., Huang, H.: A secure and efficient electronic medical record data sharing scheme based on blockchain and proxy re-encryption. J. Cloud Comput. 13(1), 44 (Feb. 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13677-024-00608-w","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-024-00608-w"},{"key":"5926_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumari, D., Parmar, A.S., Goyal, H.S., Mishra, K., Panda, S.: HealthRec-Chain: Patient-centric blockchain enabled IPFS for privacy preserving scalable health data. Comput. Networks. 241 (February, 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2024.110223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2024.110223"},{"issue":"8","key":"5926_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.2993072","volume":"24","author":"Y Zhuang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhuang, Y., Sheets, L.R., Chen, Y.W., Shae, Z.Y., Tsai, J.J.P., Shyu, C.R.: A patient-centric health information exchange framework using blockchain technology. IEEE J. Biomed. Heal Inf. 24(8), 2169\u20132176 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2020.2993072","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Heal Inf."},{"key":"5926_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanwar, S., Tyagi, S., Kumar, N.: Security and privacy of electronic healthcare records: Concepts, paradigms and solutions. Institution Eng. Technol. (2019, 2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/PBHE020E","DOI":"10.1049\/PBHE020E"},{"key":"5926_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali, A., et al.: An industrial IoT-Based Blockchain-Enabled secure searchable encryption approach for healthcare systems using neural network. Sensors. 22(2) (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22020572","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020572"},{"key":"5926_CR7","unstructured":"Patel, C., V., Johnson: Individuals\u2019 use of online medical records and technology for health needs, [Online]. (2021). Available: https:\/\/www.healthit.gov\/data\/data-briefs\/individuals-use-online-medical-records-and-technology-health-needs-2020"},{"key":"5926_CR8","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights: [Online]. (2022). Available: https:\/\/ocrportal.hhs.gov\/ocr\/breach\/breach_report.jsf"},{"key":"5926_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, T., Wu, Q., Chen, J., Chen, F., Xie, D., Shen, H.: Health data security sharing method based on hybrid blockchain. Futur Gener Comput. Syst. 153, 251\u2013261 (Apr. 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.future.2023.11.032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2023.11.032"},{"issue":"3","key":"5926_CR10","first-page":"245","volume":"325","author":"MM Cohen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cohen, M.M., I. G., Mello: HIPAA and protecting health information in the 21st century. JAMA. 325(3), 245\u2013246 (2021)","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"5926_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akhter Md, K.T., Hasib, et al.: Electronic Health Record Monitoring System and Data Security Using Blockchain Technology, Secur. Commun. Networks, vol. pp. 1\u201315, Feb. 2022, (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/2366632","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2366632"},{"key":"5926_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pinna, A., et al.: Towards secure and Privacy-Preserving data sharing in e-Health systems via consortium blockchain. J. Med. Syst. 43(10), 152 (Aug. 2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-018-0995-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-018-0995-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"5926_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.28991\/HIJ-2023-04-03-012","volume":"4","author":"R Benaich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benaich, R., Mendili, S.E., Gahi, Y.: Advancing healthcare security: A Cutting-Edge Zero-Trust blockchain solution for protecting electronic health records. HighTech Innov. J. 4(3), 630\u2013652 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28991\/HIJ-2023-04-03-012","journal-title":"HighTech Innov. J."},{"key":"5926_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma, P., Namasudra, S., Gonzalez Crespo, R., Parra-Fuente, J., Chandra Trivedi, M.: EHDHE: Enhancing security of healthcare documents in IoT-enabled digital healthcare ecosystems using blockchain, Inf. Sci. (Ny)., vol. 629, no. February, pp. 703\u2013718, (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2023.01.148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2023.01.148"},{"key":"5926_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Azaria, A., Ekblaw, A., Vieira, T., Lippman, A.: MedRec: Using blockchain for medical data access and permission management, Proc. \u2013\u20092016 2nd Int. Conf. Open Big Data, OBD, pp. 25\u201330, Sep. 2016, (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/OBD.2016.11","DOI":"10.1109\/OBD.2016.11"},{"issue":"3","key":"5926_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/polsoc\/puac014","volume":"41","author":"S Semenzin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Semenzin, S., Rozas, D., Hassan, S.: Blockchain-based application at a governmental level: Disruption or illusion? The case of Estonia. Policy Soc. 41(3), 386\u2013401 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/polsoc\/puac014","journal-title":"Policy Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"5926_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.30953\/bhty.v7.298","volume":"7","author":"M Gaynor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gaynor, M., Gillespie, K., Roe, A., Crannage, E., Tuttle-Newhall, J.E.: Blockchain applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Blockchain Healthc. Today. 7(1), 1\u201310 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30953\/bhty.v7.298","journal-title":"Blockchain Healthc. Today"},{"issue":"11","key":"5926_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8883","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3117762","volume":"9","author":"W Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, W., et al.: Blockchain and PUF-based lightweight authentication protocol for wireless medical sensor networks. IEEE Internet Things J. 9(11), 8883\u20138891 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3117762","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"5926_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh, A.P., et al.: A Novel Patient-Centric Architectural Framework for Blockchain-Enabled Healthcare Applications, IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 5779\u20135789, (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2020.3037889","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3037889"},{"key":"5926_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thakur, V., Indra, G., Gupta, N., Chatterjee, P., Said, O., Tolba, A.: Cryptographically secure privacy-preserving authenticated key agreement protocol for an IoT network: A step towards critical infrastructure protection. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 206\u2013220 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12083-021-01236-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-021-01236-w"},{"key":"5926_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zaabar, B., Cheikhrouhou, O., Jamil, F., Ammi, M., Abid, M.: HealthBlock: A secure blockchain-based healthcare data management system. Comput. Networks. 200 (August, 2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108500"},{"key":"5926_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JG, SR, G.HL, Ravi V, Almeshari M, Alzamil Y.: Electronic health record (EHR) system development for study on EHR Data-based early prediction of diabetes using machine learning algorithms. Open. Bioinforma J. 16(1) (Oct. 2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/18750362-v16-e230906-2023-15","DOI":"10.2174\/18750362-v16-e230906-2023-15"},{"key":"5926_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2023.3316922","volume":"4","author":"A Bisht","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bisht, A., Das, A.K., Niyato, D., Park, Y.: Efficient Personal-Health-Records sharing in internet of medical things using searchable symmetric Encryption, Blockchain, and IPFS. IEEE Open. J. Commun. Soc. 4, 2225\u20132244 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/OJCOMS.2023.3316922","journal-title":"IEEE Open. J. Commun. Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"5926_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-024-01648-4","volume":"17","author":"R Raj","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raj, R., Ghosh, M.: A blockchain based lightweight and secure access control framework for IoT-enabled supply chain. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 17(3), 1610\u20131630 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12083-024-01648-4","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"5926_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1145\/77648.77649","volume":"8","author":"M Burrows","year":"1990","unstructured":"Burrows, M., Abadi, M., Needham, R.: A logic of authentication. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. 8(1), 18\u201336 (1990). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/77648.77649","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"5926_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2012.97","volume":"24","author":"M Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, M., Yu, S., Zheng, Y., Ren, K., Lou, W.: Scalable and secure sharing of personal health records in cloud computing using attribute-based encryption. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 24(1), 131\u2013143 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPDS.2012.97","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"issue":"5","key":"5926_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2013.2257818","volume":"17","author":"A Bahga","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bahga, A., Madisetti, V.K.: A cloud-based approach for interoperable electronic health records (EHRs). IEEE J. Biomed. Heal Inf. 17(5), 894\u2013906 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2013.2257818","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Heal Inf."},{"key":"5926_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steichen, M., Fiz, B., Norvill, R., Shbair, W., State, R.: Blockchain-Based, decentralized access control for IPFS. Proc. - IEEE 2018 Int. Congr Cybermatics 2018 IEEE Conf. Internet Things Green. Comput. Commun. Cyber Phys. Soc. Comput. Smart Data Blockchain Comput. Inf. Technol. iThings\/Gree. pp 1499\u20131506 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00253","DOI":"10.1109\/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00253"},{"key":"5926_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2018.8644088","author":"J Vora","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vora, J., et al.: BHEEM: A Blockchain-Based framework for Securing electronic health records. 2018 IEEE Globecom Work GC Wkshps 2018 - Proc. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2018.8644088","journal-title":"2018 IEEE Globecom Work GC Wkshps 2018 - Proc."},{"key":"5926_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar, R., Tripathi, R.: Secure healthcare framework using blockchain and public key cryptography, pp. 185\u2013202. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-38181-3_10","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38181-3_10"},{"key":"5926_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2022.03.009","volume":"164","author":"J Jayabalan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jayabalan, J., Jeyanthi, N.: Scalable blockchain model using off-chain IPFS storage for healthcare data security and privacy. J. Parallel Distrib. Comput. 164, 152\u2013167 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpdc.2022.03.009","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"5926_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pilares, I.C.A., Azam, S., Akbulut, S., Jonkman, M., Shanmugam, B.: Addressing the challenges of electronic health records using blockchain and IPFS. Sensors. 22(11), 4032 (May 2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22114032","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114032"},{"key":"5926_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, X., Shah, R., Shandilya, A., Shah, M., Pandya, A.: A systematic study on integrating blockchain in healthcare for electronic health record management and tracking medical supplies, J. Clean. Prod., vol. 447, no. April 2024, (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141371"},{"issue":"1","key":"5926_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-023-04038-2","volume":"27","author":"J Kaur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaur, J., Rani, R., Kalra, N.: Attribute-based access control scheme for secure storage and sharing of EHRs using blockchain and IPFS. Cluster Comput. 27(1), 1047\u20131061 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-023-04038-2","journal-title":"Cluster Comput."},{"issue":"4","key":"5926_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4245","volume":"35","author":"V Puri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Puri, V., Kataria, A., Sharma, V.: Artificial intelligence-powered decentralized framework for internet of things in healthcare 4.0. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun Technol. 35(4), 1\u201318 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ett.4245","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun Technol."},{"key":"5926_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205071","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3037474","volume":"8","author":"MA Rahman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahman, M.A., Shamim Hossain, M., Islam, M.S., Alrajeh, N.A., Muhammad, G.: Secure and provenance enhanced internet of health things framework: A blockchain managed federated learning approach. IEEE Access. 8, 205071\u2013205087 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3037474","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"5926_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benaich, R., Mendili, S.E., Gahi, Y.: Advancing Healthcare Security: A Cutting-Edge Zero-Trust Blockchain Solution for Protecting Electronic Health Records, HighTech Innov. J., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 630\u2013652, Sep. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28991\/HIJ-2023-04-03-012","DOI":"10.28991\/HIJ-2023-04-03-012"},{"key":"5926_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raj, R., Ghosh, M.: A blockchain based lightweight and secure access control framework for IoT-enabled supply chain. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 17(3), 1610\u20131630 (May 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12083-024-01648-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-024-01648-4"},{"key":"5926_CR39","unstructured":"Barker, E.: NIST SP800-57 pt.1 Recommendation for Key Management: Part 1 \u2013 General, NIST Spec. Publ. 800\u2009\u2013\u200957, pp. 1\u2013142, (2020)"},{"key":"5926_CR40","unstructured":"Josef Pieprzyk, J.S., Hardjono, T.: Fundamentals of Computer Security. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2013)"},{"key":"5926_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Almaiah, M.A., Ali, A., Hajjej, F., Pasha, M.F., Alohali, M.A.: A lightweight hybrid deep learning privacy preserving model for FC-Based industrial internet of medical things. Sensors. 22(6), 2112 (Mar. 2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22062112","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062112"},{"key":"5926_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041448","author":"MA Almaiah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Almaiah, M.A., Hajjej, F., Ali, A., Pasha, M.F., Almomani, O.: A Novel Hybrid Trustworthy Decentralized Authentication and Data Preservation Model for Digital Healthcare IoT Based CPS. Sensors. 22(4), 1448 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22041448"},{"key":"5926_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003406105","volume-title":"Intelligent Security Solutions for Cyber-Physical Systems","author":"VM Sood","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sood, V.M., Singh, Y., Bhargava, B., Narang, S.K.: Intelligent Security Solutions for Cyber-Physical Systems. Chapman and Hall\/CRC, Boca Raton (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781003406105"}],"container-title":["Cluster Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05926-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05926-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05926-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:53:55Z","timestamp":1770108835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05926-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["5926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05926-5","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/s22041448","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7543","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"127"}}