{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T14:10:28Z","timestamp":1762351828396},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]],"date-time":"2005-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1133395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]],"date-time":"2005-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1133395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Comput Math Organiz Theor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10588-005-5589-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,14]],"date-time":"2006-01-14T00:20:08Z","timestamp":1137198008000},"page":"339-356","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Using an Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma with Exit Option to Study Alliance Behavior: Results of a Tournament and Simulation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Steven E.","family":"Phelan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Arend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darryl A.","family":"Seale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"5589_CR1","unstructured":"Arend, R.J. and D.A. Seale (2003), \u201cModeling Alliance Activity: A Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma with Exit Option,\u201d Working paper, University of Nevada Las Vegas."},{"issue":"3","key":"5589_CR2","first-page":"37","volume":"18","author":"A. Arino","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arino, A. and J.J. Reuer (2004), \u201cDesigning and Renegotiating Strategic Alliance Contracts,\u201d Academy of Management Executive, 18(3), 37\u201348.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Executive"},{"issue":"1","key":"5589_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/002200278002400101","volume":"24","author":"R. Axelrod","year":"1980","unstructured":"Axelrod, R. (1980), \u201cEffective Choice in the Prisoner's Dilemma,\u201d Journal of Conflict Resolution, 24(1), 3\u201325.","journal-title":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"issue":"3","key":"5589_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/002200278002400301","volume":"24","author":"R. Axelrod","year":"1980","unstructured":"Axelrod, R. (1980), \u201cMore Effective Choice in the Prisoner's Dilemma,\u201d Journal of Conflict Resolution, 24(3), 379\u2013403.","journal-title":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"key":"5589_CR5","volume-title":"The Evolution of Cooperation","author":"R. Axelrod","year":"1984","unstructured":"Axelrod, R. (1984), The Evolution of Cooperation. Basic Books, New York."},{"issue":"4884","key":"5589_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1126\/science.242.4884.1385","volume":"242","author":"R. Axelrod","year":"1988","unstructured":"Axelrod, R. and D. Dion (1988), \u201cThe Further Evolution of Cooperation,\u201d Science, 242(4884), 1385\u20131390.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"5589_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1162\/003355302753399445","volume":"117","author":"G. Baker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baker, G., R. Gibbons, and K.J. Murphy (2002), \u201cRelational Contracts and the Theory of the Firm,\u201d Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(1), 39\u201384.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"5589_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250121010","volume":"12","author":"C. F. Camerer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Camerer, C. F. (1991), \u201cDoes Strategy Research Need Game-Theory,\u201d Strategic Management Journal, 12, 137\u2013152.","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"5589_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/12.6.1223","volume":"12","author":"T. Casciaro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Casciaro, T. (2003), \u201cDeterminants of Governance Structure in Alliances: The Role of Strategic, Task and Partner Uncertainties,\u201d Industrial & Corporate Change, 12(6), 1223\u20131251.","journal-title":"Industrial & Corporate Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"5589_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2307\/259291","volume":"23","author":"T.K. Das","year":"1998","unstructured":"Das, T.K. and B.-S. Teng (1998), \u201cBetween Trust and Control: Developing Confidence in Partner Cooperation in Alliances,\u201d Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 491\u2013512.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"5589_CR11","first-page":"50","volume":"13","author":"T.K. Das","year":"1999","unstructured":"Das, T.K. and B.-S. Teng (1999), \u201cManaging Risks in Strategic Alliances,\u201d Academy of Management Executive, 13(4), 50\u201362.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Executive"},{"issue":"1","key":"5589_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.11.1.77.12570","volume":"11","author":"T.K. Das","year":"2000","unstructured":"Das, T.K. and B.-S. Teng (2000), \u201cInstabilities of Strategic Alliances: An Internal Tensions Perspective,\u201d Organization Science, 11(1), 77\u2013101.","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"key":"5589_CR13","volume-title":"Partner Risk: Managing the Downside of Strategic Alliances","author":"W. Davies","year":"2001","unstructured":"Davies, W. (2001), Partner Risk: Managing the Downside of Strategic Alliances, Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, IN."},{"key":"5589_CR14","first-page":"37","volume":"42","author":"J. Dyer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dyer, J., P. Kale and H. Singh (2001), \u201cHow to Make Strategic Alliances Work,\u201d Sloan Management Review, 42, 37\u201343.","journal-title":"Sloan Management Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"5589_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1998.1255632","volume":"23","author":"J.H. Dyer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dyer, J.H. and H. Singh (1998), \u201cThe Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage,\u201d Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 660\u2013679.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"5589_CR16","unstructured":"Ernst, D. (2002), \u201cGive Alliances their Due,\u201d McKinsey Quarterly, (3), 4\u20135."},{"key":"5589_CR17","unstructured":"Ernst, D. and T. Halevy (2000), \u201cWhen to Think Alliance,\u201d McKinsey Quarterly, (4), 46\u201355."},{"issue":"3","key":"5589_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1086\/228311","volume":"91","author":"M. Granovetter","year":"1985","unstructured":"Granovetter, M. (1985), \u201cEconomic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness,\u201d American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481\u2013510.","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"1","key":"5589_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2307\/256729","volume":"38","author":"R. Gulati","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gulati, R. (1995), \u201cDoes Familiarity Breed Trust? The Implications of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances,\u201d Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 85\u2013112.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"5589_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(199804)19:4<293::AID-SMJ982>3.0.CO;2-M","volume":"19","author":"R. Gulati","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gulati, R. (1998), \u201cAlliances and Networks,\u201d Strategic Management Journal, 19(4), 293\u2013317.","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"5589_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2307\/2393616","volume":"43","author":"R. Gulati","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gulati, R. and H. Singh (1998), \u201cThe Architecture of Cooperation: Managing Coordination Costs and Appropriation Concerns in Strategic Alliances,\u201d Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(4), 781\u2013814.","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"5589_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.2307\/258020","volume":"15","author":"C.W.L. Hill","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hill, C.W.L. (1990), \u201cCooperation, Opportunism, and the Invisible Hand: Implications for Transaction Cost Theory,\u201d Academy of Management Review, 15(3), 500\u2013513.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"5589_CR23","first-page":"409","volume-title":"Blackwell Handbook of Strategic Management","author":"A.C. Inkpen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Inkpen, A.C. (2001), Strategic Alliances. Blackwell Handbook of Strategic Management. M. A. Hitt, R.E. Freeman and J. Harrison. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 409\u2013432."},{"issue":"5","key":"5589_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1040.0079","volume":"15","author":"A.C. Inkpen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Inkpen, A.C. and S.C. Currall (2004), \u201cThe Coevolution of Trust, Control, and Learning in Joint Ventures,\u201d Organization Science, 15(5), 586\u2013599.","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"5589_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/014920630202800308","volume":"28","author":"R.D. Ireland","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ireland, R.D., M.A. Hitt and D. Vaidyanath (2002), \u201cAlliance Management as a Source of Competitive Advantage,\u201d Journal of Management, 28(3), 413\u2013446.","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"5589_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.9.3.255","volume":"9","author":"M.P. Koza","year":"1998","unstructured":"Koza, M.P. and A. Y. Lewin (1998), \u201cThe Co-Evolution of Strategic Alliances,\u201d Organization Science, 9(3), 255\u2013264.","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"5589_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"160","author":"C. Menard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Menard, C. (2004), \u201cThe Economics of Hybrid Organizations,\u201d Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics Letters, 160(3), 1\u201332.","journal-title":"Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics Letters"},{"issue":"5","key":"5589_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250090507","volume":"9","author":"R.P. Nielsen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nielsen, R.P. (1988), \u201cCooperative Strategy,\u201d Strategic Management Journal, 9(5), 475\u2013492.","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"key":"5589_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/355250a0","volume":"355","author":"M.A. Nowak","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nowak, M.A. and K. Sigmund (1992), \u201cTit For Tat in Heterogeneous Populations,\u201d Nature, 355, 250-- 253.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"5589_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.2307\/2095951","volume":"58","author":"J.M. Orbell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Orbell, J.M. and R.M. Dawes (1993), \u201cSocial Welfare, Cooperators' Advantage, and the Option of Not Playing the Game,\u201dAmerican Sociological Review, 58(6), 787\u2013800.","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"5589_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.42.6.875","volume":"42","author":"S.H. Park","year":"1996","unstructured":"Park, S.H. and M.V. Russo (1996), \u201cWhen Competition Eclipses Cooperation: An Event History Analysis of Joint Venture Failure,\u201d Management Science, 42(6), 875\u2013890.","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"5589_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2307\/258759","volume":"18","author":"A. Parkhe","year":"1993","unstructured":"Parkhe, A. (1993), \u201cMessy Research, Methodological Predispositions, and Theory Development in International Joint Ventures,\u201d Academy of Management Review, 18(2), 227\u2013268.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"5589_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.4.2.301","volume":"4","author":"A. Parkhe","year":"1993","unstructured":"Parkhe, A. (1993), \u201cPartner Nationality and the Structure-Performance Relationship in Strategic Alliances,\u201d Organization Science, 4(2), 301\u2013324.","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"5589_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.2307\/256759","volume":"36","author":"A. Parkhe","year":"1993","unstructured":"Parkhe, A. (1993), \u201cStrategic Alliance Structuring: A Game Theoretic and Transaction Cost Examination of Interfirm Cooperation,\u201d Academy of Management Journal, 36(4), 794\u2013829.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"5589_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0483(93)90021-C","volume":"21","author":"A. Parkhe","year":"1993","unstructured":"Parkhe, A., E.C. Rosenthal, and R. Chandran (1993), \u201cPrisoner's Dilemma Payoff Structure in Interfirm Strategic Alliances: An Empirical Test,\u201d Omega, 21(5), 531\u2013539.","journal-title":"Omega"},{"issue":"1","key":"5589_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/014920630202800104","volume":"28","author":"J.J. Reuer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Reuer, J.J. and A. Arino (2002), \u201cContractual Renegotiations in Strategic Alliances,\u201d Journal of Management, 28(1), 47\u201368.","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"5589_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.214","volume":"23","author":"J.J. Reuer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Reuer, J.J., M. Zollo and H. Singh (2002), \u201cPost-Formation Dynamics in Strategic Alliances,\u201d Strategic Management Journal, 23(2), 135\u2013151.","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"key":"5589_CR38","unstructured":"Seale, D.A., R.J. Arend, and S. E. Phelan (2004), Modeling Alliance Activity: Opportunity Cost and the Shadow of the Future in an Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma with Exit Option, Working paper, University of Nevada Las Vegas."},{"key":"5589_CR39","volume-title":"Models of Man","author":"H.A. Simon","year":"1957","unstructured":"Simon, H.A. (1957), Models of Man. Wiley, New York."},{"key":"5589_CR40","unstructured":"Smith, D.G. (2004), \u201cThe Exit Structure of Strategic Alliances,\u201d Illinois Law Review, forthcoming."},{"key":"5589_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spekman, R.E., T.M. Forbes III, L.A. Isabella, and T.C. MacAvoy (1998), \u201cAlliance Management: A View from the Past and a Look to the Future,\u201d Journal of Management Studies, 35(6).","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6486.00118"},{"key":"5589_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/100.Supplement.1073","volume":"100","author":"G. Tullock","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tullock, G. (1985), \u201cAdam Smith and the Prisoners' Dilemma,\u201d Quarterly Journal of Economics, 100, 1073\u20131081.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"5589_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2307\/1964230","volume":"86","author":"V.J. Vanberg","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vanberg, V.J. and R.D. Congleton (1992), \u201cRationality, Morality, and Exit,\u201d American Political Science Review, 86(2), 418\u2013431.","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"key":"5589_CR44","volume-title":"Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications","author":"O.E. Williamson","year":"1975","unstructured":"Williamson, O.E. (1975), Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. Free Press,New York."},{"key":"5589_CR45","volume-title":"The Economic Institutions of Capitalism","author":"O.E. Williamson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Williamson, O.E. (1985), The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. Free Press, New York."},{"issue":"2","key":"5589_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S1075-4253(03)00031-0","volume":"9","author":"M. Zeng","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zeng, M. (2003), \u201cManaging the Cooperative Dilemma of Joint Ventures: the Role of Structural Factors.,\u201d Journal of International Management, 9(2), 95\u2013113.","journal-title":"Journal of International Management"}],"container-title":["Computational &amp; Mathematical Organization Theory"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10588-005-5589-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10588-005-5589-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10588-005-5589-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10588-005-5589-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T05:26:14Z","timestamp":1683350774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10588-005-5589-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10588-005-5589-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1381-298X","1572-9346"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1381-298X","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9346","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 January 2006","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}