{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:11:37Z","timestamp":1764785497351,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Collaboratory Against Hate"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008047","name":"Carnegie Mellon University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Comput Math Organ Theory"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Much research has focused on the role of the alt-right in pushing far-right narratives into mainstream discourse. In this work, we focus on the alt-right\u2019s effects on extremist narratives themselves. From 2012 to 2017, we find a rise in alt-right, 4chan-like discourse styles across multiple communication platforms known for white supremacist extremism, such as Stormfront. This discourse style incorporates inflammatory insults, irreverent comments, and talk about memes and online \u201cchan\u201d culture itself. A network analysis of one far-right extremist platform suggests that central users adopt and spread this alt-right style. This analysis has implications for understanding influence and change in online white supremacist extremism, as well as the role of style in white supremacist communications. <jats:italic>Warning: This paper contains examples of hateful and offensive language.<\/jats:italic>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10588-024-09390-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T13:05:52Z","timestamp":1726751152000},"page":"222-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The \u201cchanification\u201d of white supremacist extremism"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0489-3358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Miller","family":"Yoder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David West","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Carley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"9390_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2006.0001","volume":"84","author":"J Adams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Adams J, Roscigno VJ (2005) White supremacists, oppositional culture and the World Wide Web. Soc Forces 84(2):759\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/sof.2006.0001","journal-title":"Soc Forces"},{"issue":"2","key":"9390_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/21565503.2018.1454330","volume":"6","author":"DC Atkinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Atkinson DC (2018) Charlottesville and the alt-right: a turning point? Politics Groups Identities 6(2):309\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21565503.2018.1454330","journal-title":"Politics Groups Identities"},{"issue":"1","key":"9390_CR3","first-page":"65","volume":"15","author":"SJ Baele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baele SJ, Brace L, Coan TG (2021) Variations on a theme? Comparing 4chan, 8kun, and Other Chans\u2019 far-right \u201c\/pol\u201d boards. Persp Terror 15(1):65\u201380","journal-title":"Persp Terror"},{"key":"9390_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blee KM, Futrell R, Simi P (2023) Out of hiding: extremist white supremacy and how it can be stopped. Routledge, London. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003322337","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003322337"},{"issue":"6","key":"9390_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/02732173.2020.1812456","volume":"40","author":"MA Brooks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brooks MA (2020) It\u2019s okay to be White: laundering White supremacy through a colorblind victimized White race-consciousness raising campaign. Sociol Spectr 40(6):400\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02732173.2020.1812456","journal-title":"Sociol Spectr"},{"issue":"2","key":"9390_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/00380237.2000.10571166","volume":"33","author":"V Burris","year":"2000","unstructured":"Burris V, Smith E, Strahm A (2000) White supremacist networks on the Internet. Sociol Focus 33(2):215\u2013235","journal-title":"Sociol Focus"},{"issue":"1","key":"9390_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17467586.2012.679664","volume":"5","author":"DJ Caspi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Caspi DJ, Freilich JD, Chermak SM (2012) Worst of the bad: violent white supremacist groups and lethality. Dyn Asymmetric Conflict 5(1):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17467586.2012.679664","journal-title":"Dyn Asymmetric Conflict"},{"key":"9390_CR8","unstructured":"Chung Y.-l, R\u00f6ttger P, Nozza D, Talat Z, Davani AM (2023) The 7th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH). Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/volumes\/2023.woah-1\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"9390_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820948803","volume":"24","author":"T Colley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Colley T, Moore M (2022) The challenges of studying 4chan and the alt-right: \u2018come on in the water\u2019s fine\u2019. New Media Soc 24(1):5\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444820948803","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"key":"9390_CR10","volume-title":"Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment","author":"PH Collins","year":"1990","unstructured":"Collins PH (1990) Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Routledge, London"},{"key":"9390_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniels J (2018) The algorithmic rise of the \u201calt-right\u201d. Contexts. https:\/\/contexts.org\/articles\/the-algorithmic-rise-of-the-alt-right\/","DOI":"10.1177\/1536504218766547"},{"key":"9390_CR12","volume-title":"Cyber racism: White supremacy online and the new attack on civil rights","author":"J Daniels","year":"2009","unstructured":"Daniels J (2009) Cyber racism: White supremacy online and the new attack on civil rights. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham"},{"issue":"2","key":"9390_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/0966369X.2019.1710472","volume":"28","author":"C Gallaher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gallaher C (2021) Mainstreaming white supremacy: a Twitter analysis of the American \u2018Alt-Right\u2019. Gender Place Culture 28(2):224\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0966369X.2019.1710472","journal-title":"Gender Place Culture"},{"key":"9390_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gilbert J, Elley B (2020) Shaved heads and sonnenrads: comparing white supremacist skinheads and the alt-right in New Zealand. K\u014dtuitui: NZ J Soc Sci Online 15(2), 280\u2013294 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1177083X.2020.1730415","DOI":"10.1080\/1177083X.2020.1730415"},{"key":"9390_CR15","unstructured":"Guhl J, Davey J (2020) A safe space to hate: White supremacist mobilisation on telegram. Technical report . www.isdglobal.org"},{"key":"9390_CR16","unstructured":"Gustavson A, Sherkat D (2004) Elucidating the web of hate: the ideological structuring of network ties among white supremacist groups on the internet. In: Annual meeting of the American sociological association"},{"key":"9390_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/hawl18512","volume-title":"Making sense of the alt-right","author":"G Hawley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hawley G (2017) Making sense of the alt-right. Columbia University Press, New York"},{"issue":"4","key":"9390_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1080\/08865655.2019.1571935","volume":"35","author":"E Hodge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hodge E, Hallgrimsdottir H (2019) Networks of hate: the alt-right, \u201ctroll culture\u2019\u2019, and the cultural geography of social movement spaces online. J Borderlands Stud 35(4):563\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08865655.2019.1571935","journal-title":"J Borderlands Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"9390_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1353\/dss.2017.0042","volume":"64","author":"E Malmgren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Malmgren E (2017) Don\u2019t feed the trolls. Dissent 64(2):9\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/dss.2017.0042","journal-title":"Dissent"},{"key":"9390_CR20","volume-title":"Media manipulation and disinformation online","author":"A Marwick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marwick A, Lewis R (2017) Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data & Society Research Institute, Technical report"},{"issue":"3","key":"9390_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444815608807","volume":"19","author":"A Massanari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Massanari A (2017) #Gamergate and the happening: how Reddit's algorithm, governance, and culture support toxic technocultures. New Media Soc 19(3):329\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444815608807","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"key":"9390_CR22","volume-title":"Democracy hacked: how technology is destabilising global politics","author":"M Moore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moore M (2018) Democracy hacked: how technology is destabilising global politics. Simon and Schuster, London"},{"key":"9390_CR23","unstructured":"Moreau J (2017) Race, gender, and the study of far right social movements: an interview with Kathleen Blee. https:\/\/mobilizingideas.wordpress.com\/2017\/04\/19\/race-gender-and-the-study-of-far-right-social-movements-an-interview-with-kathleen-blee\/. Accessed 26 June 2024"},{"key":"9390_CR24","volume-title":"Kill all normies: the online culture wars from Tumblr and 4chan to the alt-right and trump","author":"A Nagle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nagle A (2017) Kill all normies: the online culture wars from Tumblr and 4chan to the alt-right and trump. Zero Books, Winchester"},{"key":"9390_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O\u2019Callaghan D, Greene D, Conway M, Carthy J, Cunningham P (2014) An analysis of interactions within and between extreme right communities in social media. arXiv . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1206.7050","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1206.7050"},{"issue":"4","key":"9390_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s12064-021-00359-1","volume":"140","author":"DT Painter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Painter DT, Daniels BC, Laubichler MD (2021) Innovations are disproportionately likely in the periphery of a scientific network. Theory Biosci 140(4):391\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12064-021-00359-1","journal-title":"Theory Biosci"},{"key":"9390_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v091.i02","author":"ME Roberts","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roberts ME, Stewart BM, Tingley D (2019) STM: an R package for structural topic models. J Stat Software. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v091.i02","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"issue":"4","key":"9390_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12103","volume":"58","author":"ME Roberts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roberts ME, Stewart BM, Tingley D, Lucas C, Leder-Luis J, Gadarian SK, Albertson B, Rand DG (2014) Structural topic models for open-ended survey responses. Am J Polit Sci 58(4):1064\u20131082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajps.12103","journal-title":"Am J Polit Sci"},{"key":"9390_CR29","volume-title":"Diffusion of innovations","author":"EM Rogers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rogers EM (2003) Diffusion of innovations, 5th edn. Simon and Schuster, New York","edition":"5"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9390_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/13183222.2018.1423947","volume":"25","author":"P-J Salazar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salazar P-J (2018) The alt-right as a community of discourse. Javnost\u2014Public 25(1\u20132):135\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13183222.2018.1423947","journal-title":"Javnost\u2014Public"},{"key":"9390_CR31","unstructured":"Southern Poverty Law Center: Alt-Right (n.d.). https:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/extremist-files\/ideology\/alt-right. Accessed 1 July 2024"},{"key":"9390_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34971-4_14","volume-title":"Social informatics","author":"M Squire","year":"2019","unstructured":"Squire M (2019) Understanding gray networks using social media trace data. In: Weber I, Darwish KM, Wagner C, Zagheni E, Nelson L, Aref S, Fl\u00f6ck F (eds) Social informatics. Springer, Cham, pp 202\u2013217"},{"key":"9390_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidgen B, Harris A, Nguyen D, Tromble R, Hale S, Margetts H (2019) Challenges and frontiers in abusive content detection (online appendix). In: Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online. Association for Computational Linguistics, Florence. https:\/\/github.com\/bvidgen\/Challenges-and-frontiers-in-abusive-content-detection","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-3509"},{"key":"9390_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12633-9_2","volume-title":"Online othering","author":"A Winter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Winter A (2019) Online hate: from the far-right to the \u2018alt-right\u2019 and from the margins to the mainstream. In: Lumsden K, Harmer E (eds) Online othering. Springer, Cham, pp 39\u201363"},{"issue":"1","key":"9390_CR35","first-page":"65","volume":"86","author":"T Woodhouse","year":"2020","unstructured":"Woodhouse T (2020) Superior: the return of race science by Angela Saini, and: proud boys and the White Ethnostate: how the alt-right is warping the American imagination by Alexandra Minna Stern (review). Velvet Light Trap 86(1):65\u201368","journal-title":"Velvet Light Trap"},{"key":"9390_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoder MM, Diab A, West Brown D, Carley KM (2023) A weakly supervised classifier and dataset of white supremacist language. In: Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-short.17"}],"container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10588-024-09390-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10588-024-09390-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10588-024-09390-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T23:42:44Z","timestamp":1757115764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10588-024-09390-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10588-024-09390-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1381-298X","1572-9346"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1381-298X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1572-9346"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 August 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}]}}