{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:35:31Z","timestamp":1791214531016,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]],"date-time":"2013-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Machine Translation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10590-013-9146-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,23]],"date-time":"2013-09-23T12:15:04Z","timestamp":1379938504000},"page":"19-56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Maximum-entropy word alignment and posterior-based phrase extraction for machine translation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Nadi","family":"Tomeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Allauzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Yvon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"9146_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew G, Gao J (2007) Scalable training of L1-regularized log-linear models. In: Proceedings of the 24th international conference on machine learning, New York, pp 33\u201340","DOI":"10.1145\/1273496.1273501"},{"key":"9146_CR2","unstructured":"Ayan NF, Dorr BJ (2006) A maximum entropy approach to combining word alignments. In: Proceedings of the human language technology conference of the NAACL. Main conference, New York City, pp 96\u2013103"},{"key":"9146_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0096-0551(96)00005-7","volume":"22","author":"AL Berger","year":"1996","unstructured":"Berger AL, Pietra VJD, Pietra SAD (1996) A maximum entropy approach to natural language processing. Comput Ling 22:39\u201371","journal-title":"Comput Ling"},{"key":"9146_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birch A, Callison-Burch C, Osborne M, Koehn P (2006) Constraining the phrase-based, joint probability statistical translation model. In: Proceedings of the workshop on statistical machine translation, pp 154\u2013157","DOI":"10.3115\/1654650.1654675"},{"key":"9146_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blunsom P, Cohn T (2006) Discriminative word alignment with conditional random fields. In: Proceedings of the 21st international conference on computational linguistics and 44th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics Australia, pp 65\u201372","DOI":"10.3115\/1220175.1220184"},{"issue":"2","key":"9146_CR6","first-page":"263","volume":"19","author":"PF Brown","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brown PF, Pietra VJD, Pietra SAD, Mercer RL (1993) The mathematics of statistical machine translation: parameter estimation. Comput Ling 19(2):263\u2013311","journal-title":"Comput Ling"},{"key":"9146_CR7","volume-title":"The quadratic assignment problem: theory and algorithms. Combinatorial optimization","author":"E Cela","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cela E (1997) The quadratic assignment problem: theory and algorithms. Combinatorial optimization. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"9146_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherry C, Lin D (2003) A probability model to improve word alignment. In: Hinrichs E, Roth D (eds) Proceedings of the 41st annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, pp 88\u201395","DOI":"10.3115\/1075096.1075108"},{"key":"9146_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiang D, Marton Y, Resnik P (2008) Online large-margin training of syntactic and structural translation features. In: Proceedings of the 2008 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, Honolulu, pp 224\u2013233","DOI":"10.3115\/1613715.1613747"},{"key":"9146_CR10","first-page":"551","volume":"7","author":"K Crammer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crammer K, Dekel O, Keshet J, Shalev-Shwartz S, Singer Y (2006) Online passive-aggressive algorithms. J Mach Learn Res 7:551\u2013585","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"9146_CR11","unstructured":"Davis P, Xie Z, Small K (2007) All links are not the same: evaluating word alignments for statistical machine translation. In: Proceedings of the MT Summit XI, pp 119\u2013126"},{"key":"9146_CR12","unstructured":"de Gispert A, Pino J, Byrne W (2010) Hierarchical phrase-based translation grammars extracted from alignment posterior probabilities. In: Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Morristown, NJ, USA, pp 545\u2013554"},{"issue":"1","key":"9146_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x","volume":"39","author":"AP Dempster","year":"1977","unstructured":"Dempster AP, Laird NM, Rubin DB (1977) Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm. J R Stat Soc Ser B 39(1):1\u201338","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B"},{"key":"9146_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeNero J, Klein D (2008) The complexity of phrase alignment problems. In: Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT. Short Papers, Columbus, pp 25\u201328","DOI":"10.3115\/1557690.1557698"},{"key":"9146_CR15","unstructured":"DeNero J, Klein D (2010) Discriminative modeling of extraction sets for machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 48th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics. pp 1453\u20131463"},{"key":"9146_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeNero J, Gillick D, Zhang J, Klein D (2006) Why generative phrase models underperform surface heuristics. In: proceedings on the workshop on statistical machine translation, New York City, pp 31\u201338","DOI":"10.3115\/1654650.1654656"},{"key":"9146_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng Y, Byrne W (2005) HMM word and phrase alignment for statistical machine translation. In: Proceedings of human language technology conference and conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, Vancouver, pp 169\u2013176","DOI":"10.3115\/1220575.1220597"},{"issue":"3","key":"9146_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2008.916056","volume":"16","author":"Y Deng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Deng Y, Byrne WJ (2008) HMM word and phrase alignment for statistical machine translation. IEEE Trans Audio Speech Lang Process 16(3):494\u2013507","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Audio Speech Lang Process"},{"key":"9146_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diab M, Hacioglu K, Jurafsky D (2004) Automatic tagging of Arabic text: from raw text to base phrase chunks. In: Proceedings of HLT-NAACL 2004: Short Papers, pp 149\u2013152","DOI":"10.3115\/1613984.1614022"},{"key":"9146_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dougherty J, Kohavi R, Sahami M (1995) Supervised and Unsupervised discretization of continuous features. In: ICML, pp 194\u2013202","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-377-6.50032-3"},{"key":"9146_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyer C (2009) Using a maximum entropy model to build segmentation lattices for MT. In: Proceedings of human language technologies: the 2009 annual conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics, Stroudsburg, pp 406\u2013414","DOI":"10.3115\/1620754.1620814"},{"key":"9146_CR22","unstructured":"Dyer C, Clark JH, Lavie A, Smith NA (2011) Unsupervised word alignment with arbitrary features. In: Proceedings of the 49th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies, Portland, pp 409\u2013419"},{"key":"9146_CR23","unstructured":"Fraser A (2007) Improved word alignments for statistical machine translation. PhD Thesis, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, AAI3291804"},{"key":"9146_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraser A, Marcu D (2007) Measuring word alignment quality for statistical machine translation. Comput Ling 33(3):293\u2013303","DOI":"10.1162\/coli.2007.33.3.293"},{"key":"9146_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galley M, Graehl J, Knight K, Marcu D, DeNeefe S, Wang W, Thayer I (2006) Scalable inference and training of context-rich syntactic translation models. In: Proceedings of the 21st ICCL and 44th ACL, Sydney, pp 961\u2013968","DOI":"10.3115\/1220175.1220296"},{"key":"9146_CR26","unstructured":"Ganchev K, Graca JV, Taskar B (2008) Better alignments = better translations?. In: Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT, Columbus, pp 986\u2013993"},{"key":"9146_CR27","first-page":"2001","volume":"11","author":"K Ganchev","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ganchev K, Gra\u00e7a Ja, Gillenwater J, Taskar B (2010) Posterior regularization for structured latent variable models. J Mach Learn Res 11:2001\u20132049","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"9146_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao Q, Vogel S (2008) Parallel implementations of word alignment tool. In: SETQA-NLP \u201908, pp 49\u201357","DOI":"10.3115\/1622110.1622119"},{"key":"9146_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00007","volume":"36","author":"JV Gra\u00e7a","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gra\u00e7a JV, Ganchev K, Taskar B (2010) Learning tractable word alignment models with complex constraints. Comput Ling 36:481\u2013504","journal-title":"Comput Ling"},{"key":"9146_CR30","unstructured":"Guzman F, Gao Q, Vogel S (2009) Reassessment of the role of phrase extraction. In: 12th MT Summit"},{"key":"9146_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habash N (2007) Arabic morphological representations for machine translation. In: Soudi A, van den Bosch, Neumann G, Ide N (eds) Arabic computational morphology, vol 38 of Text, speech and language technology. Springer, Berlin, pp 263\u2013285","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6046-5_14"},{"key":"9146_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habash N (2010) Introduction to Arabic natural language processing. Synthesis lectures on human language technologies. Morgan & Claypool Publishers, San Rafael","DOI":"10.2200\/S00277ED1V01Y201008HLT010"},{"key":"9146_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habash N, Sadat F (2006) Arabic preprocessing schemes for statistical machine translation. In: NAACL-HLT, Morristown, pp 49\u201352","DOI":"10.3115\/1614049.1614062"},{"key":"9146_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habash N, Soudi A, Buckwalter T (2007) On Arabic transliteration. In: Arabic computational morphology, vol 38 of Text, speech and language technology, chap 2. Springer, Berlin, pp 15\u201322","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6046-5_2"},{"key":"9146_CR35","unstructured":"Habash N, Rambow O, Roth R (2009) MADA+TOKAN: a toolkit for Arabic tokenization, diacritization, morphological disambiguation, POS tagging, stemming and lemmatization. In: Maegaard B, Choukri K (eds) Proceedings of the second international conference on Arabic language resources and tools, Cairo, pp 102\u2013109"},{"key":"9146_CR36","unstructured":"Hopkins M, Langmead G, Vo T (2011) Extraction programs: a unified approach to translation rule extraction. In: Proceedings of the sixth workshop on statistical machine translation, Edinburgh, pp 523\u2013532"},{"key":"9146_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ittycheriah A, Roukos S (2005) A maximum entropy word aligner for Arabic\u2013English machine translation. In: Proceedings of human language technology conference and conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, Vancouver, pp 89\u201396","DOI":"10.3115\/1220575.1220587"},{"key":"9146_CR38","unstructured":"Ittycheriah A, Al-Onaizan Y, Roukos S (2006) The IBM Arabic\u2013English word alignment corpus. Technical report"},{"key":"9146_CR39","unstructured":"Koehn P (2004) Statistical significance tests for machine translation evaluation. In: Lin D, Wu D (eds) Proceedings of EMNLP 2004, Barcelona, pp 388\u2013395"},{"key":"9146_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koehn P, Och FJ, Marcu D (2003) Statistical phrase-based translation. In: Proc. NAACL-HLT 2003, pp 48\u201354","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA461156"},{"key":"9146_CR41","volume-title":"Probabilistic graphical models: principles and techniques","author":"D Koller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koller D, Friedman N (2009) Probabilistic graphical models: principles and techniques. MIT, Cambridge"},{"key":"9146_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar S, Byrne W (2002) Minimum Bayes-Risk word alignments of bilingual texts. In: Proceedings of the conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP), Philadelphia, pp 140\u2013147","DOI":"10.3115\/1118693.1118712"},{"key":"9146_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacoste-Julien S, Taskar B, Klein D, Jordan MI (2006) Word alignment via quadratic assignment. In: Proceedings of the human language technology conference of the NAACL. Main conference,. New York City, pp 112\u2013119","DOI":"10.3115\/1220835.1220850"},{"key":"9146_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambert P, Banchs RE, Crego JM (2007) Discriminative alignment training without annotated data for machine translation. In: Human language technologies 2007: the conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational Linguistics; companion volume. Short Papers, Rochester, pp 85\u201388","DOI":"10.3115\/1614108.1614130"},{"key":"9146_CR45","unstructured":"Lambert P, Ma Y, Ozdowska S, Way A (2009) Tracking relevant alignment characteristics for machine translation. In: Proceedings of MT Summit XII. Ottawa, pp 268\u2013275"},{"issue":"4","key":"9146_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10590-012-9123-3","volume":"26","author":"P Lambert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lambert P, Petitrenaud S, Ma Y, Way A (2012) What types of word alignment improve statistical machine translation? Mach Transl 26(4):289\u2013323","journal-title":"Mach Transl"},{"key":"9146_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langlais P, Simard M, V\u00e9ronis J (1998) Methods and practical issues in evaluating alignment techniques. In: Proceedings of the 36th annual meeting of the association of computational linguistics (ACL), pp 711\u2013717","DOI":"10.3115\/980845.980964"},{"key":"9146_CR48","unstructured":"Lavergne T, Capp\u00e9 O, Yvon F (2010) Practical very large scale CRFs. In: Proceedings the 48th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (ACL), pp 504\u2013513"},{"key":"9146_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang P, Bouchard-C\u00f4t\u00e9 A, Klein D, Taskar B (2006) An end-to-end discriminative approach to machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 21st international conference on computational linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, pp. 761\u2013768","DOI":"10.3115\/1220175.1220271"},{"key":"9146_CR50","unstructured":"Ling W, Lu\u00eds T, Gra\u00e7a J, Coheur L, Trancoso I (2010) Towards a general and extensible phrase-extraction algorithm. In: Federico M, Lane I, Paul M, Yvon F (eds) Proceedings of the seventh international workshop on spoken language, translation (IWSLT), pp 313\u2013320"},{"issue":"3","key":"9146_CR51","first-page":"503","volume":"45","author":"DC Liu","year":"1989","unstructured":"Liu DC, Nocedal J (1989) On the limited memory BFGS method for large scale optimization. Math Program 45(3):503\u2013528","journal-title":"Math Program"},{"key":"9146_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, Xia T, Xiao X, Liu Q (2009) Weighted alignment matrices for statistical machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 2009 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing: vol 2, Morristown, pp 1017\u20131026","DOI":"10.3115\/1699571.1699645"},{"issue":"3","key":"9146_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00001","volume":"36","author":"Y Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu Y, Liu Q, Lin S (2010) Discriminative word alignment by linear modeling. Comput Ling 36(3):303\u2013339","journal-title":"Comput Ling"},{"key":"9146_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mi H, Huang L (2008) Forest-based translation rule extraction. In: Proceedings of the conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, Morristown, pp 206\u2013214","DOI":"10.3115\/1613715.1613745"},{"key":"9146_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore RC (2005) A discriminative framework for bilingual word alignment. In: Proceedings of human language technology conference and conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, Vancouver, pp 81\u201388","DOI":"10.3115\/1220575.1220586"},{"key":"9146_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niehues J, Vogel S (2008) Discriminative word alignment via alignment matrix modeling. In: Proceedings of the third workshop on statistical machine translation, Columbus, pp 18\u201325","DOI":"10.3115\/1626394.1626397"},{"key":"9146_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Och FJ (2003) Minimum error rate training in statistical machine translation. In: Hinrichs E, Roth D (eds) Proceedings of the 41st annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, pp 160\u2013167","DOI":"10.3115\/1075096.1075117"},{"key":"9146_CR58","unstructured":"Och FJ, Ney H (2000) Improved statistical alignment models. In: Proceedings of the 38th annual meeting on association for computational linguistics, Stroudsburg, pp 440\u2013447"},{"key":"9146_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1162\/089120103321337421","volume":"29","author":"FJ Och","year":"2003","unstructured":"Och FJ, Ney H (2003) A systematic comparison of various statistical alignment models. Comput Ling 29:19\u201351","journal-title":"Comput Ling"},{"key":"9146_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Och FJ, Ney H (2004) The alignment template approach to statistical machine translation. Comput Ling 30(4):417-449","DOI":"10.1162\/0891201042544884"},{"key":"9146_CR61","unstructured":"Papineni K, Roukos S, Ward T, Zhu W-J (2002) BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 40th annual meeting on ACL, pp 311\u2013318"},{"key":"9146_CR62","unstructured":"Riesa J, Marcu D (2010) Hierarchical search for word alignment. In: Proceedings of the 48th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, pp 157\u2013166"},{"key":"9146_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth R, Rambow O, Habash N, Diab M, Rudin C (2008) Arabic morphological tagging, diacritization, and lemmatization using lexeme models and feature ranking. In: Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT. Short Papers, Columbus, pp 117\u2013120","DOI":"10.3115\/1557690.1557721"},{"key":"9146_CR64","unstructured":"S\u00f8gaard A (2010) Can inversion transduction grammars generate hand alignments? In: Proceedings of the 14th annual conference of the European association for machine translation (EAMT), St. Raphael"},{"key":"9146_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8gaard A, Wu D (2009) Empirical lower bounds on translation unit error rate for the full class of inversion transduction grammars. In: Proceedings of the 11th international conference on parsing technologies, pp 33\u201336","DOI":"10.3115\/1697236.1697243"},{"key":"9146_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stolcke A (2002) SRILM\u2014an extensible language modeling toolkit. In: Proceedings of the international conference on spoken language processing (ICSLP), vol 2, Denver, pp 901\u2013904","DOI":"10.21437\/ICSLP.2002-303"},{"key":"9146_CR67","first-page":"693","volume":"8","author":"C Sutton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sutton C, McCallum A, Rohanimanesh K (2007) Dynamic conditional random fields: factorized probabilistic models for labeling and segmenting sequence data. J Mach Learn Res 8:693\u2013723","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"9146_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taskar B, Lacoste-Julien S, Klein D (2005) A discriminative matching approach to word alignment. In: proceedings of human language technology conference and conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, Vancouver, pp 73\u201380","DOI":"10.3115\/1220575.1220585"},{"key":"9146_CR69","unstructured":"Tomeh N, Allauzen A, Wisniewski G, Yvon F (2010) Refining word alignment with discriminative training. In: Proceedings of the ninth conference of the association for machine translation in the America (AMTA), Denver"},{"key":"9146_CR70","unstructured":"Tomeh N, Allauzen A, Lavergne T, Yvon F (2011a) Designing an improved discriminative word aligner. Int J Comput Ling Appl (IJCLA)"},{"key":"9146_CR71","unstructured":"Tomeh N, Allauzen A, Yvon F (2011b) Discriminative weighted alignment matrices for statistical machine translation. In: Forcada M, Depraetere H (eds) Proceedings of the European conference on machine translation, Leuven, pp 305\u2013312"},{"key":"9146_CR72","unstructured":"Venugopal A, Zollmann A, Smith NA, Vogel S (2008) Wider pipelines: N-best alignments and parses in MT training. In: Proceedings of the association for machine translation in the Americas (AMTA)"},{"key":"9146_CR73","unstructured":"Vilar D, Popovic M, Ney H (2006) AER: do we need to \u201cimprove\u201d our alignments? In: Proceedings of the international workshop on spoken language translation, Kyoto, pp 205\u20132012"},{"key":"9146_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogel S, Ney H, Tillmann C (1996) HMM-based word alignment in statistical translation. In: Proceedings of the 16th conference on computational linguistics\u2014vol 2, Stroudsburg, pp 836\u2013841","DOI":"10.3115\/993268.993313"},{"key":"9146_CR75","unstructured":"Wang W, Knight K, Marcu D (2007) Binarizing syntax trees to improve syntax-based machine translation accuracy. In: Proceedings of the 2007 joint conference on empirical methods in natural language processing and computational natural, language learning (EMNLP-CoNLL), pp 746\u2013754"},{"issue":"2","key":"9146_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(05)80023-1","volume":"5","author":"DH Wolpert","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wolpert DH (1992) Original contribution: stacked generalization. Neural Netw 5(2):241\u2013259","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"9146_CR77","unstructured":"Xue Y-Z, Li S, Zhao T-J, Yang M-Y, Li J (2006) Bilingual phrase extraction from N-best alignments. In: ICICIC, pp 410\u2013414"},{"key":"9146_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2478\/v10108-009-0018-2","volume":"91","author":"OF Zaidan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zaidan OF (2009) Z-MERT: a fully configurable open source tool for minimum error rate training of machine translation systems. Prague Bull Math Ling 91:79\u201388","journal-title":"Prague Bull Math Ling"},{"key":"9146_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zens R, Och FJ, Ney H (2002) Phrase-based statistical machine translation. In: Proceedings of the German conference on artificial intelligence (KI 2002), pp 18\u201332","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45751-8_2"}],"container-title":["Machine Translation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10590-013-9146-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10590-013-9146-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10590-013-9146-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T02:14:07Z","timestamp":1715998447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10590-013-9146-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10590-013-9146-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0922-6567","1573-0573"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0922-6567","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0573","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]]}}}