{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:26:08Z","timestamp":1777443968524,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Machine Translation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10590-019-09243-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T11:02:57Z","timestamp":1579863777000},"page":"41-59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Optimizing segmentation granularity for neural machine translation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6765-1447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Salesky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Runge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Coda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Niehues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Neubig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9243_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1515\/pralin-2017-0031","volume":"108","author":"D Ataman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ataman D, Negri M, Turchi M, Federico M (2017) Linguistically motivated vocabulary reduction for neural machine translation from Turkish to English. Prague Bull Math Linguist 108(1):331\u2013342","journal-title":"Prague Bull Math Linguist"},{"key":"9243_CR2","unstructured":"Bahdanau D, Cho K, Bengio Y (2014) Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. CoRR arXiv:1409.0473"},{"key":"9243_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bojar O (2007) English-to-Czech factored machine translation. In: Proceedings of the second workshop on statistical machine translation, Prague, Czech Republic, pp 232\u2013239","DOI":"10.3115\/1626355.1626390"},{"key":"9243_CR4","unstructured":"Chen T, Goodfellow IJ, Shlens J (2015) Net2net: accelerating learning via knowledge transfer. CoRR arXiv:1511.05641"},{"key":"9243_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung J, Cho K, Bengio Y (2016) A character-level decoder without explicit segmentation for neural machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 54th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Berlin, Germany, pp 1693\u20131703","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1160"},{"key":"9243_CR6","unstructured":"Clark JH, Dyer C, Lavie A, Smith NA (2011) Better hypothesis testing for statistical machine translation: controlling for optimizer instability. In: Proceedings of the 49th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies, Portland, Oregon, USA, pp 176\u2013181"},{"issue":"2","key":"9243_CR7","first-page":"23","volume":"12","author":"P Gage","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gage P (1994) A new algorithm for data compression. C Users J 12(2):23\u201338","journal-title":"C Users J"},{"key":"9243_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huck M, Riess S, Fraser AM (2017) Target-side word segmentation strategies for neural machine translation. In: Proceedings of the second conference on machine translation, WMT 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp 56\u201367","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-4706"},{"key":"9243_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koehn P, Hoang H, Birch A, Callison-Burch C, Federico M, Bertoldi N, Cowan B, Shen W, Moran C, Zens R, Dyer C, Bojar O, Constantin A, Herbst E (2007) Moses: open source toolkit for statistical machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 45th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics companion volume proceedings of the demo and poster sessions, Prague, Czech Republic, pp 177\u2013180","DOI":"10.3115\/1557769.1557821"},{"key":"9243_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kudo T (2018) Subword regularization: improving neural network translation models with multiple subword candidates. arXiv:180410959","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1007"},{"key":"9243_CR11","unstructured":"Lee J, Yoon J, Yang E, Hwang SJ (2017) Lifelong learning with dynamically expandable networks. CoRR arXiv:1708.01547"},{"key":"9243_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling W, Lu\u00eds T, Marujo L, Astudillo RF, Amir S, Dyer C, Black AW, Trancoso I (2015) Finding function in form: compositional character models for open vocabulary word representation. arXiv preprint arXiv:150802096","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1176"},{"key":"9243_CR13","unstructured":"Luong MT, Manning CD (2016) Achieving open vocabulary neural machine translation with hybrid word-character models. In: Proceedings of the 54th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Berlin, Germany, pp 1054\u20131063"},{"key":"9243_CR14","unstructured":"Neubig G, Watanabe T, Mori S, Kawahara T (2012) Machine translation without words through substring alignment. In: Proceedings of the 50th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Jeju Island, Korea, pp 165\u2013174"},{"key":"9243_CR15","unstructured":"Papineni K, Roukos S, Ward T, Zhu WJ (2002) BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 40th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (ACL 2002), Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp 311\u2013318"},{"key":"9243_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passban P, Liu Q, Way A (2018) Improving character-based decoding using target-side morphological information for neural machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 2018 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers), New Orleans, Louisiana, pp 58\u201368","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1006"},{"key":"9243_CR17","unstructured":"Paszke A, Gross S, Chintala S, Chanan G, Yang E, DeVito Z, Lin Z, Desmaison A, Antiga L, Lerer A (2017) Autodiff Workshop: the future of gradient-based machine learning software and techniques. Long Beach, CA, USA, p 4"},{"key":"9243_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sennrich R, Haddow B, Birch A (2016) Neural machine translation of rare words with subword units. In: Proceedings of the 54th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Berlin, Germany, pp 1715\u20131725","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1162"},{"key":"9243_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sennrich R, Firat O, Cho K, Birch A, Haddow B, Hitschler J, Junczys-Dowmunt M, L\u00e4ubli S, Barone AVM, Mokry J, Nadejde M (2017) Nematus: a toolkit for neural machine translation. In: Proceedings of the software demonstrations of the 15th conference of the European chapter of the association for computational linguistics, Valencia, Spain, pp 65\u201368","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/E17-3017"},{"key":"9243_CR20","unstructured":"Subotin M (2011) An exponential translation model for target language morphology. In: Proceedings of the 49th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies, Portland, Oregon, USA, pp 230\u2013238"},{"key":"9243_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamchyna A, Weller-Di\u00a0Marco M, Fraser A (2017) Modeling target-side inflection in neural machine translation. In: Proceedings of the second conference on machine translation, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp 32\u201342","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-4704"},{"key":"9243_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, Ramanan D, Hebert M (2017) Growing a brain: Fine-tuning by increasing model capacity. 2017 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR 2017). Honolulu, HI, USA, pp 3029\u20133038","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.323"}],"container-title":["Machine Translation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10590-019-09243-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10590-019-09243-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10590-019-09243-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T00:15:05Z","timestamp":1611360905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10590-019-09243-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["9243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10590-019-09243-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0922-6567","1573-0573"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0922-6567","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0573","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}