{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T15:03:16Z","timestamp":1773586996461,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]],"date-time":"2011-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1321574400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data Min Knowl Disc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-011-0243-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]],"date-time":"2011-11-17T12:38:31Z","timestamp":1321533511000},"page":"98-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Exploiting unlabeled data to enhance ensemble diversity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Min-Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"243_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett K, Demiriz A, Maclin R (2002) Exploiting unlabeled data in ensemble methods. In: Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, Edmonton, Canada, pp 289\u2013296","DOI":"10.1145\/775047.775090"},{"key":"243_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blum A, Mitchell T (1998) Combining labeled and unlabeled data with co-training. In: Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on computational learning theory, Madison, WI, pp 92\u2013100","DOI":"10.1145\/279943.279962"},{"issue":"2","key":"243_CR3","first-page":"123","volume":"24","author":"L Breiman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Breiman L (1996) Bagging predictors. Mach Learn 24(2): 123\u2013140","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"243_CR4","unstructured":"Brown G, Wyatt JL (2003) The use of the ambiguity decomposition in neural network ensemble learning methods. In: Proceedings of the 20th international conference on machine learning, Washington, DC, pp 67\u201374"},{"key":"243_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262033589.001.0001","volume-title":"Semi-supervised learning","author":"O Chapelle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chapelle O, Sch\u00f6lkopf B, Zien A (2006) Semi-supervised learning. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA"},{"issue":"12","key":"243_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2009.2034144","volume":"20","author":"HH Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen HH, Yao X (2009) Regularized negative correlation learning for neural network ensemble. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 20(12): 1962\u20131979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw"},{"key":"243_CR7","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 20","author":"K Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen K, Wang S (2008) Regularized boost for semi-supervised learning. In: Platt JC, Koller D, Singer Y, Roweis S (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 20. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 281\u2013288"},{"issue":"1","key":"243_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.92","volume":"33","author":"K Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen K, Wang S (2011) Semi-supervised learning via regularized boosting working on multiple semi-supervised assumptions. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 33(1): 129\u2013143","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"243_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunningham P, Carney J (2000) Diversity versus quality in classification ensembles based on feature selection. Technical Report TCD-CS-2000-02, Department of Computer Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45164-1_12"},{"key":"243_CR10","first-page":"553","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 14","author":"F d\u2019Alch\u00e9 Buc","year":"2002","unstructured":"d\u2019Alch\u00e9 Buc F, Grandvalet Y, Ambroise C (2002) Semi-supervised marginboost. In: Dietterich TG, Becker S, Ghahramani Z (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 14. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 553\u2013560"},{"key":"243_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"J Dem\u0161ar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dem\u0161ar J (2006) Statistical comparisons of classifiers over multiple data sets. J Mach Learn Res 7: 1\u201330","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"243_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietterich TG (2000) Ensemble methods in machine learning. In: Proceedings of the 1st international workshop on multiple classifier systems, Cagliari, Italy, pp 1\u201315","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45014-9_1"},{"key":"243_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-4541-9","volume-title":"An introduction to the boostrap","author":"B Efron","year":"1993","unstructured":"Efron B, Tibshirani R (1993) An introduction to the boostrap. Chapman & Hall, New York"},{"key":"243_CR14","unstructured":"Frank A, Asuncion A (2010) UCI machine learning repository. Technical report, School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA. http:\/\/archive.ics.uci.edu\/ml"},{"key":"243_CR15","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Lecture notes in computer science, vol 904","author":"Y Freund","year":"1995","unstructured":"Freund Y, Schapire RE (1995) A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting. In: Vit\u00e1nyi PMB (ed) Lecture notes in computer science, vol 904. Springer, Berlin, pp 23\u201337"},{"issue":"9\/10","key":"243_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(01)00045-2","volume":"19","author":"G Giacinto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Giacinto G, Roli F (2001) Design of effective neural network ensembles for image classification processes. Image Vis Comput 19(9\/10): 699\u2013707","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"243_CR17","unstructured":"Hettich S, Bay SD (1998) The UCI KDD archive. Technical report, Department of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA. http:\/\/kdd.ics.uci.edu"},{"key":"243_CR18","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 7","author":"A Krogh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Krogh A, Vedelsby J (1995) Neural network ensembles, cross validation, and active learning. In: Tesauro G, Touretzky DS, Leen TK (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 7. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 231\u2013238"},{"issue":"2","key":"243_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022859003006","volume":"51","author":"LI Kuncheva","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kuncheva LI, Whitaker CJ (2003) Measures of diversity in classifier ensembles and their relationship with the ensemble accuracy. Mach Learn 51(2): 181\u2013207","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"243_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li M, Zhou ZH (2005) SETRED: self-training with editing. In: Proceedings of the 9th Pacific-Asia conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, Hanoi, Vietnam, pp 611\u2013621","DOI":"10.1007\/11430919_71"},{"issue":"6","key":"243_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2007.904745","volume":"37","author":"M Li","year":"2007","unstructured":"Li M, Zhou ZH (2007) Improve computer-aided diagnosis with machine learning techniques using undiagnosed samples. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern A Syst Hum 37(6): 1088\u20131098","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern A Syst Hum"},{"issue":"10","key":"243_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00073-8","volume":"12","author":"Y Liu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Liu Y, Yao X (1999a) Ensemble learning via negative correlation. Neural Netw 12(10): 1399\u20131404","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"issue":"6","key":"243_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/3477.809027","volume":"29","author":"Y Liu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Liu Y, Yao X (1999b) Simultaneous training of negatively correlated neural networks in an ensemble. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern 29(6): 716\u2013725","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern"},{"key":"243_CR24","unstructured":"Lu X, Jain AK (2004) Ethnicity identification from face images. In: Proceedings of SPIE international symposium on defense and security, Kissimmee, FL, pp 114\u2013123"},{"issue":"11","key":"243_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.235","volume":"31","author":"PK Mallapragada","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mallapragada PK, Jin R, Jain AK, Liu Y (2009) Semiboost: boosting for semi-supervised learning. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 31(11): 2000\u20132014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"243_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1113.003.0017","volume-title":"Advances in large margin classifiers","author":"L Mason","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mason L, Bartlett P, Baxter J, Frean M (2000) Functional gradient techniques for combining hypotheses. In: Smola A, Bartlett P, Sch\u00f6lkopf B, Schuurmans D (eds) Advances in large margin classifiers. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 221\u2013246"},{"key":"243_CR27","unstructured":"McKay R, Abbass H (2001) Analyzing anticorrelation in ensemble learning. In: Proceedings of 2001 conference on artificial neural networks and expert systems, Otago, New Zealand, pp 22\u201327"},{"key":"243_CR28","unstructured":"Melville P (2005) Creating diverse ensemble classifiers to reduce supervision. PhD thesis, Department of Computer Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX"},{"key":"243_CR29","unstructured":"Melville P, Mooney RJ (2003) Constructing diverse classifier ensembles using artificial training examples. In: Proceedings of the 18th international joint conference on artificial intelligence, Acapulco, Mexico, pp 505\u2013510"},{"key":"243_CR30","unstructured":"Opitz DW (1999) Feature selection for ensembles. In: Proceedings of the 16th national conference on artificial intelligence, Orlando, FL, pp 379\u2013384"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"243_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/095400996116802","volume":"8","author":"DW Opitz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Opitz DW, Shavlik JW (1996) Actively searching for an effective neural network ensemble. Connection Science 8(3\u20134): 337\u2013353","journal-title":"Connection Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"243_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(97)00023-2","volume":"39","author":"D Partridge","year":"1997","unstructured":"Partridge D, Krzanowski WJ (1997) Software diversity: practical statistics for its measurement and exploitation. Inf Softw Technol 39(10): 707\u2013717","journal-title":"Inf Softw Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"243_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/095400996116820","volume":"8","author":"BE Rosen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rosen BE (1996) Ensemble learning using decorrelated neural networks. Connect Sci 8(3): 373\u2013383","journal-title":"Connect Sci"},{"key":"243_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saffari A, Grabner H, Bischof H (2008) SERboost: Semi-supervised boosting with expectation regularization. In: Proceedings of the 10th European conference on computer vision, Marseille, France, pp 588\u2013601","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88690-7_44"},{"key":"243_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saffari A, Leistner C, Bischof H (2009) Regularized multi-class semi-supervised boosting. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, Miami, FL, pp 967\u2013974","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206715"},{"key":"243_CR36","unstructured":"Skalak D (1996) The sources of increased accuracy for two proposed boosting algorithms. In: Working notes of AAAI-96 workshop on integrating multiple learned models for improving & scaling machine learning algorithms, Portland, OR"},{"key":"243_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valizadegan H, Jin R, Jain AK (2008) Semi-supervised boosting for multi-class classification. In: Proceedings of the 19th European conference on machine learning, Antwerp, Belgium, pp 522\u2013537","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-87481-2_34"},{"key":"243_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/3001968","volume":"1","author":"F Wilcoxon","year":"1945","unstructured":"Wilcoxon F (1945) Individual comparisons by ranking methods. Biometrics 1: 80\u201383","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"243_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(05)80023-1","volume":"5","author":"DH Wolpert","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wolpert DH (1992) Stacked generalization. Neural Netw 5(2): 241\u2013259","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"243_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang ML, Zhou ZH (2010) Exploiting unlabeled data to enhance ensemble diversity. In: Proceedings of the 10th IEEE international conference on data mining, Sydney, Australia, pp 619\u2013628","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2010.12"},{"key":"243_CR41","unstructured":"Zhang ML, Zhou ZH (in press) CoTrade: confident co-training with data editing. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern"},{"key":"243_CR42","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of biometrics","author":"ZH Zhou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhou ZH (2009a) Ensemble learning. In: Li SZ (ed) Encyclopedia of biometrics. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"243_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou ZH (2009b) When semi-supervised learning meets ensemble learning. In: Proceedings of the 8th international workshop on multiple classifier systems, Reykjavik, Iceland, pp 529\u2013538","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02326-2_53"},{"issue":"6","key":"243_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2004.11","volume":"16","author":"ZH Zhou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhou ZH, Jiang Y (2004) NeC4.5: neural ensemble based C4.5. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 16(6): 770\u2013773","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng"},{"issue":"11","key":"243_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2005.186","volume":"17","author":"ZH Zhou","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhou ZH, Li M (2005) Tri-training: exploiting unlabeled data using three classifiers. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 17(11): 1529\u20131541","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"243_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-009-0209-z","volume":"24","author":"ZH Zhou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhou ZH, Li M (2010) Semi-supervised learning by disagreement. Knowl Inf Syst 24(3): 415\u2013439","journal-title":"Knowl Inf Syst"},{"key":"243_CR47","unstructured":"Zhou ZH, Zhan DC, Yang Q (2007) Semi-supervised learning with very few labeled training examples. In: Proceedings of the 22nd AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, Vancouver, Canada, pp 675\u2013680"},{"key":"243_CR48","unstructured":"Zhu X (2006) Semi-supervised learning literature survey. Technical report 1530, Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI"}],"container-title":["Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10618-011-0243-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10618-011-0243-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10618-011-0243-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,14]],"date-time":"2024-04-14T20:32:29Z","timestamp":1713126749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10618-011-0243-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10618-011-0243-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1384-5810","1573-756X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1384-5810","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-756X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]]}}}