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However, most quantification research has concentrated on developing algorithms for binary and multi-class problems in which the classes are not ordered. Here, we study the ordinal case, i.e., the case in which a total order is defined on the set of <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$n&gt;2$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> classes. We give three main contributions to this field. First, we create and make available two datasets for ordinal quantification (OQ) research that overcome the inadequacies of the previously available ones. Second, we experimentally compare the most important OQ algorithms proposed in the literature so far. To this end, we bring together algorithms proposed by authors from very different research fields, such as data mining and astrophysics, who were unaware of each others\u2019 developments. Third, we propose a novel class of regularized OQ algorithms, which outperforms existing algorithms in our experiments. The key to this gain in performance is that our regularization prevents ordinally implausible estimates, assuming that ordinal distributions tend to be smooth in practice. We informally verify this assumption for several real-world applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-024-01067-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T20:17:22Z","timestamp":1723753042000},"page":"4076-4121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Regularization-based methods for ordinal quantification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5515-6278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Bunse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Moreo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Sebastiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Senz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1067_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1140\/epjc\/s10052-021-09371-7","volume":"81","author":"G Aad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aad G, Abbott B, Abbott DC et al (2021) Measurements of the inclusive and differential production cross sections of a top-quark-antiquark pair in association with a Z boson at $$\\sqrt{s} = 13$$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. 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