{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:58:17Z","timestamp":1776056297670,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001810","name":"Cyprus Research Promotion Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["\u03a4Π\u0395\/OPIZO\/0609(BE)\/08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u03a4Π\u0395\/OPIZO\/0609(BE)\/08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001810","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discrete Event Dyn Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10626-017-0263-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T00:26:55Z","timestamp":1510532815000},"page":"289-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Probabilistic system opacity in discrete event systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Christoforos","family":"Keroglou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1706-708X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoforos N.","family":"Hadjicostis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"263_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athanasopoulou E, Hadjicostis CN (2008) Probability of error bounds for failure diagnosis and classification in hidden Markov models. In: Proceedings of IEEE conference on decision and control, pp 1477\u20131482","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2008.4739423"},{"key":"263_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badouel E, Bednarczyk M, Borzyszkowski A, Caillaud B, Darondeau P (2006) Concurrent secrets. In: Proceedings of the 8th international workshop on discrete event systems, pp 51\u201357","DOI":"10.1109\/WODES.2006.1678407"},{"key":"263_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berard B, Mullins J, Sassolas M (2010) Quantifying opacity. In: Proceedings of 7th international conference on the quantitative evaluation of systems (QEST), pp 263\u2013272","DOI":"10.1109\/QEST.2010.40"},{"issue":"2","key":"263_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1017\/S0960129513000637","volume":"25","author":"B Brard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brard B, Mullins J, Sassolas M (2015) Quantifying opacity. Math Struct Comput Sci 25(2):361\u2013403","journal-title":"Math Struct Comput Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"263_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1109\/TCS.1978.1084534","volume":"25","author":"J Brewer","year":"1978","unstructured":"Brewer J (1978) Kronecker products and matrix calculus in system theory. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst 25(9):772\u2013781","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst"},{"key":"263_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-24098-5_12","volume":"173","author":"JW Bryans","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bryans JW, Koutny M, Ryan P (2005a) Modelling dynamic opacity using Petri nets with silent actions. ser. Formal Aspects in Security and Trust. Springer 173:159\u2013172","journal-title":"ser. Formal Aspects in Security and Trust. Springer"},{"key":"263_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcs.2004.10.010","volume":"121","author":"JW Bryans","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bryans JW, Koutny M, Ryan P (2005b) Modelling opacity using Petri nets. Electron Notes Theor Comput Sci 121:101\u2013115","journal-title":"Electron Notes Theor Comput Sci"},{"key":"263_CR8","unstructured":"Bryans JW, Koutny M, Mazare L, Ryan P (2005) Opacity generalised to transition systems. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on formal aspects in security and trust, pp 81\u201395"},{"key":"263_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardenas AA, Baras JS, Ramezani V (2004) Distributed change detection for worms, DDos and other network attacks. In: Proceedings of the 2004 American control conference, vol 2, pp 1008\u20131013","DOI":"10.23919\/ACC.2004.1386703"},{"key":"263_CR10","volume-title":"Introduction to discrete event systems","author":"CG Cassandras","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cassandras CG, Lafortune S (2007) Introduction to discrete event systems. Springer, Berlin"},{"issue":"4","key":"263_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1109\/7.892673","volume":"36","author":"B Chen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chen B, Willett P (2000) Detection of hidden Markov model transient signals. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 36(4):1253\u20131268","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst"},{"key":"263_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-5320-4","volume-title":"Large deviations techniques and applications","author":"A Dembo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dembo A, Zeitouni O (1998) Large deviations techniques and applications. Springer, New York"},{"key":"263_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubreil J, Darondeau P, Marchand H (2008) Opacity enforcing control synthesis. In: Proceedings of 9th international workshop on discrete event systems, pp 28\u201335","DOI":"10.1109\/WODES.2008.4605918"},{"key":"263_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Focardi R, Gorrieri R (1994) A taxonomy of trace\u2013based security properties for CCS. In: Proceedings of the 7th workshop on computer security foundations, pp 126\u2013136","DOI":"10.1109\/CSFW.1994.315941"},{"key":"263_CR15","volume-title":"Syntactic pattern recognition and applications","author":"KS Fu","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fu KS (1982) Syntactic pattern recognition and applications. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River"},{"key":"263_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7152(01)00158-4","volume":"56","author":"P Glynn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Glynn P, Ormoneit D (2002) Hoeffding\u2019s inequality for uniformly ergodic Markov chains. Stat Prob Lett 56:143\u2013146","journal-title":"Stat Prob Lett"},{"issue":"12","key":"263_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2005.860270","volume":"50","author":"CN Hadjicostis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hadjicostis CN (2005) Probabilistic detection of FSM single state-transition faults based on state occupancy measurements. IEEE Trans Autom Control 50(12):2078\u20132083","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Autom Control"},{"key":"263_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keroglou C, Hadjicostis CN (2013) Initial state opacity in stochastic DES. In: Proceedings of 18th conference on emerging technologies factory automation (ETFA), pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA.2013.6648005"},{"key":"263_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keroglou C, Hadjicostis CN (2014) Hidden Markov model classification based on empirical frequencies of observed symbols. In: Proceedings of 12th international workshop on discrete event systems (WODES), pp 7\u201312","DOI":"10.3182\/20140514-3-FR-4046.00068"},{"key":"263_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keroglou C, Hadjicostis CN (2016) Probabilistic system opacity in discrete event systems. In: Proceedings of 13th international workshop on discrete event systems (WODES), pp 379\u2013384","DOI":"10.1109\/WODES.2016.7497876"},{"key":"263_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millen JK (1987) Covert channel capacity. In: Proceedings of IEEE symposium on security and privacy, pp 60\u201366","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.1987.10013"},{"key":"263_CR22","first-page":"73","volume-title":"On the problem of the most efficient tests of statistical hypotheses","author":"J Neyman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Neyman J, Pearson ES (1992) On the problem of the most efficient tests of statistical hypotheses. Springer, New York, pp 73\u2013108"},{"key":"263_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saboori A, Hadjicostis CN (2007) Notions of security and opacity in discrete event systems. In: Proceedings of 46th IEEE conference on decision and control, pp 5056\u20135061","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2007.4434515"},{"issue":"9","key":"263_CR24","first-page":"967","volume":"19","author":"A Saboori","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saboori A, Hadjicostis CN (2011) Coverage analysis of mobile agent trajectory via state-based opacity formulations. Control Engineering Practice (Special Issue on Selected Papers from 2nd International Workshop on Dependable Control of Discrete Systems) 19(9):967\u2013977","journal-title":"Control Engineering Practice (Special Issue on Selected Papers from 2nd International Workshop on Dependable Control of Discrete Systems)"},{"key":"263_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.05.033","volume":"246","author":"A Saboori","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saboori A, Hadjicostis CN (2013) Verification of initial-state opacity in security applications of DES. Inf Sci 246:115\u2013132","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"263_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2013.2279914","volume":"59","author":"A Saboori","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saboori A, Hadjicostis CN (2014) Current-state opacity formulations in probabilistic finite automata. IEEE Trans Autom Control 59(1):120\u2013133","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Autom Control"},{"key":"263_CR27","volume-title":"Non-negative matrices and Markov chains","author":"E Seneta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Seneta E (2006) Non-negative matrices and Markov chains. Springer Series in Statistics, Berlin"},{"key":"263_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzeng W-G (1989) The equivalence and learning of probabilistic automata. In: Proceedings of 30th annual symposium on foundations of computer science, pp 268\u2013273","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.1989.63489"},{"key":"263_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wittbold JT, Johnson DM (1990) Information flow in nondeterministic systems. In: Proceedings of IEEE computer society symposium on research in security and privacy, pp 144\u2013161","DOI":"10.1109\/RISP.1990.63846"},{"issue":"3","key":"263_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10626-012-0145-z","volume":"23","author":"Y-C Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu Y-C, Lafortune S (2013) Comparative analysis of related notions of opacity in centralized and coordinated architectures. Discrete Event Dynamic Systems 23(3):307\u2013339","journal-title":"Discrete Event Dynamic Systems"}],"container-title":["Discrete Event Dynamic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10626-017-0263-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10626-017-0263-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10626-017-0263-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]],"date-time":"2019-10-05T22:04:52Z","timestamp":1570313092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10626-017-0263-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10626-017-0263-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-6703","1573-7594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-6703","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]}}}