{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:53:32Z","timestamp":1791356012020,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]],"date-time":"2014-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-014-9341-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]],"date-time":"2014-08-21T21:19:40Z","timestamp":1408655980000},"page":"559-588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Designing and deploying programming courses: Strategies, tools, difficulties and pedagogy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Stelios","family":"Xinogalos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"9341_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennedsen, J. & Caspersen, M. (2004), Programming in Context \u2013 A Model-First Approach to CS1, Proceedings of SIGCSE\u201904, 477\u2013481","DOI":"10.1145\/1028174.971461"},{"key":"9341_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018636507883","volume":"2","author":"P Brusilovsky","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brusilovsky, P., Calabrese, E., Hvorecky, J., Kouchnirenko, A., & Miller, P. (1997). Mini-languages: A way to learn programming principles. Education and Information Technologies, 2, 65\u201383.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"3","key":"9341_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1145\/290320.283574","volume":"30","author":"J Carter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carter, J., & Fowler, A. (1998). Object oriented students? SIGCSE Bulletin, 30(3), 271.","journal-title":"SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"key":"9341_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, S., Dann, W. and Pausch, R. (2003). Teaching objects-first in introductory computer science. In Proceedings of the 34th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (SIGCSE\u201903). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 191\u2013195.","DOI":"10.1145\/611892.611966"},{"issue":"1","key":"9341_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1145\/191033.191054","volume":"26","author":"R Decker","year":"1994","unstructured":"Decker, R., & Hirshfield, S. (1994). The Top 10 Reasons Why Object-Oriented Programming Can\u2019t Be Taught In CS1. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 26(1), 51\u201355.","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"key":"9341_CR6","unstructured":"Du Boulay, B. 1989. Some Difficulties of Learning to Program, Studying The Novice Programmer. E. Soloway & J. Sprohrer (Eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 283\u2013300."},{"key":"9341_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckerdal, A. & Thun\u00e9, M. (2005). Novice Java programmers\u2019 conceptions of \u201cobject\u201d and \u201cclass\u201d, and variation theory. In Proceedings of the 10th annual SIGCSE conference on Innovation and technology in computer science education (ITiCSE '05). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 89\u201393.","DOI":"10.1145\/1067445.1067473"},{"issue":"1","key":"9341_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1145\/331795.331854","volume":"32","author":"A Fleury","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fleury, A. (2000). Programming in Java: student-constructed rules. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 32(1), 197\u2013201.","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"9341_CR9","first-page":"300","volume":"28","author":"SN Freund","year":"1996","unstructured":"Freund, S. N., & Roberts, E. S. (1996). THETIS: An ANSI C programming environment designed for introductory use. ACM SIGSCE Bulletin, 28(1), 300\u2013304.","journal-title":"ACM SIGSCE Bulletin"},{"key":"9341_CR10","unstructured":"Garner, S., Haden, P. and Robins, A. (2005). My program is correct but it doesn\u2019t run: a preliminary investigation of novice programmers' problems. In Proc. of the 7th Australasian conference on Computing education - Volume 42 (ACE '05), Alison Young and Denise Tolhurst (Eds.), Vol. 42. Australian Computer Society, Inc., Darlinghurst, Australia, Australia, 173\u2013180."},{"issue":"2","key":"9341_CR11","first-page":"111","volume":"7","author":"S Georgantaki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Georgantaki, S., & Retalis, S. (2007). Using Educational Tools for Teaching Object Oriented Design and Programming. Journal of Information Technology Impact, 7(2), 111\u2013130.","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology Impact"},{"issue":"3","key":"9341_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1145\/290320.283079","volume":"30","author":"S Hadjerrouit","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hadjerrouit, S. (1998). A Constructivist Framework for Integrating the Java Paradigm into the Undergraduate Curriculum. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 30(3), 105\u2013107.","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"9341_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1145\/384267.305910","volume":"31","author":"S Hadjerrouit","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hadjerrouit, S. (1999). A constructivist approach to object-oriented design and programming. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 31(3), 171\u2013174.","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"key":"9341_CR14","unstructured":"Hoc, J. (1989) Do We Really Have Conditionals In Our Brains? In Studying The Novice Programmer, Soloway, E., Sprohrer, J. (Eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 179\u2013190."},{"issue":"1","key":"9341_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1145\/268085.268132","volume":"29","author":"S Holland","year":"1997","unstructured":"Holland, S., Griffiths, R., & Woodman, M. (1997). Avoiding object misconceptions. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 29(1), 131\u2013134.","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"key":"9341_CR16","unstructured":"Kahney, H. (1989) What Do Novice Programmers Know About Recursion? In Studying The Novice Programmer, Soloway, E., Sprohrer, J. (Eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 209\u2013228."},{"key":"9341_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan, R. M. 2010. Choosing a first programming language. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM conference on Information technology education (SIGITE '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 163\u2013164. DOI= 10.1145\/1867651.1867697 http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/ 10.1145\/1867651.1867697","DOI":"10.1145\/1867651.1867697"},{"key":"9341_CR18","unstructured":"Kessler, C. & Anderson, J. (1989) Learning Flow of Control: Recursive and Iterative Procedures. In Studying The Novice Programmer, Soloway, E., Sprohrer, J. (Eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 229\u2013260."},{"key":"9341_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahtinen, E., Ala-Mutka, K. & Jarvinen, H. 2005. A Study of Difficulties of Novice Programmers. In: Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education 2005, 14\u201318","DOI":"10.1145\/1151954.1067453"},{"key":"9341_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McIver, L. and Conway, D. 1996. Seven Deadly Sins of Introductory Programming Language Design. In Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Software Engineering: Education and Practice (SE:EP '96) (SEEP '96). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, 309-.","DOI":"10.1109\/SEEP.1996.534015"},{"issue":"2","key":"9341_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1145\/1024338.1024378","volume":"36","author":"R Or-Bach","year":"2004","unstructured":"Or-Bach, R., & Lavy, I. (2004). Cognitive activities of abstraction in object orientation: an empirical study. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 36(2), 82\u201386.","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"key":"9341_CR22","unstructured":"Pane, J. F. and Myers, B.A. (1996) Usability Issues in the Design of Novice Programming Systems, Technical Report CMU-CS-96-132, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University (also available as: Human-Computer Interaction Institute Technical Report CMU-HCII-96-101)."},{"key":"9341_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.28945\/239","volume":"5","author":"K Parker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parker, K., Chao, J. T., Ottawa, T., & Chang, J. (2006). A Formal Language Selection Process for Introductory Programming Courses. Journal of Information Technology Education, 5, 133\u2013151.","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology Education"},{"key":"9341_CR24","unstructured":"Putman, R., Sleeman, D., Baxter, J. & Kuspa, L. (1989) A Summary Of Misconceptions Of High-School BASIC Programmers. In Studying The Novice Programmer, Soloway, E., Sprohrer, J. (Eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 301\u2013314."},{"issue":"3","key":"9341_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/08993400500224310","volume":"15","author":"N Ragonis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ragonis, N., & Ben-Ari, M. (2005). A Long-Term Investigation of the Comprehension of OOP Concepts by Novices. International Journal of Computer Science Education, 15(3), 203\u2013221.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science Education"},{"key":"9341_CR26","volume-title":"The Art and Science of C: A Library Based Introduction to Computer Science","author":"E Roberts","year":"1994","unstructured":"Roberts, E. (1994). The Art and Science of C: A Library Based Introduction to Computer Science. Prentice: Hall."},{"key":"9341_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robins, A., Rountree, J., & Rountree, N. (2003). Learning and Teaching Programming: A review and Discussion. Computer Science Education, 13(2), 137\u2013172.","DOI":"10.1076\/csed.13.2.137.14200"},{"key":"9341_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogalski, J. & Samurcay, R. (1990) Acquisition of Programming Knowledge and Skills. In Psychology of Programming, Hoc, J., Green, T., Samurcay, R. and Gilmore, D. (Eds.), Academic Press, pp. 157\u2013174.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-350772-3.50015-X"},{"key":"9341_CR29","unstructured":"Samurcay, R. (1989) The Concept of Variable in Programming: its Meaning and Use in Problem-Solving by Novice Programmers. In Studying The Novice Programmer, Soloway, E. and Sprohrer, J. (Eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 161\u2013178."},{"key":"9341_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders, K. & Thomas, L. (2007). Checklists for grading object-oriented CS1 programs: concepts and misconceptions. In Proc. of the 12th annual SIGCSE conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE '07). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 166\u2013170.","DOI":"10.1145\/1268784.1268834"},{"key":"9341_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders, K., Boustedt, J., Eckerdal, A., McCartney, R., Mostr\u00f6m, J., Thomas, L. & Zander, C. (2008). Student understanding of object-oriented programming as expressed in concept maps. In Proc. 39th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (SIGCSE '08). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 332\u2013336.","DOI":"10.1145\/1352135.1352251"},{"key":"9341_CR32","unstructured":"Sleeman, D., Putman, R., Baxter, J. & Kuspa, L. (1988) An Introductory Pascal Class: A Case Study Of Students\u2019 Errors. In Teaching and Learning Computer Programming, Mayer, R. (Ed.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 237\u2013258."},{"issue":"7","key":"9341_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1145\/176789.176795","volume":"37","author":"DC Smith","year":"1994","unstructured":"Smith, D. C., Cypher, A., & Sprohrer, J. (1994). KIDSIM: Programming Agents Without a Programming Language. Communications of the ACM, 37(7), 55\u201367.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"7","key":"9341_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1145\/6138.6145","volume":"29","author":"JC Spohrer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Spohrer, J. C., & Soloway, E. (1986). Novice Mistakes: Are the Folk Wisdoms Correct? Communications of the ACM, 29(7), 624\u2013632.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"9341_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teif, M. & Hazzan, O. (2006). Partonomy and taxonomy in object-oriented thinking: junior high school students\u2019 perceptions of object-oriented basic concepts. In Working group reports on ITiCSE on Innovation and technology in computer science education (ITiCSE-WGR '06). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 55\u201360.","DOI":"10.1145\/1189215.1189170"},{"key":"9341_CR36","unstructured":"Tempte, M C. (1991), Let\u2019s Begin Introducing the Object-Oriented Paradigm, ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. I, 338\u2013342."},{"key":"9341_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomasson, B., Ratcliffe, M. & Thomas, L. (2006). Identifying novice difficulties in object oriented design. SIGCSE Bull. 38, 3 (June 2006), 28\u201332.","DOI":"10.1145\/1140123.1140135"},{"key":"9341_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsompanoudi, D., Satratzemi, M. and Xinogalos, S. (2013). Exploring the effects of Collaboration Scripts embedded in a Distributed Pair Programming System. Proceedings of the 18th ACM ITiCSE Conference, 1\u20133 July 2013, Canterbury UK, 225\u2013230.","DOI":"10.1145\/2462476.2462500"},{"issue":"1","key":"9341_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1145\/199691.199840","volume":"27","author":"M Wick","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wick, M. (1995). On Using C++ and Object-Orientation in CS1: the Message is still more important than the Medium. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 27(1), 322\u2013326.","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"key":"9341_CR40","unstructured":"Xinogalos, S. (2010). Difficulties with Collection Classes in Java \u2013 The Case of the ArrayList Collection. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Supported Education (CSEDU), 7\u201310 April, Valencia, Spain, 120\u2013125."},{"key":"9341_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xinogalos, S. (2012a). Programming Techniques and Environments in a Technology Management Department. Proceedings of the 5th Balkan Conference in Informatics (BCI 2012), 16\u201320 September, Novi Sad, Serbia, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 136\u2013141.","DOI":"10.1145\/2371316.2371342"},{"key":"9341_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xinogalos, S. (2012b). An Evaluation of Knowledge Transfer from Microworld Programming to Conventional Programming. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 47, Number 3\/2012, 251\u2013277.","DOI":"10.2190\/EC.47.3.b"},{"key":"9341_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xinogalos, S. (2013). Using Flowchart-based Programming Environments for Simplifying Programming and Software Engineering Processes. In Proceedings of 4th IEEE EDUCON Conference, Berlin, Germany, 13-15 March 2013, IEEE Press, 1313\u20131322.","DOI":"10.1109\/EduCon.2013.6530276"},{"key":"9341_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xinogalos, S., Satratzemi, M. & Dagdilelis, V. (2006). An Introduction to objectoriented programming with a didactic microworld: objectKarel. Computers & Education, 47(2):148\u2013171.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2004.09.005"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-014-9341-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-014-9341-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-014-9341-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T05:27:45Z","timestamp":1565760465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-014-9341-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["9341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-014-9341-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]]}}}