{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T10:23:07Z","timestamp":1742638987837,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,4]],"date-time":"2017-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486166400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000857","name":"Loughborough University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000857","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9583-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,4]],"date-time":"2017-02-04T01:05:33Z","timestamp":1486170333000},"page":"3231-3250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Copyright ownership of e-learning and teaching materials: Policy approaches taken by UK universities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4509-7785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Gadd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Weedon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"9583_CR1","unstructured":"Association of University Teachers (1999). Your guide to intellectual property rights. Available at: http:\/\/www.ucu.org.uk\/media\/pdf\/e\/6\/iprguide_aut_19991.pdf ."},{"issue":"1","key":"9583_CR2","first-page":"67","volume":"15","author":"M Bates","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bates, M., et al. (2007). Attitudes to the rights and rewards for author contributions to repositories for teaching and learning. Alternatives Journal, 15(1), 67\u201382 Available at: http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09687760600837066 .","journal-title":"Alternatives Journal"},{"key":"9583_CR3","unstructured":"BIS (Department for Business Innovation and Skills) (2013). The maturing of the MOOC, Available at: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/240193\/13-1173-maturing-of-the-mooc.pdf ."},{"key":"9583_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10755-009-9124-1","volume":"35","author":"J Blanchard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blanchard, J. (2010). The teacher exception under the work for hire doctrine: Safeguard of academic freedom or vehicle for academic free enterprise? Innovative Higher Education, 35, 61\u201369.","journal-title":"Innovative Higher Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"9583_CR5","first-page":"37","volume":"33","author":"K Bowrey","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bowrey, K. (2002). The ideal copyright framework for academic authors? A bounty to genius and learning. AARL. Australian Academic & Research Libraries, 33(4), 37\u201341 Available at: http:\/\/alia.org.au\/publishing\/aarl\/33.4\/full.text\/bowrey.html .","journal-title":"AARL. Australian Academic & Research Libraries"},{"key":"9583_CR6","unstructured":"Cate, B., Drooz, D., Hohenberg, P., & Schulz, K. (2007). Creating intellectual property policies and current issues in administering online courses. Paper presentation, NACUA meeting, San Diego, CA, November 7\u20139, 2007.\u00a0"},{"issue":"2","key":"9583_CR7","first-page":"385","volume":"17","author":"A Centivany","year":"2011","unstructured":"Centivany, A. (2011). Paper Tigers: Rethinking the Relationship Between Copyright and Scholarly Publishing. Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review, 17(2), 385.","journal-title":"Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review"},{"key":"9583_CR8","unstructured":"Cheverie, J. (2013). Copyright challenges in a MOOC environment. Educause. Available at: https:\/\/net.educause.edu\/ir\/library\/pdf\/PUB9014.pdf ."},{"key":"9583_CR9","unstructured":"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act. (1988). C., 48 .Available at: http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1988\/48\/section\/163"},{"issue":"6","key":"9583_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-015-9884-8","volume":"70","author":"M Davies","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davies, M. (2015). Academic freedom: a lawyer\u2019s perspective. Higher Education, 70(6), 987\u20131002 Available at: http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10734-015-9884-8 .","journal-title":"Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9583_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410310698239","volume":"59","author":"E Gadd","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gadd, E., Oppenheim, C., & Probets, S. (2003). RoMEO studies 1: the impact of copyright ownership on academic author self-archiving. Journal of Documentation, 59(3), 243\u2013277.","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"9583_CR12","unstructured":"General Revision of the Copyright Law of the United States Code (1976). Title 17, Chapter 2, s 102(b). See here for \u2018Works Made for Hire\u2019: https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap2.html ."},{"key":"9583_CR13","unstructured":"Gertz, G.A., 2006. Copyrights in Faculty-Created Works: how licensing can solve the academic work-for-hire dilemma. 267(2004), pp. 1465\u20131493."},{"issue":"3","key":"9583_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-011-9161-0","volume":"17","author":"M Halme","year":"2012","unstructured":"Halme, M., & Somervuori, O. (2012). Copyrighted internet material in education-teacher needs and use arrangements. Education and Information Technologies, 17(3), 331\u2013344.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"9583_CR15","volume-title":"Innovation and the intellectual property system","author":"K Harvey","year":"1996","unstructured":"Harvey, K. (1996). Capturing intellectual property rights for the UK: a crtitique of university policies. In A. Webster & K. Packer (Eds.), Innovation and the intellectual property system. London: Kluwer Law International."},{"key":"9583_CR16","unstructured":"Higher Education Funding Council for England (2006). Intellectual property rights in e-learning programmes. Available at: http:\/\/www.hefce.ac.uk\/pubs\/hefce\/2003\/03_08.htm ."},{"key":"9583_CR17","unstructured":"Jisc (1998). Jisc\/TLTP Copyright Guidelines. Available at: www.ukoln.ac.uk\/services\/elib\/papers\/other\/jisc-tltp\/jisc.pdf ."},{"issue":"2","key":"9583_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2478\/v10076-012-0012-0","volume":"5","author":"M Kiskis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kiskis, M. (2012). Faculty intellectual property rights in Canadian universities. Baltic Journal of Law and Politics, 5(2), 81\u2013108.","journal-title":"Baltic Journal of Law and Politics"},{"key":"9583_CR19","unstructured":"Klein, M.W. (2005). Protecting Faculty Rights in Copyright Ownership Policies. In Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning (pp. 1\u20135). Available at: http:\/\/www.uwex.disted\/conference\/ ."},{"key":"9583_CR20","unstructured":"Kolowich, S. (2013). Professors who make the MOOCs. Chronicle of Higher Education. Available at: http:\/\/chronicle.com\/article\/The-Professors-Behind-the-MOOC\/137905\/#id=overview ."},{"key":"9583_CR21","first-page":"109","volume":"8","author":"J Kromrey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kromrey, J., Barron, A., & Hogarty, K. (2007). Intellectual property and online courses: policies at major research universities. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 8, 109\u2013125.","journal-title":"Quarterly Review of Distance Education"},{"key":"9583_CR22","unstructured":"Lape, L.G., 1992. Ownership of Copyrightable Works of University Professors: The Interplay between the Copyright Act and University Copyright Policies. Vill. Law Review, 37(2)."},{"issue":"1","key":"9583_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"2000","author":"DA Levin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Levin, D. A. (2000). Who owns course materials prepared by a teacher of professor? The application of copyright law to teaching materials in the internet age. Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal, 2000(1), 1\u201320.","journal-title":"Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal"},{"key":"9583_CR24","unstructured":"LisCopyseek. (2015). Lis-Copyseek Discussion List. .Available at: https:\/\/www.jiscmail.ac.uk\/lists\/LIS-COPYSEEK.html"},{"key":"9583_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"4360","author":"I Literat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Literat, I. (2015). Implications of massive open online courses for higher education: mitigating or reifying educational inequities? Higher Education Research & Development, 4360, 1\u201314 Available at: http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/07294360.2015.1024624 .","journal-title":"Higher Education Research & Development"},{"key":"9583_CR26","unstructured":"Loddington, S. et al. (2006). Copyright ownership of teaching materials. Available at: https:\/\/dspace.lboro.ac.uk\/dspace-jspui\/bitstream\/2134\/2702\/1\/CopyrightOwnership%5b1%5d.pdf ."},{"issue":"3","key":"9583_CR27","first-page":"224","volume":"5","author":"KA Loggie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Loggie, K. A., et al. (2006). An analysis of copyright policies for distance learning materials at major research universities. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 5(3), 224\u2013242.","journal-title":"Journal of Interactive Online Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"9583_CR28","first-page":"22","volume":"35","author":"L Longdin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Longdin, L. (2004). Copyright Dowries in Academia: Contesting Authorship and Ownership of Online Teaching Materials in Common Law Jurisdictions. International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 35(1), 22\u201345.","journal-title":"International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law"},{"key":"9583_CR29","unstructured":"Marshall, S. (2008). Copyright policy issues facing tertiary institutions engaged in e-learning. Hello! Where are you in the landscape of educational technology? Proceedings ascilite Melbourne 2008 (pp. 582\u2013592). Available at: http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228601995_Copyright_policy_issues_facing_tertiary_institutions_engaged_in_e-learning\/file\/e0b495241f8bd930b5.pdf ."},{"key":"9583_CR30","unstructured":"Matkin, G.W. (2006). The Open Educational Resources Movement: Current Status and Prospects, pp. 1\u20135. Available at: http:\/\/unex.uci.edu\/pdfs\/dean\/matkin_apru_paper.pdf ."},{"key":"9583_CR31","unstructured":"McCann, C. (2014). Employees: restraint of trade, Westlaw. Available at: http:\/\/westlaw.co.uk ."},{"key":"9583_CR32","volume-title":"Who owns academic work? Battling for control of intellectual property","author":"C McSherry","year":"2001","unstructured":"McSherry, C. (2001). Who owns academic work? Battling for control of intellectual property. Cambridge: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9583_CR33","volume-title":"Universities and intellectual property: ownership and exploitation","author":"A Monotti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Monotti, A., & Rickeston, S. (2003). Universities and intellectual property: ownership and exploitation. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9583_CR34","unstructured":"Newman, M. (2010). Hold on, that slide looks very familiar\u2026. Times Higher Education, 20, 12."},{"key":"9583_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noble, D. F. (1998). Digital diploma mills: The automation of higher education. Science as Culture, 7(3), 355\u2013368.","DOI":"10.1080\/09505439809526510"},{"issue":"3","key":"9583_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326926CLP0703_03","volume":"7","author":"A Packard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Packard, A. (2002). Copyright or copy wrong: an analysis of university claims to faculty work. Communication Law and Policy, 7(3), 275\u2013316.","journal-title":"Communication Law and Policy"},{"key":"9583_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"609","author":"J Pila","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pila, J. (2010). Who owns the intellectual property rights in academic work ? European Intellectual Property Review, 609, 1\u20137.","journal-title":"European Intellectual Property Review"},{"key":"9583_CR38","first-page":"2","volume":"8","author":"JE Porter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Porter, J. E. (2013). MOOCs, \u201cCourses,\u201d and the Questions of Faculty and Student Copyrights. CCCC Intellectual Property Annual, 8, 2\u201318.","journal-title":"CCCC Intellectual Property Annual"},{"key":"9583_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahmatian, A. (2014). Make the butterflies fly in formation? Management of copyright created by academics in UK universities. Legal Studies, 34(4), 709\u2013735.","DOI":"10.1111\/lest.12040"},{"key":"9583_CR40","volume-title":"Managed professionals: unionized faculty and restructuring academic labor","author":"G Rhoades","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rhoades, G. (1998). Managed professionals: unionized faculty and restructuring academic labor. Albany: State University of New York Press."},{"key":"9583_CR41","volume-title":"Copyright and e-learning","author":"J Secker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Secker, J., & Morrison, C. (2016). Copyright and e-learning (2nd ed.). London: Facet Publishing.","edition":"2"},{"key":"9583_CR42","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"N Strauss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Strauss, N. (2011). Anything but academic: how Copyright\u2019s work-for-hire doctrine affects professors, graduate students, and K-12 teachers in the information age. Richmond Journal of Law & Technology, XVIII, 1, 1\u201347.","journal-title":"Richmond Journal of Law & Technology, XVIII"},{"key":"9583_CR43","unstructured":"University and College Union (2006). Post-92 Contract of Employment. Available at: https:\/\/www.ucu.org.uk\/article\/1972\/Post-92-contract-of-employment . Accessed 12 Jan 2017."},{"key":"9583_CR44","unstructured":"University and College Union,[n.d.] Intellectual Property Rights. Available at: http:\/\/www.ucu.org.uk\/index.cfm?articleid=2386 [Accessed December 10, 2015]."},{"key":"9583_CR45","unstructured":"Universities UK (UUK). (2015). Available at http:\/\/www.universitiesuk.ac.uk\/ . Accessed 31 Jan 2017."},{"key":"9583_CR46","unstructured":"Weedon, R. (2000). Policy approaches to copyright in HEIs. Jisc; Centre for Educational Systems and Technology, Stratchlyde."},{"key":"9583_CR47","unstructured":"Weinstein vs University of Illinois (1987). 811\u00a0F.2d 1091, 1093\u201394 (7th Cir 1987)."},{"key":"9583_CR48","unstructured":"Williams vs Weiser (1969). 78 Cal Rptr 542 & 273 Cal. App. 2d 726."},{"issue":"2","key":"9583_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2190\/AM4M-97MF-FJCV-PA1U","volume":"34","author":"K Zhang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang, K., & Carr-Chellman, A. (2006). Courseware copyright: whose rights are right? Journal of Educational Computing Research, 34(2), 173\u2013186.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9583-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9583-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9583-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T03:40:26Z","timestamp":1568778026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9583-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,4]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["9583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9583-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1360-2357"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7608"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,4]]}}}