{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T03:45:49Z","timestamp":1781581549671,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]],"date-time":"2017-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511827200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9673-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]],"date-time":"2017-11-27T20:12:26Z","timestamp":1511813546000},"page":"1483-1500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Comparing loops misconceptions in block-based and text-based programming languages at the K-12 level"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5330-605X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Mladenovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivica","family":"Boljat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u017dana","family":"\u017danko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"9673_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/10508406.2013.836655","volume":"22","author":"M Berland","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berland, M., Martin, T., Benton, T., Petrick Smith, C., & Davis, D. (2013). Using learning analytics to understand the learning pathways of novice programmers. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 22(4), 564\u2013599.","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"9673_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonar, J., & Soloway, E. (1983). Uncovering principles of novice programming. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on principles of programming languages (pp. 10\u201313).","DOI":"10.1145\/567067.567069"},{"key":"9673_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, J. S. (2000). GROWING UP DIGITAL. How the web changes work, education, and the ways people learn. The Magazine of Higher. Learning, 32(2), 11\u201320.","DOI":"10.1080\/00091380009601719"},{"issue":"1","key":"9673_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018636507883","volume":"2","author":"P Brusilovsky","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brusilovsky, P., Calabrese, E., Hvorecky, J., Kouchnirenko, A., & Miller, P. (1997). Mini \u00ad languages: A way to learn programming principles. Education and Information Technologies, 2(1), 65\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1018636507883 .","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"3","key":"9673_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793206807000373","volume":"2","author":"TL Clegg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clegg, T. L., & Kolodner, J. L. (2007). Bricoleurs and planners engaging in scientific reasoning: A tale of two groups in one learning community. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 2(3), 239\u2013265.","journal-title":"Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning"},{"issue":"8","key":"9673_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1145\/1536616.1536628","volume":"52","author":"W Dann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dann, W., & Cooper, S. (2009). Education: Alice 3: Concrete to abstract. Communications of the ACM, 52(8), 27\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1536616.1536628 .","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"9673_CR7","volume-title":"A cognitive study of learning to program in introductory programming courses","author":"S Dehnadi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dehnadi, S. (2009). A cognitive study of learning to program in introductory programming courses. London: Middlesex University."},{"issue":"1","key":"9673_CR8","first-page":"47","volume":"39","author":"E Fusco","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fusco, E. (1981). Matching curriculum to students cognitive levels. Educational Leadership, 39(1), 47.","journal-title":"Educational Leadership"},{"key":"9673_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garneli, V., Giannakos, M. N., & Chorianopoulos, K. (2015). Computing education in K-12 schools: A review of the literature. In Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 2015 IEEE (pp. 543\u2013551).\u00a0Tallinn, Estonia: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON.2015.7096023"},{"key":"9673_CR10","unstructured":"Gomes, A., & Mendes, A. J. N. (2007). Learning to program-difficulties and solutions. International Conference on. Engineering Education, 1\u20135."},{"key":"9673_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1145\/3017680.3017723","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE technical symposium on computer science education - SIGCSE \u201817","author":"S Grover","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grover, S., & Basu, S. (2017). Measuring student learning in introductory block-based programming. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE technical symposium on computer science education - SIGCSE \u201817 (pp. 267\u2013272). New York, New York: ACM Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3017680.3017723 ."},{"issue":"1","key":"9673_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X12463051","volume":"42","author":"S Grover","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grover, S., & Pea, R. (2013). Computational thinking in K--12 a review of the state of the field. Educational Researcher, 42(1), 38\u201343.","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"key":"9673_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grover, S., Cooper, S., & Pea, R. (2014). Assessing computational learning in K-12. In Proceedings of the 2014 conference on Innovation & technology in computer science education - ITiCSE \u201814 (pp. 57\u201362). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2591708.2591713 .","DOI":"10.1145\/2591708.2591713"},{"issue":"2","key":"9673_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2015.1033142","volume":"25","author":"S Grover","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grover, S., Pea, R., & Cooper, S. (2015). Designing for deeper learning in a blended computer science course for middle school students. Computer Science Education, 25(2), 199\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08993408.2015.1033142 .","journal-title":"Computer Science Education"},{"key":"9673_CR15","first-page":"127","volume":"2004","author":"M Guzdial","year":"2004","unstructured":"Guzdial, M. (2004). Programming environments for novicmes and Culturees. Computer Science Education Research, 2004, 127\u2013154.","journal-title":"Computer Science Education Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"9673_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412005281767","volume":"1","author":"YB Kafai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kafai, Y. B. (2006). Playing and making games for learning. Games and Culture, 1(1), 36\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1555412005281767 .","journal-title":"Games and Culture"},{"issue":"4","key":"9673_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2015.1124022","volume":"50","author":"YB Kafai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kafai, Y. B., & Burke, Q. (2015). Constructionist gaming: Understanding the benefits of making games for learning. Educational Psychologist, 50(4), 313\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.2015.1124022 .","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"9673_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.12.010","volume":"73","author":"F Ke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ke, F., & Fengfeng. (2014). An implementation of design-based learning through creating educational computer games: A case study on mathematics learning during design and computing. Computers & Education, 73, 26\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.12.010 .","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"9673_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1145\/1089733.1089734","volume":"37","author":"C Kelleher","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kelleher, C., & Pausch, R. (2005). Lowering the barriers to programming: A taxonomy of programming environments and languages for novice programmers. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 37(2), 83\u2013137.","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)"},{"issue":"3","key":"9673_CR20","first-page":"12","volume":"16","author":"M K\u00f6lling","year":"2016","unstructured":"K\u00f6lling, M., & McKay, F. (2016). Heuristic evaluation for novice programming systems. ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE), 16(3), 12.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE)"},{"issue":"4","key":"9673_CR21","first-page":"389","volume":"14","author":"WL Kuechler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kuechler, W. L., & Simkin, M. G. (2003). How well do multiple choice tests evaluate student understanding in computer programming classes? Journal of Information Systems Education, 14(4), 389.","journal-title":"Journal of Information Systems Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9673_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1145\/1151954.1067453","volume":"37","author":"E Lahtinen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lahtinen, E., Ala-Mutka, K., & J\u00e4rvinen, H.-M. (2005). A study of the difficulties of novice programmers. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 37(3), 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1151954.1067453 .","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"9673_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2004_4","volume":"20","author":"MC Linn","year":"1985","unstructured":"Linn, M. C., & Dalbey, J. (1985). Cognitive consequences of programming instruction: Instruction, access, and ability. Educational Psychologist, 20(4), 191\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15326985ep2004_4 .","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"9673_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203720967","volume-title":"Research methods in education","author":"C Louis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Louis, C., Lawrence, M., & Keith, M. (2011). Research methods in education. Oxford, UK: Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203720967 ."},{"issue":"1","key":"9673_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1145\/1352322.1352260","volume":"40","author":"JH Maloney","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maloney, J. H., Peppler, K., Kafai, Y., Resnick, M., & Rusk, N. (2008). Programming by choice. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 40(1), 367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1352322.1352260 .","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"9673_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1145\/356835.356841","volume":"13","author":"RE Mayer","year":"1981","unstructured":"Mayer, R. E. (1981). The psychology of how novices learn computer programming. ACM Computing Surveys, 13(1), 121\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/356835.356841 .","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"issue":"4","key":"9673_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1145\/572139.572181","volume":"33","author":"M McCracken","year":"2001","unstructured":"McCracken, M., Almstrum, V., Diaz, D., Guzdial, M., Hagan, D., Kolikant, Y. B.-D., et al. (2001). A multi-national, multi-institutional study of assessment of programming skills of first-year CS students. SIGCSE Bull, 33(4), 125\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/572139.572181 .","journal-title":"SIGCSE Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"9673_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6--es","DOI":"10.1145\/1060071.1060077","volume":"4","author":"P McKenna","year":"2004","unstructured":"McKenna, P. (2004). Gender and black boxes in the programming curriculum. Journal on Educational Resources in Computing, 4(1), 6--es. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1060071.1060077 .","journal-title":"Journal on Educational Resources in Computing"},{"key":"9673_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mladenovi\u0107, M., Krpan, D., & Mladenovi\u0107, S. (2016a). Introducing programming to elementary students novices by using game development in python and scratch. In EDULEARN16 Proceedings (pp. 1622\u20131629). IATED. 10.21125\/edulearn.2016.1323 .","DOI":"10.21125\/edulearn.2016.1323"},{"issue":"1","key":"9673_CR30","first-page":"521","volume":"32","author":"S Mladenovi\u0107","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mladenovi\u0107, S., Krpan, D., & Mladenovic, M. (2016b). Using games to help novices embrace programming: From elementary to higher education. International Journal of Engineering Education, 32(1), 521\u2013531.","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Education"},{"key":"9673_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mladenovi\u0107, M., Rosi\u0107, M., & Mladenovi\u0107, S. (2016c). Comparing elementary students \u2019 programming success based on programming environment. International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science, 8(August), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5815\/ijmecs.2016.08.01 .","DOI":"10.5815\/ijmecs.2016.08.01"},{"issue":"1","key":"9673_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S1045-926X(05)80036-9","volume":"1","author":"BA Myers","year":"1990","unstructured":"Myers, B. A. (1990). Taxonomies of visual programming and program visualization. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 1(1), 97\u2013123.","journal-title":"Journal of Visual Languages and Computing"},{"key":"9673_CR33","volume-title":"Mindstorms: Children, computers, and powerful ideas","author":"S Papert","year":"1980","unstructured":"Papert, S. (1980). Mindstorms: Children, computers, and powerful ideas. New York: Basic Books, Inc.."},{"key":"9673_CR34","unstructured":"Papert, S. (1993). The children\u2019s machine: Rethinking school in the age of the computer. BasicBooks Retrieved from http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=139395 ."},{"key":"9673_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Papert, S. (2010). Does easy do it? Children, games, and learning. Game Developer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.004 .","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.004"},{"key":"9673_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. American Psychological Association ({APA}). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/11494-000 .","DOI":"10.1037\/11494-000"},{"key":"9673_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/10748120110424816","volume":"9","author":"M Prensky","year":"2001","unstructured":"Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives,Digital Immigrants Part 1. On the Horizon, 9, 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/10748120110424816 .","journal-title":"On the Horizon"},{"issue":"2","key":"9673_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1076\/csed.13.2.137.14200","volume":"13","author":"A Robins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Robins, A., Rountree, J., & Rountree, N. (2003). Learning and teaching programming: A review and discussion. Computer Science Education, 13(2), 137\u2013172.","journal-title":"Computer Science Education"},{"key":"9673_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sekiya, T., & Yamaguchi, K. (2013). Tracing quiz set to identify novices\u2019 programming misconceptions. In Proceedings of the 13th Koli calling international conference on computing education research - Koli calling \u201813 (pp. 87\u201395). New York: ACM Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2526968.2526978 .","DOI":"10.1145\/2526968.2526978"},{"issue":"1","key":"9673_CR40","first-page":"3","volume":"11","author":"S Turkle","year":"1992","unstructured":"Turkle, S., & Papert, S. (1992). Epistemological pluralism and the revaluation of the concrete. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 11(1), 3\u201333.","journal-title":"The Journal of Mathematical Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"9673_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1145\/234867.234872","volume":"28","author":"LE Winslow","year":"1996","unstructured":"Winslow, L. E. (1996). Programming pedagogy---a psychological overview. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 28(3), 17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/234867.234872 .","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"key":"9673_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zur-Bargury, I., P\u00e2rv, B., & Lanzberg, D. (2013). A nationwide exam as a tool for improving a new curriculum. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Innovation and technology in computer science education - ITiCSE \u201813 (p. 267). New York, New York: ACM Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2462476.2462479 .","DOI":"10.1145\/2462476.2462479"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9673-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9673-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9673-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,6]],"date-time":"2019-10-06T19:13:25Z","timestamp":1570389205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9673-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["9673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9673-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]}}}