{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T09:49:35Z","timestamp":1772876975616,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552435200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-019-09896-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T00:49:13Z","timestamp":1552438153000},"page":"2779-2796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Learning problem solving skills: Comparison of E-learning and M-learning in an introductory programming course"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2737-9255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohail Iqbal","family":"Malik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rim","family":"Al-Nuaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abir","family":"Al-Sideiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Coldwell-Neilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"9896_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ACM-IEEE Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula,: Computer Science Curricula 2013 (2013). ACM Press and IEEE Computer Society press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2534860","DOI":"10.1145\/2534860"},{"key":"9896_CR2","unstructured":"Ala-Mutka, K. (2004). Problems in learning and teaching programming \u2013 a literature study for developing visualizations in the codewitz-minerva project, Codewitz needs analysis, retrieved 20\/10\/2018, http:\/\/www.cs.tut.fi\/~edge\/literature_study.pdf ."},{"key":"9896_CR3","unstructured":"Australian Computer Society (2013). The ICT profession body of knowledge, retrieved 25\/9\/2015, acs.org.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0013\/24502\/The-ICT-Profession-Body-of-Knowledge-23-Sept-2013.pdf ."},{"key":"9896_CR4","unstructured":"De Raadt, M. (2008). Teaching programming strategies explicitly to novice programmers\u2019, PhD thesis, University of Southern Queensland, Australia, retrieved 3\/5\/2018, USQ ePrints, https:\/\/eprints.usq.edu.au\/4827\/ ."},{"key":"9896_CR5","unstructured":"De Raadt, M., Toleman, M., & Watson, R. (2005). Textbooks under inspection, University of Southern Queensland, Australia, retrieved 5\/6\/2018, http:\/\/eprints.usq.edu.au\/167\/1\/TechReport_Draft_10.pdf ."},{"issue":"4","key":"9896_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12099","volume":"31","author":"D Hooshyar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hooshyar, D., Ahmad, R. B., Yousefi, M., Yusop, F. D., & Horng, S. J. (2015). A flowchart-based intelligent tutoring system for improving problem-solving skills of novice programmers. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 31(4), 345\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12099 .","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"9896_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v8i2.1097","volume":"8","author":"AK Hulme","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hulme, A. K. (2007). Mobile usability in educational context: What have we learnt? International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 8(2), 1\u201317.","journal-title":"International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"9896_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.7763\/IJIET.2013.V3.247","volume":"3","author":"S Iqbal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iqbal, S., & Harsh, O. K. (2013). A self review and external review model for teaching and assessing novice programmers. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 3(2), 120\u2013123.","journal-title":"International Journal of Information and Education Technology"},{"key":"9896_CR9","first-page":"277","volume-title":"Proceeding of the 2nd international conference on E-learning and E-technologies in education","author":"S Iqbal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iqbal, S., Chowdhury, M., & Harsh, O. K. (2013). Mobile devices supported learning for novice programmers. In Proceeding of the 2nd international conference on E-learning and E-technologies in education (pp. 277\u2013282). Poland: IEEE."},{"issue":"6","key":"9896_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-018-9736-0","volume":"23","author":"K Kanaki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kanaki, K., & Kalogiannakis, M. (2018). Introducing fundamental object-oriented programming concepts in preschool education within the context of physical science courses. Education and Information Technologies, 23(6), 2673\u20132698.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"9896_CR11","unstructured":"Keegan, D. (2012). The future of learning: From eLearning to mLearning, ZIFF papiere 119. Retrieved from https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED472435.pdf . Accessed 20 Dec 2018."},{"key":"9896_CR12","unstructured":"K\u00f6lling, M., & Rosenberg, J. (1996). BlueJ - a language for teaching object-oriented programming. In Proceedings of the 27th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 190\u2013194, St. Louis, USA."},{"key":"9896_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koulouri, T., Lauria, S., & Macredie, R. D. (2015). Teaching introductory programming: A quantitative evaluation of different approaches. Transactions of Computer Education, 14(4) ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2662412"},{"key":"9896_CR14","unstructured":"Malik, I.S. (2016a). Role of ADRI model in teaching and assessing novice programmers, PhD Thesis, Deakin University, Retrieved April 2017, http:\/\/dro.deakin.edu.au\/view\/DU:30088862 ."},{"key":"9896_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malik, I.S. (2016b). Enhancing practice and achievement in introductory programming using an ADRI editor. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment and Learning for Engineering, pp. 32\u201339, IEEE, Thailand, 7\u20139 December. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TALE.2016.7851766 .","DOI":"10.1109\/TALE.2016.7851766"},{"issue":"2","key":"9896_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4018\/IJICTE.2019040108","volume":"15","author":"IS Malik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malik, I. S. (2019). Assessing the teaching and learning process of an introductory programming course with Bloom's taxonomy and Assurance of Learning (AOL). International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education (IJICTE), 15(2), 130\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/IJICTE.2019040108 .","journal-title":"International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education (IJICTE)"},{"key":"9896_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malik, I. S., & Coldwell-Neilson, J. (2016). A model for teaching an introductory programming course using ADRI. Education and Information Technologies. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-016-9474-0 .","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-016-9474-0"},{"key":"9896_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, I. S., & Coldwell-Neilson, J. (2017a). Comparison of traditional and ADRI based teaching approaches in an introductory programming course. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 16, 267\u2013283. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.informingscience.org\/Publications\/3793 . Accessed 04 May 2018","DOI":"10.28945\/3793"},{"key":"9896_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malik, S.I., & Coldwell-Neilson, Jo. (2017b). Impact of a new teaching and learning approach in an introductory programming course. Journal of Educational Computing Research, SAGE, vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 789\u2013819, 2017. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0735633116685852","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633116685852"},{"key":"9896_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malik, I.S., & Coldwell-Neilson, Jo. (2018). Gender difference in an introductory programming course: New teaching approach, students\u2019 learning outcomes, and perceptions. Education and Information Technologies, vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 2453\u20132475. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-018-9725-3 , Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-018-9725-3"},{"key":"9896_CR21","unstructured":"Malik, S.I., Mathew, R., & Hammood, M.M. (2019). PROBSOL: A web-based application to develop problem solving skills in introductory programming. In: Al-Masri A., Curran K. (eds) Smart Technologies and Innovation for a Sustainable Future. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, pp. 295\u2013302, Springer."},{"key":"9896_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2015.36","volume-title":"Proceedings of 30th IEEE\/ACM international conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","author":"Y Oda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oda, Y., Fudaba, H., Neubig, G., Hata, H., Sakti, S., Toda, T., & Nakamura, S. (2015). Learning to generate Pseudo-code from source code using statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of 30th IEEE\/ACM international conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ASE.2015.36 , USA."},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"9896_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTEL.2016.082317","volume":"8","author":"S Papadakis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Papadakis, S., Kalogiannakis, M., Zaranis, N., & Orfanakis, V. (2016). Using scratch and app inventor for teaching introductory programming in secondary education. A case study. International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 8(3\/4), 217\u2013233.","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning"},{"key":"9896_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reardon, S., & Tangney, B. (2014). Smartphones, studio-based learning, and scaffolding: Helping novice learn to program. Transaction on Computing Education, 14(4) ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2677089"},{"issue":"2","key":"9896_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1076\/csed.13.2.137.14200","volume":"13","author":"A Robins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Robins, A., Rountree, J., & Rountree, N. (2003). Learning and teaching programming: A review and discussion. Computer Science Education, 13(2), 137\u2013172.","journal-title":"Computer Science Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"9896_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"N Sarkar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sarkar, N., Ford, W., & Manzo, C. (2017). Engaging digital natives through social learning. Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, 15(2), 1\u20134.","journal-title":"Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics"},{"key":"9896_CR27","unstructured":"Shanthi, D., & Al-Mukheini, T.S. (2010). Impact of mobile learning in the colleges of applied sciences in Sultanate of Oman. In 2nd International conferences on higher education and quality assurance, 12\u201313 June, Muscat, Oman."},{"key":"9896_CR28","unstructured":"Shuhidan, S.M. (2012). Probing the minds of novice programmers through guided learning, PhD thesis, RMIT University, Australia."},{"issue":"9","key":"9896_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1145\/6592.6594","volume":"29","author":"E Soloway","year":"1986","unstructured":"Soloway, E. (1986). Learning to program = learning to construct mechanisms and explanations. Communications of the ACM, 29(9), 850\u2013858.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"9896_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAI.2015.7237253","volume-title":"Proceedings of Science and Information Conference (SAI) IEEE","author":"SM Taheri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Taheri, S. M., Sasaki, M., & Ngetha, H. N. (2015). Evaluating the effectiveness of problem solving techniques and tools in programming. In Proceedings of Science and Information Conference (SAI) IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SAI.2015.7237253 , UK."},{"issue":"6","key":"9896_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.29333\/ejmste\/87117","volume":"14","author":"RM Tawafak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tawafak, R. M., Romli, A. B., Arshah, R. B. A., & Almaroof, R. A. S. (2018). Assessing the impact of technology learning and assessment method on academic performance: Review paper. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(6), 2241\u20132254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/ejmste\/87117 .","journal-title":"Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education"},{"key":"9896_CR32","unstructured":"Webster, M. (1994). Overview of programming and problem solving, Merriam-Webster\u2019s collegiate dictionary, Tenth Edition, retrieved on 15\/7\/ 2018, http:\/\/computerscience.jbpub.com\/vbnet\/pdfs\/mcmillan01.pdf ."},{"issue":"3","key":"9896_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1145\/234867.234872","volume":"28","author":"LE Winslow","year":"1996","unstructured":"Winslow, L. E. (1996). Programming pedagogy\u2014a psychological overview. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 28(3), 17\u201322.","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"key":"9896_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1145\/2184512.2184536","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 50th annual southeast regional conference","author":"J Yoo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoo, J., Yoo, S., Seo, S., Dong, Z., & Pettey, C. (2012). Can we teach algorithm development skills? In Proceedings of the 50th annual southeast regional conference (pp. 101\u2013105). New York: ACM."}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-019-09896-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-019-09896-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-019-09896-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T05:43:19Z","timestamp":1606714999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-019-09896-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-019-09896-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}