{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:02:55Z","timestamp":1787752975555,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Umea University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As shown in research and practice digitalization processes are many times limited to implementation of digital technologies without pedagogical and organizational change. In this study it is argued for a broader perspective on the concept of digitalization, viewing it as a process involving change and transformation in different stages and several organizational levels. Based on cultural\u2013historical activity theory and the concept of levels of learning, this study will elaborate on the concept of digitalization as well as how schools are dealing with digital and educational change. Two schools known for their large-scale digitalization processes are analyzed. In the analysis, it is indicated that the object of digitalization harbors an idea that influence how digitalization is planned for and enacted within the school organization. How schools conceptualized\u2014what is theoretically and practically meant by digitalization\u2014influence how they plan their budget, professional development, and organizational change. With this backdrop, it is a concluded need for explicit discussions and conceptual clarifications on what digitalization is and what it involves in different school contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10239-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T04:53:23Z","timestamp":1593492803000},"page":"187-204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Understanding digitalization and educational change in school by means of activity theory and the levels of learning concept"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3985-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanny","family":"Pettersson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"10239_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.10.021","volume":"81","author":"K Aesaert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aesaert, K., van Braak, J., Van Nijlen, D., & Vanderlinde, R. (2015). Primary school pupils\u2019 ICTcompetences: Extensive model and scale development. Computers & Education, 81, 326\u2013334.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10239_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.04.004","volume":"99","author":"A Ag\u00e9lii Genlott","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ag\u00e9lii Genlott, A., & Gr\u00f6nlund, \u00c5. (2016). Closing the gaps \u2013 Improving literacy and mathematics by ict-enhanced collaboration. Computers & Education, 99, 68\u201380.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10239_CR3","volume-title":"Steps of an ecology of mind","author":"G Bateson","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bateson, G. (1972). Steps of an ecology of mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"10239_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-015-9456-7","volume":"22","author":"I Blau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blau, I., & Shamir-Inbal, T. (2017). Digital competences and long-term ICT integration in school culture: The perspective of elementary school leaders. Education and Information Technologies, 22(3), 769\u2013787.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"10239_CR5","volume-title":"Cultural phycology. A once and future discipline","author":"M Cole","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cole, M. (1996). Cultural phycology. A once and future discipline. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press."},{"key":"10239_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuban, L. (2013). Why so many structural changes in schools and so little reform in teaching practice? Journal of Educational Administration, 51(2), 109\u2013125.","DOI":"10.1108\/09578231311304661"},{"key":"10239_CR7","unstructured":"de Lange, T. (2010). Technology and pedagogy: Analysing digital practices in media education. Oslo: AIT Oslo AS."},{"key":"10239_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engestr\u00f6m, Y. (2001). Expansive learning at work: Toward an activity theoretical reconceptualization. Journal of Education and Work, 14(1), 133\u2013156.","DOI":"10.1080\/13639080020028747"},{"key":"10239_CR9","volume-title":"Learning by expanding: An activity-theoretical approach to developmental research","author":"Y Engestr\u00f6m","year":"1987","unstructured":"Engestr\u00f6m, Y. (1987). Learning by expanding: An activity-theoretical approach to developmental research. Orienta-Konsultit: Helsinki."},{"issue":"5","key":"10239_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12425","volume":"47","author":"I Glover","year":"2016","unstructured":"Glover, I., Hepplestone, S., Parkin, H., Rodger, H., & Irwin, B. (2016). Pedagogy first: Realising technology enhanced learning by focusing on teaching practice. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(5), 993\u20131002.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"10239_CR11","unstructured":"Haelermans, C. (2017). Digital Tools in Education. In On Usage, Effects, and the Role of the Teacher. Stockholm: SNS F\u00f6rlag https:\/\/www.sns.se\/aktuellt\/digital-tools-in-education-on-usage-effects-and-the-role-of-the-teacher."},{"issue":"1","key":"10239_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/07380569.2015.1004274","volume":"32","author":"M H\u00e5kansson Lindqvist","year":"2015","unstructured":"H\u00e5kansson Lindqvist, M. (2015). Gaining and sustaining TEL in a 1:1 laptop initiative: Possibilities and challenges for teachers and students. Computers in the Schools, 32(1), 35\u201362.","journal-title":"Computers in the Schools"},{"key":"10239_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e5kansson-Lindqvist, M., & Pettersson, F. (2019). Digitalization and school leadership: on the complexity of leading for digitalization in school. International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 36(3), 218\u2013230.","DOI":"10.1108\/IJILT-11-2018-0126"},{"key":"10239_CR14","unstructured":"Hansson, A. (2013). Arbete med skolutveckling-En potentiell gr\u00e4nszon mellan verksamheter? Ett verksamhetsteoretiskt perspektiv p\u00e5 en svensk skolas arbete \u00f6ver tid med att verksamhetsintegrera IT (Doctoral dissertation, Mittuniversitetet)."},{"key":"10239_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatlevik, O. E., & Christophersen, K.-A. (2013). Digital competence at the beginning of upper secondary school: Identifying factors explaining digital inclusion. Computers & Education, 63, 240\u2013247.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.11.015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10239_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/1475939X.2014.942750","volume":"23","author":"TE Hauge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hauge, T. E. (2014). Up-take and use of technology: Bridging design for teaching and learning. Technology, Pedagogy & Education, 23(3), 311\u2013323.","journal-title":"Technology, Pedagogy & Education"},{"key":"10239_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauge, T. E. (2016). On the life of ICT and school leadership in a large-scale reform movement. In E. Elstad (Ed.), Digital expectations and experiences in education (pp. 97-115). SensePublishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6300-648-4_6"},{"key":"10239_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmgren, R., Haake, U., & S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, T. (2017). Firefighter learning at a distance: a longitudinal study. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 33(5), 500\u2013512.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12196"},{"issue":"2","key":"10239_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10833-016-9271-y","volume":"17","author":"S Islam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Islam, S., & Gr\u00f6nlund, \u00c5. (2016). An international literature review of 1:1 computing in schools. Journal of Educational Change, 17(2), 191\u2013222.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Change"},{"key":"10239_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.05.006","volume":"113","author":"I Jahnke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jahnke, I., Bergstr\u00f6m, P., M\u00e5rell-Olsson, E., H\u00e4ll, L., & Swapna, K. (2017). Digital didactical designs as research framework \u2013 iPad integration in Nordic schools. Computers & Education, 113, 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10239_CR21","unstructured":"Jedeskog, G. (2005) Ch@nging school. Implementation of ICT in Swedish School, Campaigns and Experiences 1984\u20132004. Uppsala University: Department of Education."},{"issue":"5","key":"10239_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820903484429","volume":"19","author":"M Jenkins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jenkins, M., Browne, T., Walker, R., & Hewitt, R. (2011). The development of technology enhanced learning: Findings from a 2008 survey of UK higher education institutions. Interactive Learning Environments, 19(5), 447\u2013465.","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"6","key":"10239_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-015-9398-0","volume":"21","author":"A Kafyulilo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kafyulilo, A., Fisser, P., & Voogt, J. (2016). Factors affecting teachers\u2019continuation of technology use in teaching. Education and Information Technologies, 21(6), 1535\u20131554.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"10239_CR24","volume-title":"Acting with technology. Activity theory and interaction design","author":"V Kaptelinin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaptelinin, V., & Nardi, B. (2006). Acting with technology. Activity theory and interaction design. Cambridge: The MIT Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"10239_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.18261\/issn.1891-943x-2016-03-02","volume":"11","author":"RJ Krumsvik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krumsvik, R. J., Jones, L. \u00d8., \u00d8fstegaard, M., & Eikeland, O. J. (2016). Upper secondary school teachers\u2019 digital competence: Analysed by demographic, personal and professional characteristics. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy, 11(3), 143\u2013164.","journal-title":"Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy"},{"key":"10239_CR26","volume-title":"Interviews. An introduction to qualitative research interviewing","author":"S Kvale","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kvale, S. (2009). Interviews. An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. London: Sage Publications."},{"key":"10239_CR27","unstructured":"Leont\u2019ev, A. N. (1978). Activity, Conciosness, and personality. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Retrieved October 7, 2010, from http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/leontev\/works\/1978\/index.htm. Accessed 10 Jan 2020."},{"key":"10239_CR28","first-page":"37","volume-title":"The concept of activity in soviet psychology","author":"AN Leont\u2019ev","year":"1981","unstructured":"Leont\u2019ev, A. N. (1981). The problem of activity in psychology. In J. V. Wertsch (Ed.), The concept of activity in soviet psychology (pp. 37\u201371). New York: Sharpe."},{"key":"10239_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.18261\/ISSN1891-943X-2011-04-05","volume":"4","author":"A Lund","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lund, A., & Hauge, T. E. (2011). Designs for teaching and learning in technology rich learning environments. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy, 4, 258\u2013272.","journal-title":"Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10239_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x","volume":"108","author":"P Mishra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A new framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017\u20131054.","journal-title":"Teachers College Record"},{"issue":"3","key":"10239_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/1475939X.2014.945275","volume":"23","author":"AD Olofsson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olofsson, A. D., & Lindberg, O. (2014). Moving from theory into practice - on the informed design of educational technologies. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 23(3), 285\u2013291.","journal-title":"Technology, Pedagogy and Education"},{"key":"10239_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olofsson, A. D., Lindberg, J. O., Fransson, G., & Hauge, T. E. (2015). Uptake and Use use of Digital digital Technologies technologies in Primary primary and Secondary secondary Schools schools \u2013 a A Thematic thematic Review review of Researchresearch. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy, 6(4), 103\u2013121.","DOI":"10.18261\/ISSN1891-943X-2015-Jubileumsnummer-08"},{"issue":"4","key":"10239_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.18848\/1832-3669\/CGP\/v04i04\/55913","volume":"4","author":"G Ottestad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ottestad, G. (2008). Schools as digital competent organizations: Developing organisational traits to strengthen the implementation of digital founded pedagogy. International Journal of Technology, Knowledge and Society, 4(4), 10.","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology, Knowledge and Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"10239_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.30935\/cedtech\/6132","volume":"5","author":"A Petersen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Petersen, A. (2014). Teachers\u2019 perceptions of principals\u2019 ICT leadership. Contemporary Educational Technology, 5(4), 302\u2013315.","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Technology"},{"key":"10239_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettersson, F. (2018a). On the issues of digital competence in educational contexts \u2013 a review of literature. Education and Information Technologies, 23(3), 1005\u20131021.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9649-3"},{"key":"10239_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettersson, F. (2018b). Digitally Competent School Organizations \u2013 Developing Supportive Organizational Infrastructures. International Journal of Media, Technology & Lifelong Learning, 14(2), 132\u2013143.","DOI":"10.7577\/seminar.2976"},{"key":"10239_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.02.016","volume":"55","author":"R Vanderlinde","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vanderlinde, R., & van Braak, J. (2010). The e-capacity of primary schools: Development of a conceptual model and scale construction from a school improvement perspective. Computers & Education, 55, 541\u2013553.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10239_CR38","volume-title":"Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes","author":"LS Vygotsky","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"10239_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-009-9137-6","volume":"58","author":"J Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang, J. (2010). Technology-supported learning innovation in cultural contexts. Educational Technology Research & Development, 58(2), 229\u2013243.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research & Development"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10239-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10239-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10239-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T22:59:50Z","timestamp":1667170790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10239-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10239-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}