{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T07:51:46Z","timestamp":1781423506035,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10330-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T23:36:07Z","timestamp":1600299367000},"page":"1721-1736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["College students information security awareness: a comparison between smartphones and computers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0409-3964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nashrawan","family":"Taha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5946-2256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laila","family":"Dahabiyeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10330_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2012.708787","volume":"33","author":"J Abawajy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abawajy, J. (2014). User preference of cyber security awareness delivery methods. Behaviour & Information Technology, 33(3), 237\u2013248.","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"key":"10330_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.12.151","volume":"72","author":"AR Ahlan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahlan, A. R., Lubis, M., & Lubis, A. R. (2015). Information security awareness at the knowledge-based institution: Its antecedents and measures. Procedia Computer Science, 72, 361\u2013373.","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10330_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","volume":"50","author":"I Ajzen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179\u2013211.","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"key":"10330_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Alawi, A. I., Al-Kandari, S. M., & Abdel-Razek, R. H. (2016). Evaluation of information systems security awareness in higher education: An empirical study of Kuwait University. Journal of Innovation and Business Best Practice, 2016(2016).","DOI":"10.5171\/2016.329374"},{"issue":"01","key":"10330_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650007-1","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219649216500076","volume":"15","author":"S Al-Janabi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Janabi, S., & Al-Shourbaji, I. (2016). A study of cyber security awareness in educational environment in the middle east. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 15(01), 1650007-1\u20131650007-30.","journal-title":"Journal of Information & Knowledge Management"},{"key":"10330_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2014.01.005","volume":"42","author":"S Allam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allam, S., Flowerday, S. V., & Flowerday, E. (2014). Smartphone information security awareness: A victim of operational pressures. Computers & Security, 42, 56\u201365.","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"key":"10330_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.02.010","volume":"110","author":"M Alothman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alothman, M., Robertson, J., & Michaelson, G. (2017). Computer usage and attitudes among Saudi Arabian undergraduate students. Computers & Education, 110, 127\u2013142.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10330_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.4304\/jait.3.3.176-183","volume":"3","author":"FA Aloul","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aloul, F. A. (2012). The need for effective information security awareness. Journal of Advances in Information Technology, 3(3), 176\u2013183.","journal-title":"Journal of Advances in Information Technology"},{"key":"10330_CR9","unstructured":"Androulidakis, I., & Kandus, G. (2011, April). Mobile phone security awareness and practices of students in Budapest. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Digital Telecommunications (pp. 17-22)."},{"key":"10330_CR10","unstructured":"Bada, M., Sasse, A. M. and Nurse, J. R. (2015) 'Cyber security awareness campaigns: Why do they fail to change behaviour?', in Proceedings of the International Conference on Cyber Security for Sustainable Society, 181-131."},{"key":"10330_CR11","unstructured":"Becker, S. A., Brown, M., Dahlstrom, E., Davis, A., DePaul, K., Diaz, V., & Pomerantz, J. (2018). Horizon Report 2018 Higher Education Edition Brought to you by EDUCAUSE (pp. 1-54). EDU18."},{"key":"10330_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breitinger, F., Tully-Doyle, R., & Hassenfeldt, C. (2019). A survey on smartphone user\u2019s security choices, awareness and education. Computers & Security, 101647.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.101647"},{"issue":"3","key":"10330_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2307\/25750690","volume":"34","author":"B Bulgurcu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bulgurcu, B., Cavusoglu, H., & Benbasat, I. (2010). Information security policy compliance: An empirical study of rationality-based beliefs and information security awareness. MIS Quarterly, 34(3), 523\u2013548.","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"10330_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.23962\/10539\/23572","volume":"20","author":"R Chandarman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chandarman, R., & Van Niekerk, B. (2017). Students' cybersecurity awareness at a private tertiary educational institution. African Journal of Information and Communication, 20, 133\u2013155.","journal-title":"African Journal of Information and Communication"},{"key":"10330_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.04.007","volume":"123","author":"H Crompton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Crompton, H., & Burke, D. (2018). The use of mobile learning in higher education: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 123, 53\u201364.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10330_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2012.09.010","volume":"32","author":"RE Crossler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crossler, R. E., Johnston, A. C., Lowry, P. B., Hu, Q., Warkentin, M., & Baskerville, R. (2013). Future directions for behavioral information security research. Computers & Security, 32, 90\u2013101.","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"issue":"1","key":"10330_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1070.0160","volume":"20","author":"J D'Arcy","year":"2009","unstructured":"D'Arcy, J., Hovav, A., & Galletta, D. (2009). User awareness of security countermeasures and its impact on information systems misuse: A deterrence approach. Information Systems Research, 20(1), 79\u201398.","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"key":"10330_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farooq, A., Isoaho, J., Virtanen, S. and Isoaho, J. (2015) Information security awareness in educational institution: An analysis of students' individual factors, translated by IEEE, 352-359.","DOI":"10.1109\/Trustcom.2015.394"},{"key":"10330_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filippidis, A. P., Hilas, C. S., Filippidis, G. and Politis, A. (2018) 'Information security awareness of greek higher education students\u2014Preliminary findings', in 2018 7th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST), IEEE, 1-4.","DOI":"10.1109\/MOCAST.2018.8376578"},{"issue":"1","key":"10330_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530.2015.1117842","volume":"33","author":"B Hanus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hanus, B., & Wu, Y. A. (2016). Impact of users\u2019 security awareness on desktop security behavior: A protection motivation theory perspective. Information Systems Management, 33(1), 2\u201316.","journal-title":"Information Systems Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"10330_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2011.10.007","volume":"31","author":"P Ifinedo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ifinedo, P. (2012). Understanding information systems security policy compliance: An integration of the theory of planned behavior and the protection motivation theory. Computers & Security, 31(1), 83\u201395.","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"key":"10330_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, G., Tu, M., Kim, T. H., Heffron, J., & White, J. (2018, February). Game based cybersecurity training for high school students. In Proceedings of the 49th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (pp. 68\u201373).","DOI":"10.1145\/3159450.3159591"},{"issue":"1","key":"10330_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2015\/39.1.06","volume":"39","author":"AC Johnston","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnston, A. C., Warkentin, M., & Siponen, M. (2015). An enhanced fear appeal rhetorical framework: Leveraging threats to the human asset through sanctioning rhetoric. MIS Quarterly, 39(1), 549\u2013566.","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"10330_CR24","first-page":"67","volume":"6","author":"G Kambourakis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kambourakis, G. (2013). Security and privacy in m-learning and beyond: Challenges and state of the art. International Journal of u-and e-Service, Science and Technology, 6(3), 67\u201384.","journal-title":"International Journal of u-and e-Service, Science and Technology"},{"key":"10330_CR25","unstructured":"Kaspersky, 2019. The number of mobile malware attacks doubles in 2018. Available from https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com\/about\/press-releases\/2019_the-number-of-mobile-malware-attacks-doubles-in-2018-as-cybercriminals-sharpen-their-distribution-strategies. Accessed 15\/10\/2019."},{"key":"10330_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaye, L. K. (2018). Online research methods. In Psychological and Behavioral Examinations in Cyber Security (pp. 253-265). IGI global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-4053-3.ch015"},{"key":"10330_CR27","unstructured":"Kelly, R. (2017) 'Survey: 94% of Students Want to Use Their Cell Phones in Class', [online], available: https:\/\/campustechnology.com\/articles\/2017\/12\/12\/students-want-to-use-their-cell-phones-in-class.aspx [Accessed 25\/03\/2019]."},{"key":"10330_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1108\/IMCS-01-2013-0005","volume":"22","author":"EB Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, E. B. (2014). Recommendations for information security awareness training for college students. Information Management & Computer Security, 22, 115\u2013126.","journal-title":"Information Management & Computer Security"},{"key":"10330_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koyuncu, M., & Pusatli, T. (2019). Security Awareness Level of Smartphone Users: An Exploratory Case Study. Mobile Information Systems, 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2786913"},{"issue":"3","key":"10330_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acalib.2017.03.004","volume":"43","author":"KP Lau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lau, K. P., Chiu, D. K., Ho, K. K., Lo, P., & See-To, E. W. (2017). Educational usage of mobile devices: Differences between postgraduate and undergraduate students. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 43(3), 201\u2013208.","journal-title":"The Journal of Academic Librarianship"},{"key":"10330_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebek, L., Uffen, J., Breitner, M., Neumann M, and Hohler,B. (2013). \"Employees' information security awareness and behavior: A literature review,\" in system sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii international conference on, 2013, pp. 2978-2987.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2013.192"},{"key":"10330_CR32","unstructured":"Monrad, J. (2019). Universities fall into the cross hairs of cyber attacks. Available from https:\/\/www.infosecurity-magazine.com\/opinions\/universities-attackers\/ accessed 31\/12\/2019."},{"key":"10330_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mi, T., Gou, M., Zhou, G., Gan, Y., & Schwarzer, R. (2020). Effects of planning and action control on smartphone security behavior. Computers & Security, 101954.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2020.101954"},{"key":"10330_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moletsane, T., & Tsibolane, P. (2020, March). Mobile information security awareness among students in higher education: An exploratory study. In 2020 conference on information communications technology and society (ICTAS) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTAS47918.2020.233978"},{"key":"10330_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2012.11.004","volume":"34","author":"A Mylonas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mylonas, A., Kastania, A., & Gritzalis, D. (2013). Delegate the smartphone user? Security awareness in smartphone platforms. Computers & Security, 34, 47\u201366.","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"key":"10330_CR36","unstructured":"Norton, 2019. Why hackers love public Wi-Fi. Available from https:\/\/us.norton.com\/internetsecurity-wifi-why-hackers-love-public-wifi.html Accessed 13\/10\/2019."},{"key":"10330_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2015.10.002","volume":"56","author":"G \u00d6\u011f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u00d6\u011f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc, G., Testik, \u00d6. M., & Chouseinoglou, O. (2016). Analysis of personal information security behavior and awareness. Computers & Security, 56, 83\u201393.","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"key":"10330_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ophoff, J. and Robinson, M., 2014. Exploring end-user smartphone security awareness within a south African context. In 2014 information security for South Africa (pp. 1-7). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSA.2014.6950500"},{"key":"10330_CR39","unstructured":"Peker, Y. K., Ray, L., Da Silva, S., Gibson, N., & Lamberson, C. (2016, October). Raising Cybersecurity awareness among college students. In Journal of The Colloquium for Information System Security Education (Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 17-17)."},{"key":"10330_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, F., Ophoff, J., Van Belle, J.P. and Karia, R., 2015. Security awareness and adoption of security controls by smartphone users. In 2015 second international conference on information security and cyber forensics (InfoSec) (pp. 99-104). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/InfoSec.2015.7435513"},{"key":"10330_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarathchandra, D., Haltinner, K. and Lichtenberg, N. (2016) 'College Students' Cybersecurity risk perceptions, awareness, and Practices', in 2016 Cybersecurity Symposium (CYBERSEC), IEEE, 68-73.","DOI":"10.1109\/CYBERSEC.2016.018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10330_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.12928\/telkomnika.v12i2.64","volume":"12","author":"PK Sari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sari, P. K. (2014). Measuring information security awareness of Indonesian smartphone users. Telkomnika, 12(2), 493.","journal-title":"Telkomnika"},{"issue":"6","key":"10330_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.06.017","volume":"27","author":"D-H Shin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shin, D.-H., Shin, Y.-J., Choo, H., & Beom, K. (2011). Smartphones as smart pedagogical tools: Implications for smartphones as u-learning devices. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(6), 2207\u20132214.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10330_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shonola, S.A. and Joy, M.S., 2014, July. Mobile learning security issues from lecturers\u2019 perspectives (Nigerian universities case study)\u2019. In 6th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (pp. 7-9).","DOI":"10.1109\/IMCTL.2014.7011125"},{"key":"10330_CR45","unstructured":"Statista. (2019). Public Wi-Fi activities of online adults worldwide 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/731525\/unsecured-wifi-risky-behavior-of-adults-global\/ accessed 13\/10\/2019."},{"issue":"3","key":"10330_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1.3.255","volume":"1","author":"DW Straub","year":"1990","unstructured":"Straub, D. W. (1990). Effective IS security: An empirical study. Information Systems Research, 1(3), 255\u2013276.","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"key":"10330_CR47","unstructured":"Zhang, P. and Li, X. (2015) 'Determinants of information security awareness: An empirical investigation in higher Education', in Thirty Sixth International Conference on Information Systems, Fort Worth."}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10330-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10330-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10330-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T23:52:07Z","timestamp":1631749927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10330-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10330-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Participants were asked to fill an online questionnaire through the University Learning Management System, and this was completely optional. We considered filling in the questionnaire as an indication of participants\u2019 consent to take part in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Participants have filled an online survey, and the participation was anonymous.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}