{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T19:27:42Z","timestamp":1768418862946,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10546-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T08:02:59Z","timestamp":1625212979000},"page":"961-978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Teaching highly mixed-ability CS1 classes: A proposed approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0941-2645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdallah","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10546_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1145\/1083431.1083474","volume":"37","author":"T Beaubouef","year":"2005","unstructured":"Beaubouef, T., & Mason, J. (2005). Why the high attrition rate for computer science students: Some thoughts and observations. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 37(2), 103\u2013106.","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10546_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1145\/1272848.1272879","volume":"39","author":"J Bennedsen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bennedsen, J., & Caspersen, M. E. (2007). Failure rates in introductory programming. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 39(2), 32\u201336.","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"key":"10546_CR3","unstructured":"Bishop, J. L., & Verleger, M. A. (2013) The flipped classroom: A survey of the research. In American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition (ASEE), Atlanta, GA, (Vol. 30, pp. 1\u201318, Vol. 9)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10546_CR4","first-page":"337","volume":"20","author":"\u00dc \u00c7ak\u0131ro\u011flu","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u00c7ak\u0131ro\u011flu, \u00dc., & \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, M. (2017). Flipped classroom with problem based activities: Exploring self-regulated learning in a programming language course. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 20(1), 337\u2013349.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"10546_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawson, J. Q., Allen, M., Campbell, A., & Valair, A. (2018). Designing an introductory programming course to improve non-majors' experiences. In  ACM symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) (pp. 26\u201331). ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/3159450.3159548"},{"key":"10546_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmaleh, J., & Shankararaman, V. (2017). Improving student learning in an introductory programming course using flipped classroom and competency framework. In  IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) (pp. 49\u201355). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON.2017.7942823"},{"key":"10546_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fassbinder, A. G. d. O., Botelho, T. G., Martins, R. J., & Barbosa, E. F. (2015). Applying Flipped Classroom and Problem-Based Learning in a CS1 Course. In  IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE).","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2015.7344223"},{"issue":"4","key":"10546_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1145\/1869746.1869747","volume":"1","author":"M Guzdial","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guzdial, M. (2010). Does contextualized computing education help? ACM Inroads, 1(4), 4\u20136.","journal-title":"ACM Inroads"},{"key":"10546_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haatainen, S., Lakanen, A.-J., Isom\u00f6tt\u00f6nen, V., & Lappalainen, V. (2013). A practice for providing additional support in CS1. In  2013 Learning and Teaching in Computing and Engineering (pp. 178\u2013183). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/LaTiCE.2013.39"},{"key":"10546_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indi, T. S. (2016). An Experience Report of Flipped Classroom Strategy Implementation for Java Programming Course. In IEEE 18th International Conference on Technology for Education (T4E) (pp. 240\u2013241). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/T4E.2016.059"},{"key":"10546_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knutas, A., Herala, A., Vanhala, E., & Ikonen, J. (2016). The Flipped Classroom Method: Lessons Learned from Flipping Two Programming Courses. In 17th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies (pp. 423\u2013430). ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2983468.2983524"},{"key":"10546_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kothiyal, A., Majumdar, R., Murthy, S., & Iyer, S. (2013). Effect of think-pair-share in a large CS1 class: 83% sustained engagement. In ACM conference on International Computing Education research (pp. 137\u2013144). ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2493394.2493408"},{"issue":"1","key":"10546_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.7459\/ept\/28.1.05","volume":"28","author":"M Koutselini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koutselini, M. (2006). Towards a meta-modern paradigm of curriculum: Transcendence of a mistaken reliance on theory. Educational Practice and Theory, 28(1), 55\u201368.","journal-title":"Educational Practice and Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"10546_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/00220480009596759","volume":"31","author":"MJ Lage","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lage, M. J., Platt, G. J., & Treglia, M. (2000). Inverting the classroom: A gateway to creating an inclusive learning environment. Journal of Economic Education, 31(1), 30\u201343.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Education"},{"key":"10546_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahtinen, E., Ala-Mutka, K., & J\u00e4rvinen, H.-M. (2005). A study of the difficulties of novice programmers. In 10th SIGCSE conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (iTiCSE) (vol. 37, pp. 14\u201318, Vol. 3). ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/1151954.1067453"},{"key":"10546_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leutenegger, S., & Edgington, J. (2007). A games first approach to teaching introductory programming. In ACM symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) (pp. 115\u2013118).","DOI":"10.1145\/1227310.1227352"},{"key":"10546_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lockwood, K., & Esselstein, R. (2013). The inverted classroom and the CS curriculum. In ACM symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) (pp. 113\u2013118). ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2445196.2445236"},{"issue":"1","key":"10546_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"F Lyman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lyman, F. (1987). Think-pair-share: An expanding teaching technique. Maa-Cie Cooperative News, 1(1), 1\u20132.","journal-title":"Maa-Cie Cooperative News"},{"key":"10546_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maher, M. L., Latulipe, C., Lipford, H., & Rorrer, A. (2015). Flipped classroom strategies for CS education. In ACM symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) (pp. 218\u2013223). ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2676723.2677252"},{"issue":"8","key":"10546_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1145\/1145287.1145293","volume":"49","author":"C McDowell","year":"2006","unstructured":"McDowell, C., Werner, L., Bullock, H. E., & Fernald, J. (2006). Pair programming improves student retention, confidence, and program quality. Communications of the ACM, 49(8), 90\u201395.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10546_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, A. (2019). Designing a CS1 programming course for a mixed-ability class. In the Western Canadian Conference on Computing Education (WCCCE'19), (pp. 1\u20136).","DOI":"10.1145\/3314994.3325084"},{"key":"10546_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, A. (2020). Evaluating the effectiveness of flipped teaching in a mixed-ability CS1 course. In the 20th ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE'20), (pp. 452\u2013458).","DOI":"10.1145\/3341525.3387395"},{"issue":"4","key":"10546_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.10-04-0063","volume":"9","author":"M Moravec","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moravec, M., Williams, A., Aguilar-Roca, N., & O'Dowd, D. K. (2010). Learn before lecture: A strategy that improves learning outcomes in a large introductory biology class. CBE-Life Sciences Education, 9(4), 473\u2013481.","journal-title":"CBE-Life Sciences Education"},{"issue":"8","key":"10546_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1145\/2492007.2492020","volume":"56","author":"L Porter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Porter, L., Guzdial, M., McDowell, C., & Simon, B. (2013). Success in introductory programming: What works? Communications of the ACM, 56(8), 34\u201336.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"4","key":"10546_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-006-0050-9","volume":"20","author":"C Reas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reas, C., & Fry, B. (2006). Processing: Programming for the media arts. AI & Society, 20(4), 526\u2013538 https:\/\/processing.org. Accessed Dec 2020.","journal-title":"AI & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"10546_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/1358684X.2015.1133765","volume":"23","author":"J Roberts","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roberts, J. (2016). The \u2018more capable peer\u2019: Approaches to collaborative learning in a mixed-ability classroom. Changing English, 23(1), 42\u201351.","journal-title":"Changing English"},{"issue":"2","key":"10546_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1076\/csed.13.2.137.14200","volume":"13","author":"A Robins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Robins, A., Rountree, J., & Rountree, N. (2003). Learning and teaching programming: A review and discussion. Computer Science Education, 13(2), 137\u2013172.","journal-title":"Computer Science Education"},{"key":"10546_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosiene, C. P., & Rosiene, J. A. (2015). Flipping a programming course: The good, the bad, and the ugly. In IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp. 1\u20133). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2015.7344151"},{"issue":"8","key":"10546_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"D \u015ealli-\u00c7opur","year":"2005","unstructured":"\u015ealli-\u00c7opur, D. (2005). Coping with the problems of mixed ability classes. The Internet TESL Journal, 11(8), 1\u20135.","journal-title":"The Internet TESL Journal"},{"key":"10546_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shettleworth, S. J. (2010). Cognition, evolution, and behavior. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195319842.001.0001"},{"key":"10546_CR31","unstructured":"Talbert, R. (2017). Flipped Learning: A Guide for Higher Education Faculty. Stylus Publishing, LLC."},{"key":"10546_CR32","volume-title":"How to differentiate instruction in academically diverse classrooms","author":"CA Tomlinson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tomlinson, C. A. (2017). How to differentiate instruction in academically diverse classrooms (3rd ed.). Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD).","edition":"3"},{"key":"10546_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toto, R., & Nguyen, H. (2009). Flipping the work design in an industrial engineering course. In IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp. 1\u20134). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2009.5350529"},{"key":"10546_CR34","unstructured":"Valiande, S., & Koutselini, M. I. (2009). Application and evaluation of differentiation instruction in mixed ability classrooms. In 4th Hellenic Observatory PhD Symposium (pp. 25-26): LSE, London School of Economics London, UK."},{"key":"10546_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, C., & Li, F. W. (2014). Failure rates in introductory programming revisited. In  Innovation & technology in computer science education (pp. 39\u201344). ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2591708.2591749"},{"key":"10546_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuo, L., & Qi-Xian, G. (2015). The Application of Hybrid Flipped Classroom in the Course of Java Programming. In 7th International Conference on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME) (pp. 637\u2013641). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITME.2015.95"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10546-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10546-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10546-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T10:10:02Z","timestamp":1744107002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10546-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10546-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study included in this paper was approved by the research ethics board at the University of British Columbia-Okanagan. This work is is based on (Mohamed, , )\u00a0as explained in the cover letter.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent statement"}},{"value":"No conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest"}}]}}