{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:54:31Z","timestamp":1783101271115,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ryley","award":["UoB-R2101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UoB-R2101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10577-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T03:20:56Z","timestamp":1624850456000},"page":"6531-6548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Developing student connectedness under remote learning using digital resources: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9281-3196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Hehir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2473-2949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Zeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6782-5803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Luckhurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8608-9613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara","family":"Chandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"10577_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aguilera-Hermida, A. P. (2020). College students\u2019 use and acceptance of emergency online learning due to Covid-19. International Journal of Educational Research Open. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijedro.2020.100011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedro.2020.100011"},{"issue":"20","key":"10577_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8438","DOI":"10.3390\/su12208438","volume":"12","author":"A Aristovnik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aristovnik, A., Ker\u017ei\u010d, D., Rav\u0161elj, D., Toma\u017eevi\u010d, N., & Umek, L. (2020). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on life of higher education students: A global perspective. Sustainability, 12(20), 8438.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10577_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alemany-Arrebola, I., Rojas-Ruiz, G., Granda-Vera, J., & Mingorance-Estrada, \u00c1. C. (2020). Influence of COVID-19 on the perception of academic self-efficacy, state anxiety, and trait anxiety in college students. Frontiers in psychology, 11. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.570017.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.570017"},{"key":"10577_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arslan, G. (2021). Loneliness, college belongingness, subjective vitality, and psychological adjustment during coronavirus pandemic: Development of the College Belongingness Questionnaire.\u00a0Journal of Positive School Psychology,\u00a05(1), 17\u201331.","DOI":"10.47602\/jpsp.v5i1.240"},{"key":"10577_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aucejo, E. M., French, J., Araya, M. P. U., & Zafar, B. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on student experiences and expectations: Evidence from a survey. Journal of public economics, 191. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104271.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104271"},{"issue":"5","key":"10577_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/18146627.2016.1229576","volume":"16","author":"AD Bireda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bireda, A. D. (2019). Doctoral student connectedness in open distance learning: a case of students and supervisors. Africa Education Review, 16(5), 16\u201328.","journal-title":"Africa Education Review"},{"key":"10577_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borelli, J., Lai, J., Yunusova, A., Rivera, A. P., Labbaf, S., Hu, S., ..., Rahmani, A. (2020). Nine months in the life of a college student during 2020: A case study using multi-modal assessments to capture personalized contexts of well-being. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/wb4ds.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/wb4ds"},{"key":"10577_CR8","unstructured":"Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012).\u00a0Thematic analysis.\u00a0In H. Cooper, P. M. Camic, D. L. Long, A. T. Panter, D. Rindskopf, & K. J. Sher (Eds.),\u00a0APA handbooks in psychology. APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol. 2. Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological\u00a0(p. 57\u201371). American Psychological Association."},{"key":"10577_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brereton, P., Kitchenham, B. A., Budgen, D., Turner, M., & Khalil, M. (2007). Lessons from applying the systematic literature review process within the software engineering domain.\u00a0Journal of Systems and Software,\u00a080(4), 571\u2013583.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.07.009"},{"key":"10577_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bridgstock, R., Jackson, D., Lloyd, K., & Tofa, M. (2019). Social connectedness and graduate employability: Exploring the professional networks of graduates from business and creative industries. In R. Bridgstock & N. Tippett (Eds.), Higher Education and the Future of Graduate Employability. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781788972611.00012"},{"key":"10577_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budiman, R. (2013). Utilizing Skype for providing learning support for Indonesian distance learning students: A lesson learnt. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 83,\u00a05\u201310.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.06.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"10577_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5430\/jct.v7n2p12","volume":"7","author":"R Budiman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Budiman, R. (2018). Factors related to students\u2019 drop out of a distance language learning programme. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 7(2), 12\u201319.","journal-title":"Journal of Curriculum and Teaching"},{"key":"10577_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry research, 287, 112934. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112934.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112934"},{"key":"10577_CR14","unstructured":"Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (2009). Systematic Reviews: CRD's Guidance for Undertaking Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Retrieved January\u00a007, 2021, from www.york.ac.uk\/inst\/crd\/pdf\/Systematic_Reviews.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10577_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02117-1","volume":"20","author":"B Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi, B., Jegatheeswaran, L., Minocha, A., Alhilani, M., Nakhoul, M., & Mutengesa, E. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on final year medical students in the United Kingdom: a national survey. BMC Medical Education, 20(1), 1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"10577_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-016-0110-z","volume":"60","author":"BC Czerkawski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Czerkawski, B. C., & Lyman, E. W. (2016). An instructional design framework for fostering student engagement in online learning environments. TechTrends, 60(6), 532\u2013539.","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"issue":"7","key":"10577_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0236337","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236337","volume":"15","author":"T Elmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elmer, T., Mepham, K., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Students under lockdown: Assessing change in students\u2019 social networks and mental health during the COVID-19 crisis. PLoS ONE, 15(7), e0236337.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10577_CR18","first-page":"125","volume":"40","author":"S Farid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farid, S., Ahmad, R., Alam, M., Akbar, A., & Chang, V. (2018). A sustainable quality assessment model for the information delivery in E-learning systems. Information Discovery and Delivery., 40(1), 125.","journal-title":"Information Discovery and Delivery."},{"issue":"5","key":"10577_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/08832323.2019.1643698","volume":"95","author":"TE Jamison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jamison, T. E., & Bolliger, D. U. (2020). Student perceptions of connectedness in online graduate business programs. Journal of Education for Business, 95(5), 275\u2013287.","journal-title":"Journal of Education for Business"},{"key":"10577_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7939\/R37M04F16","author":"LM Kmet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kmet, L. M., Cook, L. S., & Lee, R. C. (2004). Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields. Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7939\/R37M04F16.","journal-title":"Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research"},{"key":"10577_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.04.403","volume":"191","author":"HC Kuong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuong, H. C. (2015). Enhancing online learning experience: From learners\u2019 perspective. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 1002\u20131005.","journal-title":"Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"10577_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuwabara, K., Watanabe, T., Ohguro, T., Itoh, Y., & Maeda, Y. (2002). Connectedness oriented communication: Fostering a sense of connectedness to augment social relationships. Paper presented at the Proceedings 2002 symposium on applications and the internet (saint 2002).","DOI":"10.1109\/SAINT.2002.994476"},{"issue":"3","key":"10577_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12412","volume":"36","author":"JW Lai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lai, J. W., & Bower, M. (2020). Evaluation of technology use in education: Findings from a critical analysis of systematic literature reviews. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 36(3), 241\u2013259.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"10577_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2014.899053","volume":"36","author":"G Lambrinidis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lambrinidis, G. (2014). Supporting online, non-traditional students through the introduction of effective e-learning tools in a pre-university tertiary enabling programme. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 36(3), 257\u2013267.","journal-title":"Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management"},{"key":"10577_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.12.046","volume":"57","author":"D Laux","year":"2016","unstructured":"Laux, D., Luse, A., & Mennecke, B. E. (2016). Collaboration, connectedness, and community: An examination of the factors influencing student persistence in virtual communities. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 452\u2013464.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10577_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1995). Measuring belongingness: The social connectedness and the social assurance scales. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 42(2), 232\u2013241.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-0167.42.2.232"},{"issue":"2","key":"10577_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S8755-7223(99)80082-9","volume":"15","author":"B Lia-Hoagberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lia-Hoagberg, B., Vellenga, B., Miller, M., & Li, T.-Y. (1999). A partnership model of distance education: Students\u2019 perceptions of connectedness and professionalization. Journal of Professional Nursing, 15(2), 116\u2013122.","journal-title":"Journal of Professional Nursing"},{"key":"10577_CR28","unstructured":"Liu, X., Burroughs, N. F., Tian, Q., Harvey, V. L., Housel, T. H., & Wellingon, N. (2016). The impact of smartphone educational use on student connectedness and out-of-class involvement. Electronic Journal of Communication, 26(3\u20134)."},{"issue":"4","key":"10577_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.14434\/josotl.v18i4.23430","volume":"18","author":"BJ Mandernach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mandernach, B. J., Robertson, S. N., & Steele, J. P. (2018). Beyond Content: The Value of Instructor-Student Connections in the Online Classroom. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 18(4), 129\u2013150.","journal-title":"Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning"},{"key":"10577_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2018.01.003","volume":"37","author":"F Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin, F., Wang, C., & Sadaf, A. (2018). Student perception of helpfulness of facilitation strategies that enhance instructor presence, connectedness, engagement and learning in online courses. The Internet and Higher Education, 37, 52\u201365.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"10577_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The Prisma Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"issue":"1","key":"10577_CR32","first-page":"80","volume":"26","author":"S Motala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Motala, S., & Menon, K. (2020). In search of the \u2018new normal\u2019: Reflections on teaching and learning during Covid-19 in a South African university. Southern African Review of Education, 26(1), 80\u201399.","journal-title":"Southern African Review of Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10577_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1108\/JARHE-02-2014-0026","volume":"7","author":"MCG Ortega","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ortega, M. C. G., & Falconer, L. (2015). Learning spaces in virtual worlds: Bringing our distance students home. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 7(1), 83\u201398.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10577_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/02607476.2020.1802583","volume":"46","author":"ME Osman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Osman, M. E. (2020). Global impact of COVID-19 on education systems: the emergency remote teaching at Sultan Qaboos University. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 463\u2013471.","journal-title":"Journal of Education for Teaching"},{"key":"10577_CR35","unstructured":"Pierson, A. (2017). The effect of seeing an instructor's face within an instructional video on connectedness, attention, and satisfaction. (Ph. D), Northcentral University, San Diego. (10289276)."},{"key":"10577_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sahu, P. (2020). Closure of universities due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): impact on education and mental health of students and academic staff. Cureus, 12(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.7541.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.7541"},{"issue":"3","key":"10577_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/01587910903236312","volume":"30","author":"PJ Slagter van Tryon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Slagter van Tryon, P. J., & Bishop, M. (2009). Theoretical foundations for enhancing social connectedness in online learning environments. Distance Education, 30(3), 291\u2013315.","journal-title":"Distance Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10577_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/0309877990230309","volume":"23","author":"S Stark","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stark, S., & Warne, T. (1999). \u2018Connecting\u2019 the distance: Relational issues for participants in a distance learning programme. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 23(3), 391\u2013402.","journal-title":"Journal of Further and Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10577_CR39","first-page":"146","volume":"59","author":"C Stone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stone, C., & Springer, M. (2019). Interactivity, connectedness and\u2019teacher-presence\u2019: Engaging and retaining students online. Australian Journal of Adult Learning, 59(2), 146\u2013169.","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Adult Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10577_CR40","first-page":"42","volume":"3","author":"S Stone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stone, S., & Logan, A. (2018). Exploring students\u2019 use of the social networking site WhatsApp to foster connectedness in the online learning experience. Irish Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning Ireland, 3(1), 42\u201355.","journal-title":"Irish Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning Ireland"},{"issue":"3","key":"10577_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.13167","volume":"17","author":"J Thistlethwaite","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thistlethwaite, J., Locke, R., Buckley, S., Chandratilake, M., Jensen, G., van Schalkwyk, S., & Weller-Newton, J. (2020). Global perspectives on Covid-19 from the editorial board. The Clinical Teacher, 17(3), 234.","journal-title":"The Clinical Teacher"},{"key":"10577_CR42","volume-title":"Synthesis: Combining Results Systematically and Appropriately","author":"J Thomas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thomas, J., Harden, A., & Newman, M. (2012). Synthesis: Combining Results Systematically and Appropriately. Sage Publications."},{"key":"10577_CR43","unstructured":"van Tryon, P. J. S. (2007). E-mmediacy strategies for online learning: An instructor's guide and instrument for the design and evaluation of social connectedness in web-based courses. (Doctor of Education in Educational Technology), Lehigh University, Pennsylvania. (3314496)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10577_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3402\/rlt.v15i2.10914","volume":"15","author":"S Wheeler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wheeler, S. (2007). The influence of communication technologies and approaches to study on transactional distance in blended learning. Research in Learning Technology, 15(2), 103\u2013117.","journal-title":"Research in Learning Technology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10577_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.29188.bkw","volume":"23","author":"BK Wiederhold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wiederhold, B. K. (2020). Connecting through technology during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Avoiding \u201cZoom Fatigue.\u201d Cyberpsychology, Behaviour, and Social Networking, 23(7), 437\u2013438.","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behaviour, and Social Networking"},{"key":"10577_CR46","unstructured":"Wilson, K. M. (2018). School Connectedness and Academic Success. (Master of Arts), Old Dominion University, Sociology and Criminal Justice Thesis and Dissertations. Retrieved January\u00a007, 2021, from https:\/\/digitalcommons.odu.edu\/sociology_criminaljustice_etds\/21."},{"key":"10577_CR47","unstructured":"Wyn, J., Cuervo, H., Woodman, D., & Stokes, H. (2005). Young people, wellbeing and communication technologies. Melbourne, VicHealth."},{"key":"10577_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L. (2002). Interactive television in distance education: Benefits and compromises. Paper presented at the IEEE 2002 International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS'02). Social Implications of Information and Communication Technology. Proceedings (Cat. No. 02CH37293).","DOI":"10.1109\/ISTAS.2002.1013823"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10577-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10577-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10577-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T22:54:25Z","timestamp":1744152865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10577-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10577-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There are no conflicting or competing interests to publish this research. The researchers give consent to publish. The research was funded by a small internal university Ryley Award.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}