{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:41:26Z","timestamp":1774532486827,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10792-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T10:19:46Z","timestamp":1635243586000},"page":"4473-4499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A review of empirical studies of social media on language learners\u2019 willingness to communicate"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2547-5902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esmat","family":"Shamsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1837-9763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Bozorgian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10792_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633118817879","volume":"57","author":"N Al-Qaysi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Qaysi, N., Mohamad-Nordin, N., & Al-Emran, M. (2020). A systematic review of social media acceptance from the perspective of educational and information systems theories and models. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(8), 2085\u20132109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0735633118817879","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"10792_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.02.010","volume":"121","author":"WM Al-Rahmi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Rahmi, W. M., Alias, N., Othman, M. S., Marin, V. I., & Tur, G. (2018). A model of factors affecting learning performance through the use of social media in Malaysian higher education. Computers & Education, 121, 59\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.02.010","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10792_CR3","unstructured":"Ary, D., Cheser Jacobs, L., Sorensen, C.K., & Walker, D.A. (2019). Introduction to research in education. Cengage."},{"key":"10792_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2013.12.001","volume":"42","author":"S Aydin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aydin, S. (2014). Foreign language learners\u2019 interactions with their teachers on Facebook. System, 42, 155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2013.12.001","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"10792_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2021.1883673","author":"JS Barrot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barrot, J. S. (2021). Social media as a language learning environment: A systematic review of the literature (2008\u20132019). Computer Assisted Language Learning. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2021.1883673","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"10792_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bashori, M., van Hout, R., Strik, H., & Cucchiarini, C. (2020). Web-based language learning and speaking anxiety. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2020.1770293","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2020.1770293"},{"key":"10792_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bas\u00f6z, T. (2016). Pre-service EFL teachers\u2019 attitudes towards language learning through social media. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 232, 430\u2013438. j.sbspro.2016.10.059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2016.10.059"},{"key":"10792_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2020.102208","volume":"90","author":"J Bielak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bielak, J., & Mystkowska-Wiertelak, A. (2020). Investigating language learners\u2019 emotion regulation strategies with the help of the vignette methodology. System, 90, 102208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2020.102208","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"10792_CR9","unstructured":"Brown, H.D., & Lee, H. (2015). Teaching by principles. Pearson Education."},{"key":"10792_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2016.12.016","volume":"65","author":"L Buckingham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buckingham, L., & Alpaslan, R. S. (2017). Investigating language learners\u2019 emotion-regulation strategies with the help of the vignette methodology. System, 65, 25\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2016.12.016","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"1","key":"10792_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/weng.12443","volume":"39","author":"A Chik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chik, A. (2019). Humorous interaction, language learning, and social media. World Englishes, 39(1), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/weng.12443","journal-title":"World Englishes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10792_CR12","first-page":"6","volume":"18","author":"N Chotipaktanasook","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chotipaktanasook, N., & Reinders, H. (2016). Willingness to communicate in social media: An investigation of the long-term effects. Asian EFL Journal Research Articles, 18(4), 6\u201325.","journal-title":"Asian EFL Journal Research Articles"},{"key":"10792_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9621-2","volume":"23","author":"R Chugh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chugh, R., & Ruhi, U. (2017). Social media in higher education: A literature review of Facebook. Education and Information Technologies, 23, 605\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9621-2","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10792_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X03252758","volume":"22","author":"R Clem\u00e9nt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Clem\u00e9nt, R., Baker, S. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2003). Willingness to communicate in a second language: The effects of context, norms, and vitality. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 22(2), 190\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0261927X03252758","journal-title":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10792_CR15","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W., & Creswell, J.D. (2018). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications."},{"key":"10792_CR16","unstructured":"Dashtestani, R. (2018). Collaborative academic projects on social network sites to socialize EAP students into academic communities of practice. Teaching English with Technology, 18(2), 3\u201320. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.tewtjournal.org"},{"key":"10792_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.04.028","volume":"68","author":"L Deng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deng, L., & Tavares, N. J. (2013). From Moodle to Facebook: Exploring students\u2019 motivation and experiences in online communities. Computers & Education, 68, 167\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.04.028","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10792_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.30762\/jeels.v5i1.562","volume":"5","author":"E Fadilah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fadilah, E. (2018). Perception, motivation, and communicative self-confidence of Indonesian students on willingness to communicate in L2 by using Facebook. JEELS, 5(1), 23\u201348.","journal-title":"JEELS"},{"issue":"3","key":"10792_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1558\/cj.37205","volume":"36","author":"F Fornara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fornara, F., & Lomicka, L. (2019). Using visual social media in language learning to investigate the role of social presence. CALICO Journal, 36(3), 184\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1558\/cj.37205","journal-title":"CALICO Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10792_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2011.582587","volume":"25","author":"K Jauregi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jauregi, K., de Graaffa, R., van den Bergh, H., & Kriz, M. (2012). Native\/non-native speaker interactions through video-web communication: A clue for enhancing motivation? Computer Assisted Language Learning, 25(1), 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2011.582587","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"10792_CR21","first-page":"7","volume":"15","author":"G Kartal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kartal, G., & Bal\u00e7ikanli, C. (2018). Willingness to communicate and communication anxiety of EFL learners in a virtual world. Journal of Educational Technology, 15(3), 7\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26634\/jet.15.3.14549\u00a0","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"10792_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kahar. R., Hanafi, H., & Alberth, A. (2016). The effect of Edmodo on students' willingness to communicate, intrinsic motivation and self-confidence of SMKN 4 Kendari. Journal of Language Education and Educational technology (JLEET), 1(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33772\/jleet.v1i2.6702","DOI":"10.33772\/jleet.v1i2.6702"},{"key":"10792_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/flan.12318","volume":"51","author":"G Kessler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kessler, G. (2018). Technology and the future of language teaching. Foreign Language Annual, 51, 205\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/flan.12318","journal-title":"Foreign Language Annual"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10792_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2018.1545670","volume":"33","author":"M Lamb","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lamb, M., & Arisandy, F. E. (2020). The impact of online use of English on motivation to learn. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(1\u20132), 85\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2018.1545670","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10792_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.29140\/jaltcall.v14n1.223","volume":"14","author":"Thinh Van Le","year":"2018","unstructured":"Le, T. V., Cunningham, U., & Watson, K. (2018). The relationship between willingness to communicate and social presence in an online English language course. JALT CALL Journal, 14(1), 43\u201359.","journal-title":"The JALT CALL Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"10792_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2018.1535509","volume":"32","author":"JS Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, J. S. (2019). EFL students\u2019 views of willingness to communicate in the extramural digital context. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32(7), 692\u2013712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2018.1535509","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"7","key":"10792_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2019.1588330","volume":"33","author":"JS Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, J. S., & Drajati, N. A. (2019). Willingness to communicate in digital and non-digital EFL contexts: Scale development and psychometric testing. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(7), 688\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2019.1588330","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10792_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/tesq.422","volume":"52","author":"JS Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee, J. S., & Dressman, M. (2017). When IDLE hands make an English workshop: Informal digital learning of English and language proficiency. TESOL Quarterly, 52(2), 435\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tesq.422","journal-title":"TESOL Quarterly"},{"key":"10792_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2019.03.002","volume":"82","author":"JS Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, J. S., & Hsieh, J. C. (2019). Education Affective variables and willingness to communicate of EFL learners in in-class, out-of-class, and digital contexts. System, 82, 63\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2019.03.002","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"6","key":"10792_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1177\/1362168819831408","volume":"24","author":"JS Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, J. S., & Lee, K. (2019). Affective factors, virtual intercultural experiences, and L2 willingness to communicate in in-class, out-of-class, and digital settings. Language Teaching Research, 24(6), 813\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362168819831408","journal-title":"Language Teaching Research"},{"key":"10792_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, J.S., & Lu, Y. (2021). L2 motivational self system and willingness to communicate in the classroom and extramural digital context. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1\u201323.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2021.1901746","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2021.1901746"},{"issue":"3","key":"10792_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13082","volume":"52","author":"JS Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, J. S., & Sylv\u00e9n, L. K. (2021). The role of informal digital learning of English in Korean and Swedish EFL learners\u2019 communication behaviour. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(3), 1279\u20131296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13082","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"10792_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, J.S., Xie, Q., & Lee. K. (2021). Informal digital learning of English and L2 willingness to communicate: roles of emotions, gender, and educational stage. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01434632.2021.1918699","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2021.1918699"},{"key":"10792_CR34","unstructured":"Lin, C.-H., Warschauer, M., & Blake, R. (2016). Language learning through social networks: Perceptions and reality. Language Learning & Technology, 20(1), 124\u2013147. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10125\/44449"},{"issue":"4","key":"10792_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4781.2007.00623.x","volume":"91","author":"PD MacIntyre","year":"2007","unstructured":"MacIntyre, P. D. (2007). Willingness to communicate in the second language: Understanding the decision to speak as a volitional process. The Modern Language Journal, 91(4), 564\u2013567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4781.2007.00623.x","journal-title":"The Modern Language Journal"},{"key":"10792_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MacIntyre, P.D., D\u00f6rnyei, Z., Cl\u00e9ment, R., & Noel, K.A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal, 82(4), 545\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4781.1988.tb05543.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4781.1988.tb05543.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"10792_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/amq037","volume":"32","author":"PD MacIntyre","year":"2010","unstructured":"MacIntyre, P. D., & Legatt, J. J. (2010). A dynamic system approach to willingness to communicate: Developing an idiodynamic method to capture rapidly changing affect. Applied Linguistics, 32(2), 149\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/applin\/amq037","journal-title":"Applied Linguistics"},{"key":"10792_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macaro, E. (2020). Systematic reviews in applied linguistics. In J. McKinley & H. Rose (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of research methods in applied linguistics (1st ed., pp. 230\u2013239). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780367824471-20"},{"key":"10792_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijme.2017.12.001","volume":"16","author":"S Moghavvemi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moghavvemi, S., Sulaiman, A., Ismawati Jaafar, N., & Kasem, N. (2018). Social media as a complementary learning tool for teaching and learning: The case of YouTube. The International Journal of Management Education, 16, 37\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijme.2017.12.001","journal-title":"The International Journal of Management Education"},{"key":"10792_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarck, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Peticrew, M., \u2026 Stewart, L.A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA) 2015 statement. Systematic Review, 4(1), 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1"},{"issue":"5","key":"10792_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.5539\/elt.v12n5p101","volume":"12","author":"Jahangir Mohammadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammadi, J., Barati, H., & Youhanaee, M. (2019). The effectiveness of using flipped classroom model on Iranian EFL learners' English achievements and their willingness to communicate. English Language Teaching, 12(5), 101\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/elt.v12n5p101","journal-title":"English Language Teaching"},{"issue":"3","key":"10792_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.22492\/ije.8.3.03","volume":"8","author":"J-E Oh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oh, J.-E., Chan, Y. K., & Kim, K. V. (2020). Social media and E-Portfolios: Impacting design students\u2019 motivation through project-based learning. IAFOR Journal of Education, 8(3), 41\u201358.","journal-title":"IAFOR Journal of Education"},{"key":"10792_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Otchie, W. O., & Pedaste, M. (2020). Using social media for learning in high schools: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(2), 889\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12973\/eu-jer.9.2.889","DOI":"10.12973\/eu-jer.9.2.889"},{"key":"10792_CR44","volume-title":"Born digital: Understanding the first generation of digital natives","author":"J Palfrey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Palfrey, J., & Gasser, U. (2011). Born digital: Understanding the first generation of digital natives. Basic Books."},{"issue":"4","key":"10792_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2010.00576.x","volume":"60","author":"JE Peng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peng, J. E., & Woodrow, L. (2010). Willingness to communicate in English: A model in the Chinese EFL classroom context. Language Learning, 60(4), 834\u2013876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2010.00576.x","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"key":"10792_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.1435","volume":"123","author":"R Ratneswary","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ratneswary, R., & Rasiah, V. (2014). Transformative higher education teaching and learning: Using social media in a team-based learning environment. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 123, 369\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.1435","journal-title":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10792_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344014000226","volume":"27","author":"H Reinders","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reinders, H., & Wattana, S. (2015). Affect and willingness to communicate in digital game-based learning. ReCALL, 27(1), 38\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0958344014000226","journal-title":"ReCALL"},{"key":"10792_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma, V. (2019). Saudi students\u2019 perspective on social media usage to promote EFL learning. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 2(1), 129\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32996\/ijllt.2019.2.1.17","DOI":"10.32996\/ijllt.2019.2.1.17"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10792_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/2042753016672895","volume":"12","author":"OG Stewart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stewart, O. G. (2015). A critical review of the literature of social media\u2019s affordances in the classroom. E-Learning and Digital Media, 12(5\u20136), 481\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2042753016672895","journal-title":"E-Learning and Digital Media"},{"issue":"3","key":"10792_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/tesj.515","volume":"11","author":"MB Ulla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ulla, M. B., & Perales, W. F. (2020). The adoption of Facebook as a virtual class whiteboard: Promoting EFL students\u2019 engagement in language tasks. TESOL Journal, 11(3), 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tesj.515","journal-title":"TESOL Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10792_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4018\/IJCALLT.2016040104","volume":"6","author":"W-CV Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu, W.-C.V., & Marek, M. W. (2019). Incorporating LINE smartphone affordances: Cross-cultural collaboration, willingness to communicate, and language learning. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching (IJCALLT), 6(2), 56\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/IJCALLT.2016040104","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching (IJCALLT)"},{"key":"10792_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-019-09679-y13A","volume":"67","author":"S Xue","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xue, S., & Churchill, D. (2019). Review of empirical studies of affordances and development of a framework for educational adoption of mobile social media. Educational Technology Research and Development, 67, 1231\u20131257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-019-09679-y13A","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10792-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10792-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10792-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T04:08:38Z","timestamp":1653538118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10792-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10792-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare and no financial support they received for this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}