{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T23:19:00Z","timestamp":1773789540571,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014064","name":"Universidad de Salamanca","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated the wave of digital social transformation worldwide and pushed the \u201cAccelerator Key\u201d for the digital transformation of education in 2020. This transformation has also impacted in an all-around way in China. Taking Anhui province as a case study, this research explores socio-demographic factors influencing the digital competence level of pre- and in-service teachers of primary and secondary education in China. The quantitative methodological approach emphasizes the study subjects\u2019 perception of their digital competencies in three factors: basic technology literacy, technical support learning, and technical support teaching. The study involved 250 pre-service teachers and 248 in-service teachers. The main findings are: (1) participants have good consciousness and attitudes towards using ICT in daily work, but their educational practice is weak; (2) in-service teachers have a digital competence level generally higher than pre-service teachers\u2019, which might be their professional practice promote them to reflect on perceptions and attitudes regarding technological education; (3) for in-service teachers, there are significant differences between their digital competence level and age, years of teaching experience, educational background; (4) current ICT courses have no influencing on in-service teachers\u2019 digital competence level, implying that current ICT training system may have problems. The study provides insights to improve pre-service teachers\u2019 digital competence education in universities and develop well-designed in-service teachers\u2019 ICT training courses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11085-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T11:03:21Z","timestamp":1654167801000},"page":"12469-12494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Exploring factors influencing pre-service and in-service teachers\u00b4 perception of digital competencies in the Chinese region of Anhui"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9353-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1783-8198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Abad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9663-1103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Holgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"11085_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-019-09924-0","volume":"24","author":"AM Al-Abdullatif","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Abdullatif, A. M. (2019). Auditing the TPACK confidence of pre-service teachers: The case of Saudi Arabia. Education and Information Technologies, 24(6), 3393\u20133413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-019-09924-0","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"2","key":"11085_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.21890\/ijres.81048","volume":"2","author":"A Aslan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aslan, A., & Zhu, C. (2016). Influencing factors and integration of ict into teaching practices of pre-service and starting teachers. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 2(2), 359\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21890\/ijres.81048","journal-title":"International Journal of Research in Education and Science"},{"key":"11085_CR3","unstructured":"Barahona, J. D., Molina-Garc\u00eda, J., & Monfort-Pa\u00f1ego, M. (2020). Physical education teachers\u2019 knowledge and educational intentionality in the use of ICT. Retos, 83, 497\u2013504. https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/inward\/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085680708&partnerID=40&md5=3a4e047d03775d638d43eec01a0101f8"},{"issue":"1","key":"11085_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7764\/pel.57.1.2020.9","volume":"57","author":"P Cabello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cabello, P., Ochoa, J. M., & Felmer, P. (2020). Tecnolog\u00edas digitales como recurso pedag\u00f3gico y su integraci\u00f3n curricular en la formaci\u00f3n inicial docente en Chile. Pensamiento Educativo: Revista de Investigaci\u00f3n Educacional Latinoamericana, 57(1), 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7764\/pel.57.1.2020.9","journal-title":"Pensamiento Educativo: Revista de Investigaci\u00f3n Educacional Latinoamericana"},{"key":"11085_CR5","first-page":"85","volume":"32","author":"J Cabero Almenara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cabero Almenara, J., Vila, R., R., & Mengual Andr\u00e9s, S. (2017). Conocimientos tecnol\u00f3gicos, pedag\u00f3gi-cos y disciplinares de los futuros docentes seg\u00fan el modelo TPACK. Digital Education Review, 32, 85\u201396","journal-title":"Digital Education Review"},{"key":"11085_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carretero, S., Vuorikari, R., & Punie, Y. (2017). DigComp 2.1: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens with eight proficiency levels and examples of use. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2760\/38842","DOI":"10.2760\/38842"},{"issue":"4","key":"11085_CR7","first-page":"237","volume":"13","author":"P Charbonneau-Gowdy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Charbonneau-Gowdy, P. (2015). It Takes a Community to Develop a Teacher: Testing a New Teacher Education Model for Promoting ICT in Classroom Teaching Practices in Chile. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 13(4), 237\u2013249","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of E-Learning"},{"issue":"6","key":"11085_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-019-09677-0","volume":"67","author":"M Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, M., Zhou, C., Meng, C., & Wu, D. (2019). How to promote Chinese primary and secondary school teachers to use ICT to develop high\u2013quality teaching activities. Educational Technology Research and Development, 67(6), 1593\u20131611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-019-09677-0","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"11085_CR9","first-page":"116","volume":"324","author":"M Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, M., Zhou, C., Wang, H., & Wu, D. (2020). Research on Information Literacy Index of K-12 Teachers:Based on Survey and Analysis of Teachers\u2019 Information Literacy in Eastern X Province. e-Education Research, 324, 116\u2013128. In Chinese","journal-title":"e-Education Research"},{"key":"11085_CR10","first-page":"78","volume":"403","author":"M Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, M., Zhou, C., & Wu, D. (2020). Research on the Information Literacy Evaluation Indicator System for Primary and Secondary School Teachers. China Educational Technology, 403, 78\u201385. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"key":"11085_CR73","unstructured":"China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC). (2021). The 47th Statistical Report on China\u2019s Internet Development. https:\/\/www.cnnic.com.cn\/IDR\/ReportDownloads\/202104\/P020210420557302172744.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"11085_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2007.05.001","volume":"51","author":"M Drent","year":"2008","unstructured":"Drent, M., & Meelissen, M. (2008). Which factors obstruct or stimulate teacher educators to use ICT innovatively? Computers and Education, 51(1), 187\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2007.05.001","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"11085_CR12","unstructured":"European Commission (2018). Council recommendation on Key Competences for Lifelong Learning [https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:394:0010:0018:EN:PDF]. Official Journal of the European Union, 61, 1\/13"},{"key":"11085_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, H. M., & Song, L. R. (2016). Study on the Imbalance Reasons and the Equilibrium Strategy of Information Resources of Basic Education in Urban and Rural Areas. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities","DOI":"10.2991\/iccessh-16.2016.146"},{"key":"11085_CR14","unstructured":"Ferrari, A., Punie, Y., & Brecko, B. (2013). DIGCOMP: A Framework for Developing and Understanding Digital Competence in Europe."},{"issue":"4","key":"11085_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/21532974.2021.1934757","volume":"37","author":"H Galindo-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galindo-Dom\u00ednguez, H., & Bezanilla, M. J. (2021). Digital competence in the training of pre-service teachers: Perceptions of students in the degrees of early childhood education and primary education. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 37(4), 262\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21532974.2021.1934757","journal-title":"Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education"},{"key":"11085_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo, F. J. (2021). Digital Transformation in the Universities: Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Education in the Knowledge Society, 22","DOI":"10.14201\/eks.25465"},{"issue":"3","key":"11085_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-019-09432-7","volume":"26","author":"FD Guill\u00e9n-G\u00e1mez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guill\u00e9n-G\u00e1mez, F. D., Mayorga-Fern\u00e1ndez, M. J., Bravo-Agapito, J., & Escribano-Ortiz, D. (2021). Analysis of Teachers\u2019 Pedagogical Digital Competence: Identification of Factors Predicting Their Acquisition. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 26(3), 481\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10758-019-09432-7","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning"},{"key":"11085_CR18","first-page":"79","volume":"381","author":"HY He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He, H. Y., Liu, Q. Y., Wu, L. J., Deng, W., & Hao, Y. X. (2018). The Method and Application of Learners\u2019 Topic Mining in Teachers\u2019 Workshop. China Educational Technology, 381, 79\u201386. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"key":"11085_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178744","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2957438","volume":"7","author":"FJ HIinojo-Lucana","year":"2019","unstructured":"HIinojo-Lucana, F. J., Aznar-D\u00edas, I., C\u00e1ceres-Reche, M. P., Trujillo-Torres, J. M., & Romenro-Rorigu\u00e9z, J. M. (2019). Factors Influencing the Development of Digital Competence in Teachers: Analysis of the Teaching Staff of Permanent Education Centres. IEEE Access, 7, 178744\u2013178752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2957438","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"11085_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang, Q. L., Li, B. M., & Ren, Y. Q. (2016). Empirical Study on Depth of Online Discussion in Teachers\u2019 Workshops\u2014\u2014\u2014A Case Analysis of Teachers\u2019 Workshop of ICT Competency Enhancement Project. e-Education Research, 12, 121\u2013128. In Chinese. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13811\/j.cnki.eer.2016.12.018","DOI":"10.13811\/j.cnki.eer.2016.12.018"},{"key":"11085_CR21","unstructured":"Huang, R. H., Liu, D. J., Tlili, A., Yang, J. F., Wang, H. H., Jemni, M., & Burgos, D. (2020). Handbook on Facilitating Flexible Learning During Educational Disruption: The Chinese Experience in Maintaining Undisrupted Learning in COVID-19 Outbreak. Smart Learning Institute of Beijing Normal University"},{"key":"11085_CR22","volume-title":"What is digital competence?","author":"L Ilom\u00e4ki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ilom\u00e4ki, L., Kantosalo, A., & Lakkala, M. (2011). What is digital competence?. Brussels: European Schoolnet"},{"key":"11085_CR23","unstructured":"Kong, J., & Zhao, J. H. (2017). Teachers\u2019ICT Competency Development Analysis Model and Its Application. Open Education Research, 23(3), 87\u201395. In Chinese. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13966 \/j.cnki.kfjyyj.2017.03.010"},{"key":"11085_CR24","first-page":"61","volume":"380","author":"SY Kuang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuang, S. Y., Huang, R. M., Lu, Y., & He, S. (2018). The Developing Status and Propelling Suggestion of ICT in China\u2019s Compulsory Education\u2014Based on \u201cNational Excellent Teaching Video Clips\u201d. China Educational Technology, 380, 61\u201368. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"key":"11085_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, B. M., & Huang, Q. L. (2018). A Study of the Relationship between Tutor\u2019s Support and Depth of Online Discussion in Teachers\u2019 Workshop: A Case Analysis of Teachers\u2019 Workshop of ICT Competency Enhancement Project. e-Education Research, 7, 97\u2013113. In Chinese. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13811\/j.cnki.eer.2018.07.014","DOI":"10.13811\/j.cnki.eer.2018.07.014"},{"key":"11085_CR26","first-page":"115","volume":"374","author":"W Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, W., Du, J., & Wang, Y. N. (2018). Analysis of Influencing Factores of Information Technology Application Ability of Key Teachers in Primary and Middle Schools in Less Developed Areas of Education Informatization. China Educational Technology, 374, 115\u2013122. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"key":"11085_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, Y., Liao, Q., Wu, S. R., & Liu, G. P. (2016). Factors Influencing Teachers\u2019 Intention to Use Technology in Primary and Middle Schools: Model Development and Test. e-Education Research, 6, 97\u2013105. In Chinese. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13811\/j.cnki.eer.2016.06.014","DOI":"10.13811\/j.cnki.eer.2016.06.014"},{"key":"11085_CR28","unstructured":"Li, Y., Qiu, L. H., & Wang, Q. (2019a). Construction and Application of Normal Students Information Literacy Assessment Model under the Era of Education Informatization 2.0 \u2014 Taking the Western Region as an Example. China Educational Technology, 390. In Chinese."},{"key":"11085_CR29","first-page":"91","volume":"390","author":"Y Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, Y., Qiu, L. H., & Wang, Q. (2019b). Construction and Application of Normal Students Information Literacy Assessment Model under the Era of Education Informatization 2.0\u2014Taking the Western Region as an Example. China Educational Technology, 390, 91\u201398. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"key":"11085_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wu, S. R., & Liao, Q. (2016a). Differences in information technology literacy between digital immigrant teachers and digital native ones. DISTANCE EDUCATION IN CHINA, 62\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13541\/j.cnki.chinade.20161216.008. In Chinese","DOI":"10.13541\/j.cnki.chinade.20161216.008"},{"key":"11085_CR31","first-page":"31","volume":"357","author":"Y Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wu, S. R., & Liao, Q. (2016b). Research on the Factors and Moderators of Teachers\u2019 Acceptance of Technology: Based on the UTAUT Model. China Educational Technology, 357, 31\u201338. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"key":"11085_CR32","first-page":"44","volume":"369","author":"Y Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wu, T., Wang, Q., & Zhang, X. H. (2017). Factors Influencing Teachers\u2019 Use of Technology for Teaching in Primary and Middle Schools: Multiple-dimension Comparisons. China Educational Technology, 369, 44\u201350. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"11085_CR33","first-page":"92","volume":"25","author":"XY Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma, X. Y., Zhu, Y. F., & Xue, F. (2019). Research on the Construction and Application of an Analytical Framework for Teachers\u2019Information Literacy. Open Education Research, 25(3), 92\u2013102. In Chinese","journal-title":"Open Education Research"},{"key":"11085_CR34","unstructured":"Ministry of Education of the People\u00b4s Republic of China (2014). Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Education on Issuing the \u201cInformation Technology Application Ability Standards for Primary and Secondary School Teachers (Trial)\u201d. Office of the Ministry of Education: Teacher\u2019s Office Retrieved from http:\/\/old.moe.gov.cn\/publicfiles\/business\/htmlfiles\/moe\/s6991\/201406\/170123.html"},{"key":"11085_CR35","unstructured":"Ministry of Education of the People\u00b4s Republic of China (2019). Opinions on the Ministry of Education on the Implementation of the National Primary and Secondary School Teachers\u2019 Information Technology Application Ability Improvement Project 2.0. Office of the Ministry of Education: Teacher\u2019s Office Retrieved from http:\/\/www.moe.gov.cn\/srcsite\/A10\/s7034\/201904\/t20190402_376493.html"},{"key":"11085_CR36","unstructured":"Ministry of Education of the People\u00b4s Republic of China (2020a). Guidance from the Ministry of Education on strengthening the application of the \u201cthree classrooms\u201d. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.moe.gov.cn\/srcsite\/A16\/s3342\/202003\/t20200316_431659.html"},{"key":"11085_CR37","unstructured":"Ministry of Education of the People\u00b4s Republic of China (2020b). Notice of the Finance Department of the Teacher Work Department of the Ministry of Education on Issuing the Implementation Guide for Online Training of Kindergarten Teachers in Primary and Secondary Schools. Department of Teacher Work & Finance Department, Ministry of Education Retrieved from http:\/\/www.moe.gov.cn\/s78\/A10\/tongzhi\/202004\/t20200424_446136.html"},{"key":"11085_CR38","unstructured":"Ministry of Education of the People\u00b4s Republic of China (2021). Highlights of the Ministry of Education 2021. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.moe.gov.cn\/jyb_sjzl\/moe_164\/202102\/t20210203_512419.html"},{"issue":"3","key":"11085_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/14759390000200096","volume":"9","author":"S Mumtaz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mumtaz, S. (2000). Factors affecting teachers\u2019 use of information and communications technology: a review of the literature. Journal of Information Technology for Teacher Education, 9(3), 319\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14759390000200096","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology for Teacher Education"},{"issue":"11","key":"11085_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7193","DOI":"10.12973\/ejmste\/79044","volume":"13","author":"S Munyengabe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Munyengabe, S., Zhao, Y. Y., He, H. Y., & Hitimana, S. (2017). Primary Teachers\u2019 Perceptions on ICT Integration for Enhancing Teaching and Learning through the Implementation of One Laptop Per Child Program in Primary Schools of Rwanda. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education, 13(11), 7193\u20137204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12973\/ejmste\/79044","journal-title":"Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education"},{"issue":"11","key":"11085_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.33423\/jhetp.v21i11.4660","volume":"21","author":"JA Ogodo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ogodo, J. A., Simon, M., Morris, D., & Akubo, M. (2021). Examining k-12 teachers\u2019 digital competency and technology self-efficacy during covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 21(11), 13\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33423\/jhetp.v21i11.4660","journal-title":"Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice"},{"key":"11085_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pozo S\u00e1nchez, S., L\u00f3pez Belmonte, J., Fern\u00e1ndez Cruz, M., & L\u00b4\u00d3pez N\u00fa\u00f1ez, J. A. (2020). An\u00e1lisis correlacional de los factores incidentes en el nivel de competencia digital del profesorado. Revista Electr\u00f3nica Interuniversitaria de Formaci\u00f3n del Profesorado, 23(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6018\/reifop.396741","DOI":"10.6018\/reifop.396741"},{"key":"11085_CR43","first-page":"37","volume":"391","author":"AJ Rao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rao, A. J., Wan, K., & Ren, Y. Q. (2019). The Development Strategy of County Basic Education Informatization from the Perspective of High-quality Balance. China Educational Technology, 391, 37\u201342. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"11085_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-018-9376-x","volume":"25","author":"M Spiteri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spiteri, M., & Chang Rundgren, S. N. (2020). Literature Review on the Factors Affecting Primary Teachers\u2019 Use of Digital Technology. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 25(1), 115\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10758-018-9376-x","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning"},{"key":"11085_CR45","first-page":"113","volume":"394","author":"YW Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang, Y. W., Fan, J. R., Pang, J. W., & Zhong, S. C. (2019). Research on Precision Training Strategies of Information-based Teaching Ability of Regional Primary and Secondary School Teachers under the Concept of Humanistic Service. China Educational Technology, 394, 113\u2013119. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"key":"11085_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.03.002","volume":"122","author":"J Tondeur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tondeur, J., Aesaert, K., Prestridge, S., & Consuegra, E. (2018). A multilevel analysis of what matters in the training of pre-service teacher\u2019s ICT competencies. Computers and Education, 122, 32\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.03.002","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"11085_CR48","unstructured":"UNECSO. (2018). A Global Framework of Reference on Digital Literacy Skills for Indicator 4.4.2. In. Succursale Centre-Ville Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada. UNESCO Institute for Statistics"},{"key":"11085_CR49","first-page":"92","volume-title":"(Version 2.0 ed","author":"UNESCO","year":"2011","unstructured":"UNESCO. (2011). UNESCO ICT Competency Framework for Teachers. (Version 2.0 ed (p. 92). Paris: UNESCO"},{"key":"11085_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106643","volume":"116","author":"T Valtonen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valtonen, T., Hoang, N., Sointu, E., N\u00e4ykki, P., Virtanen, A., P\u00f6ys\u00e4-Tarhonen, J. \u2026 Kukkonen, J. (2021). How pre-service teachers perceive their 21st-century skills and dispositions: A longitudinal perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, 106643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106643","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"11085_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.09.008","volume":"81","author":"T Valtonen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valtonen, T., Kukkonen, J., Kontkanen, S., Sormunen, K., Dillon, P., & Sointu, E. (2015). The impact of authentic learning experiences with ICT on pre-service teachers\u2019 intentions to use ICT for teaching and learning. Computers & Education, 81, 49\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.09.008","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"11085_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vuorikari, R., Punie, Y., Carretero Gomez, S., & Van den Brande, G. (2016). DigComp 2.0: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens. Update Phase 1: The Conceptual Reference Model.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.2791\/11517","DOI":"10.2791\/11517"},{"key":"11085_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, C. X., & Wu, F. (2018). Performance analysis and improvement path of pre-service teachers\u2019TPACK level. Modern Distance Education, 2, 62\u201371. In Chinese. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13927\/j.cnki.yuan.2018.0019","DOI":"10.13927\/j.cnki.yuan.2018.0019"},{"issue":"1","key":"11085_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/s0742-051x(00)00038-x","volume":"17","author":"J Wang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wang, J. (2001). Contexts of mentoring and opportunities for learning to teach: a comparative study of mentoring practice. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(1), 51\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0742-051x(00)00038-x","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"11085_CR55","first-page":"90","volume":"26","author":"K Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, K., & Ren, Y. Q. (2020). Research on the Status of Basic Education Informatization at the County Level: The Case of W County from Jiangxi Province. Open Education Research, 26, 90\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13966 \/j.cnki.kfjyyj.2020.01.010. In Chinese","journal-title":"Open Education Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"11085_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/02619768.2010.543671","volume":"34","author":"G Wikan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wikan, G., & Molster, T. (2011). Norwegian secondary school teachers and ICT. European Journal of Teacher Education, 34(2), 209\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02619768.2010.543671","journal-title":"European Journal of Teacher Education"},{"key":"11085_CR57","first-page":"109","volume":"348","author":"PZ Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu, P. Z., & Yang, L. (2016). Research on Hierarchical Performance Evaluation of Teachers\u2019 Ability to Apply Information Technology. China Educational Technology, 348, 109\u2013115. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"key":"11085_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.13927\/j.cnki.yuan.2017.0028","volume":"3","author":"P Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu, P., & Hu, Y. (2017). A Study on the Influencing Mechanism of Motives on Teachers\u2019 Information Technology Application Migration. Modern Distance Education, 3, 50\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13927\/j.cnki.yuan.2017.0028. In Chinese","journal-title":"Modern Distance Education"},{"key":"11085_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan, H. B., Li, X. Y., & Ren, Y. Q. (2018). Development and Validation of Self-measurement Tools for Pre-service Teachers\u2019 ICT Competency. e-Education Research, 1, 98\u2013106. In Chinese. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13811\/j.cnki.eer.2018.01.014","DOI":"10.13811\/j.cnki.eer.2018.01.014"},{"issue":"5","key":"11085_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13102","volume":"52","author":"L Yan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yan, L., Whitelock-Wainwright, A., Guan, Q., Wen, G., Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D., & Chen, G. (2021). Students\u2019 experience of online learning during the COVID\u201019 pandemic: A province\u2010wide survey study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(5), 2038\u20132057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13102","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"11085_CR61","first-page":"117","volume":"387","author":"Y Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, Y., & Hu, Z. F. (2019). A Research on the Development of College Teachers\u2019 Information Literacy in the \u201cInternet+\u201d Area. China Educational Technology, 387, 117\u2013122. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"key":"11085_CR62","first-page":"37","volume":"386","author":"JJ Yao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yao, J. J., Li, J. J., Jin, S. T., & Pan, J. J. (2019). Research on Teacher\u2019s Teaching Transformation and Development in Technology integrated Classroom. China Educational Technology, 386, 37\u201347. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"key":"11085_CR63","unstructured":"Youth Rights Protection Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League (2021). A Research Report on the Internet Usage of National Minors in 2020. https:\/\/pic.cyol.com\/img\/20210720\/img_960114c132531c521023e29b6c223e438461.pdf"},{"key":"11085_CR64","first-page":"109","volume":"393","author":"N Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Liu, Q. T., Zeng, X. Y., Li, Y., & Hu, X. Y. (2019). Research on the Current Situation and Development of Regional Training Supported by Information Technology \u2014Based on the Survey of 35 Counties (Districts) in 25 Provinces (Cities) of China. China Educational Technology, 393, 109\u2013116. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"key":"11085_CR65","first-page":"76","volume":"5","author":"XM Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, X. M., Zhang, Y., Li, W. J., & Tian, T. (2019). Using Technology to Learn Technology: An Empirical Study on the Improvement of Teachers\u2019 Information Technology Ability\u2014\u2014Using mind maps to carry out teacher micro-class production training projects. DISTANCE EDUCATION IN CHINA, 5, 76\u201383. In Chinese","journal-title":"DISTANCE EDUCATION IN CHINA"},{"key":"11085_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Liu, X. L., Fan, F. L., Zhou, P. H., & Bai, Q. Y. (2015). Factors Influencing on Teachers\u2019 ICT Application Level of Primary and Secondary Schools\u2014\u2014An Empirical Analysis Based on the 14 cities of X Province. Modern Educational Technology, 25(6), 44\u201350. In Chinese. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1009-8097.2015.05.007","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-8097.2015.05.007"},{"key":"11085_CR67","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Che, X. H., & Wang, Y. N. (2018). A Research on Factor Influencing Teachers\u00b4 Technology Using Behaviors. China Educational Technology, 372. In Chinese."},{"issue":"4","key":"11085_CR68","first-page":"121","volume":"32","author":"GH Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao, G. H., Xia, Y. Y., & Lu, J. H. (2021). Research on the Improvement of Primary School Teachers\u2019Information Technology Application Ability in Ethnic Areas\u2014\u2014\u2014Based on the Investigation of the Implementation of the Information Technology Application Ability Upgrading Project 2. 0 in Y City, J Prov. Journal of Research on Education for Ethnic Minorities, 32(4), 121\u2013128. In Chinese","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Education for Ethnic Minorities"},{"key":"11085_CR69","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. Y., & Qian, D. M. (2018). Comparative Analysis of Current Situation of Education Informatization in Urban and Weak Areas in China. 26th International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE 2018)"},{"key":"11085_CR70","first-page":"42","volume":"366","author":"DD Zhou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhou, D. D., Kuang, Z. J., Yu, Y., & Tang, Y. W. (2017). Present Situation and Promotion Strategy about Normal Students\u2019 IT Applications Competence Based on New Standard. China Educational Technology, 366, 42\u201346. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"key":"11085_CR71","first-page":"79","volume":"358","author":"ZB Zhou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhou, Z. B., Wu, J. S., & Wang, J. (2016). Current Situation Survey and Development Strategy Research of Education Informationization in Mountain Areas of Western Yunnan. China Educational Technology, 358, 79\u201386. In Chinese","journal-title":"China Educational Technology"},{"key":"11085_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu, X., & Liu, J. (2020). Education in and After Covid-19: Immediate Responses and Long-Term Visions. Postdigit Sci Educ 2, 2, 695\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42438-020-00126-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s42438-020-00126-3"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11085-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11085-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11085-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T20:18:48Z","timestamp":1669407528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11085-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["11085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11085-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 February 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Financial interests"}}]}}