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It is essential to take teachers\u2019 perspectives into account when creating ecologically valid AI education programmes for K-12 settings. However, very few studies investigated teacher perception of AI education. Phenomenography is an empirical research method that was widely used to understand teacher\u2019s interpretive understanding of new phenomenon, in this study, the teaching of AI in secondary school. Therefore, the present study investigated teachers\u2019 conceptions of teaching AI using a phenomenographic approach. Twenty-eight in-service teachers from 17 secondary schools in Hong Kong were invited to participate in an interview after implementing an AI curriculum. Six categories of teacher conceptions were identified: (1) technology bridging, (2) knowledge delivery, (3) interest stimulation, (4) ethics establishment, (5) capability cultivation, and (6) intellectual development. The hierarchical relationships of the six concepts were organised as an outcome space. The space shows a range of surface to deep conceptions and offers an understanding of how teachers perceive AI education through their teaching experience. Two learning paths have been suggested for cultivating technical and non-technical teachers for teaching AI. These learning paths provide insights for teacher educators and policymakers to enhance teachers\u2019 competence in teaching AI and promote general AI education for K-12 students.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11161-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]],"date-time":"2022-07-16T15:13:32Z","timestamp":1657984412000},"page":"1041-1064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["A phenomenographic approach on teacher conceptions of teaching Artificial Intelligence (AI) in K-12 schools"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"King Woon","family":"Yau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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