{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:54:54Z","timestamp":1780448094354,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008982","name":"Qatar National Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NPRP #10-0205-170346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPRP #10-0205-170346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004252","name":"Qatar University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Emotion and focus of children during handwriting are essential for language learning. Handwriting for young children is challenging because it needs deep motivation and willingness to complete the task regardless of its difficulty. Recently, emerged haptic guidance systems have a good potential to offer children a better sense of engagement to keep their interests awake. Yet, handwriting in 3D is more challenging for children due to many reasons including demotivation, out of focus, and visuomotor coordination difficulties. In this paper, we study the effectiveness of a haptic device in analyzing schoolchildren emotion, attentiveness and handwriting performance of Arabic letters. We conducted the experiments for a period of four weeks with an immersive environment where the subjects practiced writing in VR environment using a haptic device-controlled stylus. We assessed the childrens\u2019 emotions to get insights into their engagement during such hard learning environment. We found that our approach improved the participants\u2019 fine-motor skills and handwriting quality. However, our analysis revealed that such task was effective on detecting emotions (angry\/neutral) only as a negative\/positive contributor of performance. Overall, the obtained findings can well contribute to the understanding of the relationship between students\u2019 emotions and other variables in an attempt to support the development of adaptive learning technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11246-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T03:21:16Z","timestamp":1659669676000},"page":"1783-1808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A study of children emotion and their performance while handwriting Arabic characters using a haptic device"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jezia","family":"Zakraoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6434-1790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moutaz","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somaya","family":"Al-Maadeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihad Mohamad","family":"AlJa\u2019am","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"11246_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2009.09.011","volume":"74","author":"AR Adam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adam, A. R., Mallan, K. M., & Lipp, O. V. (2009). The effect of emotional and attentional load on attentional startle modulation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 74(3), 266\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2009.09.011","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"11246_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali, A. A. A., Suresha, M., & Ahmed, H. A. M. (2020). A survey on Arabic handwritten character recognition. SN Computer Science, 1(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-020-00168-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-020-00168-1"},{"key":"11246_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anagnostopoulou, D., Efthymiou, N., Papailiou, C., & Maragos, P. (2021). Engagement estimation during child robot interaction using deep convolutional networks focusing on ASD children. 2021 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icra48506.2021.9561687","DOI":"10.1109\/icra48506.2021.9561687"},{"issue":"2","key":"11246_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-019-10004-6","volume":"25","author":"TS Ashwin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ashwin, T. S., & Guddeti Ram, M. R. (2020). Automatic detection of students\u2019 affective states in classroom environment using hybrid convolutional neural networks. Education and Information Technologies, 25(2), 1387\u20131415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-019-10004-6","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"11246_CR5","first-page":"61","volume":"2016","author":"OT Au","year":"2016","unstructured":"Au, O. T., So, R., & Lee, L. (2016). Attentiveness and self-studying are keys to academic performance. International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET), 2016, 61\u201364.","journal-title":"International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET)"},{"issue":"11","key":"11246_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05397-2","volume":"33","author":"HM Balaha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balaha, H. M., Ali, H. A., Saraya, M., & Badawy, M. (2020). A new Arabic handwritten character recognition deep learning system (AHCR-DLS). Neural Computing and Applications, 33(11), 6325\u20136367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05397-2","journal-title":"Neural Computing and Applications"},{"key":"11246_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baltrusaitis, T., Robinson, P., & Morency, L.-P. (2016). OpenFace: An open source facial behavior analysis toolkit. 2016 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/wacv.2016.7477553","DOI":"10.1109\/wacv.2016.7477553"},{"key":"11246_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bosch, A., Zisserman, A., & Munoz, X. (2007). Representing shape with a spatial pyramid kernel. Proceedings of the 6th ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval - CIVR \u201907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1282280.1282340","DOI":"10.1145\/1282280.1282340"},{"issue":"3","key":"11246_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1177\/0264619620912771","volume":"39","author":"L Bowers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bowers, L., & Hayle, R. (2020). Creative haptics: An evaluation of a haptic tool for non-sighted and visually impaired design students, studying at a distance. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 39(3), 214\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0264619620912771","journal-title":"British Journal of Visual Impairment"},{"key":"11246_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Creelman, K. (2021). A literature review of understanding and supporting students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the classroom. Northwest Journal of Teacher Education, 16(1), Article 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15760\/nwjte.2021.16.1.3","DOI":"10.15760\/nwjte.2021.16.1.3"},{"key":"11246_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dahmane, M., & Meunier, J. (2011, March 1). Emotion recognition using dynamic grid-based HoG features. IEEE Xplore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FG.2011.5771368","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2011.5771368"},{"key":"11246_CR12","unstructured":"Derakhshandeh, Z., Esmaeili, B. & Patel, B. (2021). Student engagement and attentiveness in online learning systems. In T. Bastiaens (Ed.), Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate Learning (pp. 45\u201358). United States: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Retrieved July 5, 2022 from https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/primary\/p\/219638\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"11246_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2005.03.007","volume":"18","author":"L Devillers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Devillers, L., Vidrascu, L., & Lamel, L. (2005). Challenges in real-life emotion annotation and machine learning based detection. Neural Networks, 18(4), 407\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neunet.2005.03.007","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"11246_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dewan, M. A. A., Murshed, M., & Lin, F. (2019). Engagement detection in online learning: a review. Smart Learning Environments, 6(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-018-0080-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-018-0080-z"},{"key":"11246_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fredricks, J.A. & McColskey, W. (2012). The measurement of student engagement: A comparative analysis of various methods and student self-report instruments. In: Christenson, S., Reschly, A., Wylie, C. (eds) Handbook of Research on Student Engagement. Springer, Boston, MA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7_37","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7_37"},{"key":"11246_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2014.09.005","volume":"64","author":"IJ Goodfellow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goodfellow, I. J., Erhan, D., Luc Carrier, P., Courville, A., Mirza, M., Hamner, B., Cukierski, W., Tang, Y., Thaler, D., Lee, D.-H., Zhou, Y., Ramaiah, C., Feng, F., Li, R., Wang, X., Athanasakis, D., Shawe-Taylor, J., Milakov, M., Park, J., & Ionescu, R. (2015). Challenges in representation learning: A report on three machine learning contests. Neural Networks, 64, 59\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neunet.2014.09.005","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"issue":"4","key":"11246_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249792","volume":"16","author":"F Grundmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grundmann, F., Epstude, K., & Scheibe, S. (2021). Face masks reduce emotion-recognition accuracy and perceived closeness. PLoS ONE, 16(4), e0249792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249792","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11246_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2020.00029","volume":"I","author":"A Guneysu Ozgur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guneysu Ozgur, A., \u00d6zg\u00fcr, A., Asselborn, T., Johal, W., Yadollahi, E., Bruno, B., Skweres, M., & Dillenbourg, P. (2020). Iterative design and evaluation of a tangible robot-assisted handwriting activity for special education. Frontiers in Robotics and A, I, 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2020.00029","journal-title":"Frontiers in Robotics and A"},{"key":"11246_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.07.045","volume":"54","author":"J Hamari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hamari, J., Shernoff, D. J., Rowe, E., Coller, B., Asbell-Clarke, J., & Edwards, T. (2016). Challenging games help students learn: An empirical study on engagement, flow and immersion in game-based learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 170\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2015.07.045","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"11246_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hill, J., Healey, R. L., West, H., & D\u00e9ry, C. (2019). Pedagogic partnership in higher education: Encountering emotion in learning and enhancing student wellbeing. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 1\u201319,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03098265.2019.1661366","DOI":"10.1080\/03098265.2019.1661366"},{"issue":"12","key":"11246_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208030","volume":"13","author":"P H\u00f6mke","year":"2018","unstructured":"H\u00f6mke, P., Holler, J., & Levinson, S. C. (2018). Eye blinks are perceived as communicative signals in human face-to-face interaction. PLoS ONE, 13(12), e0208030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0208030","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11246_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K V, K., & Bahel, V. (2021). Transfer learning approach for analyzing attentiveness of students in an online classroom environment with emotion detection. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20944\/preprints202105.0303.v1","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202105.0303.v1"},{"key":"11246_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kainat, Ali, S., Khawaja, F.I., Avaz, Y., & Saiid, M. (2022). A review on different approaches for assessing student attentiveness in classroom using behavioural elements. 2022 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) (pp. 152\u2013158)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAI55435.2022.9773418"},{"key":"11246_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karumbaiah, S., Baker, R., Tao, Y., & Liu, Z. (2022). How does students\u2019 affect in virtual learning relate to their outcomes? A systematic review challenging the positive-negative dichotomy.\u00a0LAK22: 12th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3506860.3506863","DOI":"10.1145\/3506860.3506863"},{"key":"11246_CR25","unstructured":"Khan, F. (2020). Facial expression recognition using facial landmark detection and feature extraction via neural networks. ArXiv:1812.04510 [Cs]. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1812.04510"},{"key":"11246_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Young-Seok Kim, Collins, M., Bulmer, W., Sharma, S., & Mayrose, J. (2013). Haptics Assisted Training (HAT) System for children\u2019s handwriting. 2013 World Haptics Conference (WHC). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/whc.2013.6548469","DOI":"10.1109\/whc.2013.6548469"},{"issue":"3","key":"11246_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.00165.x","volume":"41","author":"OV Lipp","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lipp, O. V., & Neumann, D. L. (2004). Attentional blink reflex modulation in a continuous performance task is modality specific. Psychophysiology, 41(3), 417\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8986.00165.x","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"11246_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay, M., Pal, S., Nayyar, A., Pramanik, P. K. D., Dasgupta, N., & Choudhury, P. (2020). Facial emotion detection to assess learner\u2019s state of mind in an online learning system. Proceedings of the 2020 5th International Conference on Intelligent Information Technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3385209.3385231","DOI":"10.1145\/3385209.3385231"},{"issue":"3","key":"11246_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.2004.00185.x","volume":"41","author":"DL Neumann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Neumann, D. L., Lipp, O. V., & McHugh, M. J. (2004). The effect of stimulus modality and task difficulty on attentional modulation of blink startle. Psychophysiology, 41(3), 407\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-8986.2004.00185.x","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"11246_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patil, A., Singh, A., & Chauhan, N. (2021). Attentiveness monitoring and user record maintenance in virtual classrooms. 2021 5th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/iciccs51141.2021.9432169","DOI":"10.1109\/iciccs51141.2021.9432169"},{"issue":"4","key":"11246_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-006-9029-9","volume":"18","author":"R Pekrun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 18(4), 315\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-006-9029-9","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"11246_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pekrun, R., Frenzel, A. C., Goetz, T., & Perry, R. P. (2007). The control-value theory of achievement emotions. In Emotion in Education (pp. 13\u201336). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-012372545-5\/50003-4","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-012372545-5\/50003-4"},{"key":"11246_CR33","unstructured":"Platt, J. (1998) Sequential minimal optimization: A fast algorithm for training support vector machines, advances in kernel methods. Support Vector Learning, MIT Press."},{"issue":"5","key":"11246_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3233\/ida-2007-11508","volume":"11","author":"S Salvador","year":"2007","unstructured":"Salvador, S., & Chan, P. (2007). Toward accurate dynamic time warping in linear time and space. Intelligent Data Analysis, 11(5), 561\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ida-2007-11508","journal-title":"Intelligent Data Analysis"},{"key":"11246_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Savov, T., Terzieva, V., & Todorova, K. (2018). Computer vision and internet of things. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies - CompSysTech\u201918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3274005.3274014","DOI":"10.1145\/3274005.3274014"},{"key":"11246_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.102374","volume":"135","author":"C Schrader","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schrader, C., & Kalyuga, S. (2020). Linking students\u2019 emotions to engagement and writing performance when learning Japanese letters with a pen-based tablet: An investigation based on individual pen pressure parameters. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 135, 102374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.102374","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"11246_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2017.08.002","volume":"54","author":"C Schrader","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schrader, C., & Nett, U. (2018). The perception of control as a predictor of emotional trends during gameplay. Learning and Instruction, 54, 62\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2017.08.002","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"11246_CR38","volume-title":"Emotion in education","author":"PA Schutz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schutz, P. A., & Pekrun, R. E. (2007). Emotion in education. Elsevier Academic Press."},{"key":"11246_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.08.001","volume":"86","author":"VJ Shute","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shute, V. J., D\u2019Mello, S., Baker, R., Cho, K., Bosch, N., Ocumpaugh, J., Ventura, M., & Almeda, V. (2015). Modeling how incoming knowledge, persistence, affective states, and in-game progress influence student learning from an educational game. Computers & Education, 86, 224\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.08.001","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"11246_CR40","unstructured":"Soukupov\u00e1, T., & Cech, J. (2016). Real-Time Eye Blink Detection using Facial Landmarks. Proceedings of the 21st Computer Vision Winter Workshop (CVWW 2016), pp 1\u20138."},{"key":"11246_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2016.01.008","volume":"43","author":"M-T Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, M.-T., Fredricks, J. A., Ye, F., Hofkens, T. L., & Linn, J. S. (2016). The math and science engagement scales: Scale development, validation, and psychometric properties. Learning and Instruction, 43, 16\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2016.01.008","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"11246_CR42","unstructured":"Wessa, P. (2021). Cronbach alpha (v1.0.6) in Free Statistics Software (v1.2.1), Office for Research Development and Education.\u00a0https:\/\/www.wessa.net\/rwasp_cronbach.wasp\/. Accessed 28 June 2022"},{"key":"11246_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williams, C. K., Tremblay, L., & Carnahan, H. (2016). It pays to go off-track: Practicing with error-augmenting haptic feedback facilitates learning of a curve-tracing task. Frontiers in Psychology, 7,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.02010","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.02010"},{"key":"11246_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worsley, M. & Blikstein, P. (2015). Using learning analytics to study cognitive disequilibrium in a complex learning environment. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (pp. 426\u2013427).","DOI":"10.1145\/2723576.2723659"},{"issue":"4","key":"11246_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3231938","volume":"11","author":"H Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Zheng, Z., Swanson, A., Weitlauf, A., Warren, Z., & Sarkar, N. (2018). Design of a haptic-gripper virtual reality system (Hg) for analyzing fine motor behaviors in children with autism. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing, 11(4), 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3231938","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11246-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11246-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11246-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T07:23:47Z","timestamp":1677223427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11246-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["11246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11246-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}