{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T09:58:12Z","timestamp":1766138292256,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"P\u00e4dagogische Hochschule Heidelberg"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Scientists use specific terms to denote concepts, objects, phenomena, etc. The terms are then connected with each other in sentences that are used in science-specific language. Representing these connections through term networks can yield valuable insights into central terms and properties of the interconnections between them. Furthermore, understanding term networks can enhance assessment and diagnostics in science education. Computational means such as natural language processing and network analysis provide tools to analyze term networks in a principled way. This study utilizes natural language processing and network analysis to analyze linguistic properties of terms in the natural science disciplines (biology, chemistry, and physics). The language samples comprised German and English Wikipedia articles that are labelled according to the respective discipline. The different languages were used as contrasting cases. Natural language processing capabilities allowed us to extract term networks from the Wikipedia articles. The network analysis approach enabled us to gain insights into linguistic properties of science terms and interconnections among them. Our findings indicate that in German and English Wikipedia terms such as theory, time, energy, or system emerge as most central in physics. Moreover, the science-term networks display typical scale-free, complex systems behavior. These findings can enhance assessment of science learner\u2019s language use. The tools of natural language processing and network analysis more generally can facilitate information extraction from language corpora in the education fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11531-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T09:58:38Z","timestamp":1680688718000},"page":"14325-14346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Network analysis of terms in the natural sciences insights from Wikipedia through natural language processing and network analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5471-7977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Wulff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"11531_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"R Agrawal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agrawal, R, Papalexakis, E, & Golshan, B (2016). Toward data-driven design of educational courses: a feasibility study. Journal of Education Data Mining, 8(1), 1\u201321.","journal-title":"Journal of Education Data Mining"},{"issue":"6749","key":"11531_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/43601","volume":"401","author":"R Albert","year":"1999","unstructured":"Albert, R, Jeong, H, & Barab\u00e1si, A. -L. (1999). Diameter of the world-wide web. Nature, 401(6749), 130\u2013131.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"11531_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085777","volume":"9","author":"J Alstott","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alstott, J., Bullmore, E., & Plenz, D. (2014). Powerlaw: a python package for analysis of heavy-tailed distributions. PloS one, 9(1), 1\u201311. ISSN 1932-6203.","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"11531_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baig, M. I., Shuib, L., & Yadegaridehkordi, E. (2020). Big data in education: a state of the art, limitations, and future research directions. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 17,(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-020-00223-0"},{"key":"11531_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.509","volume":"286","author":"A-L Barab\u00e1si","year":"1999","unstructured":"Barab\u00e1si, A. -L., & Albert, R. (1999). Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science, 286, 509\u2013512.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"11531_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-012420-090628","volume":"9","author":"DJ Brass","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brass, D. J. (2022). New developments in social network analysis. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 9(1), 225\u2013246. ISSN 2327-0608.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"11531_CR7","unstructured":"Brockmann, D. (2021). Im Wald vor lauter B\u00e4umen:Unsere komplexe Welt besser verstehen. dtv, M\u00fcnchen. ISBN 9783423282994. https:\/\/www.perlentaucher.de\/buch\/dirk-brockmann\/im-wald-vor-lauter-baeumen.html.."},{"issue":"1","key":"11531_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevSTPER.5.010110","volume":"5","author":"DT Brookes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brookes, D. T., & Etkina, E. (2009). \u201cForce,\u201d ontology, and language. Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research, 5(1), 643. ISSN 1554-9178.","journal-title":"Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"11531_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1080\/09500693.2015.1025246","volume":"37","author":"DT Brookes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brookes, D. T., & Etkina, E. (2015). The importance of language in students\u2019 reasoning about heat in thermodynamic processes. International Journal of Science Education, 37(5-6), 759\u2013779.","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"11531_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunn, J., & Brewe, E. (2013). Talking and learning physics: predicting future grades from network measures and force concept inventory pretest scores. Physical Review Special Topics Physics Education Research, 9(020109).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevSTPER.9.020109"},{"key":"11531_CR11","unstructured":"Carlsen, W. S. (2007). Language and science learning. In Sandra K. Abell N. Lederman (Eds.) Handbook of research on science education, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mawhah, New Jersey."},{"issue":"4","key":"11531_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1137\/070710111","volume":"51","author":"A Clauset","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clauset, A, Shalizi, C. R., & Newman, M. E. J. (2009). Power-law distributions in empirical data. SIAM Review, 51(4), 661\u2013703. ISSN 0036-1445.","journal-title":"SIAM Review"},{"key":"11531_CR13","unstructured":"de Beule, J. (2008). Compositionality hierarchy and recursion in language: a case study in fluid construction grammar: dissertation."},{"issue":"1","key":"11531_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/1359813980090106","volume":"9","author":"AK Ericsson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ericsson, A. K. (1998). The scientific study of expert levels of performance:general implications for optimal learning and creativity 1. High Ability Studies, 9(1), 75\u2013100.","journal-title":"High Ability Studies"},{"key":"11531_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, V. (2006). Lexical concepts, cognitive models and meaning-construction. Cognitive Linguistics 17(4). ISSN 0936-5907.","DOI":"10.1515\/COG.2006.016"},{"issue":"23","key":"11531_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238701","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.238701","volume":"114","author":"F Font-Clos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Font-Clos, F., & Corral, \u00c1. (2015). Log-log convexity of type-token growth in zipf\u2019s systems. Physical Review Letters, 114(23), 238701.","journal-title":"Physical Review Letters"},{"issue":"5","key":"11531_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1086\/425063","volume":"71","author":"RN Giere","year":"2004","unstructured":"Giere, R. N. (2004). How models are used to represent reality. Philosophy of Science, 71(5), 742\u2013752.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"issue":"7070","key":"11531_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/438900a","volume":"438","author":"J Giles","year":"2005","unstructured":"Giles, J. (2005). Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. Nature, 438(7070), 900\u2013901.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"11531_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195564","volume":"36","author":"AC Graesser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Graesser, A. C., McNamara, D., Louwerse, M. M., & Cai, Z. (2004). Coh-metrix: analysis of text on cohesion and language. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(2), 193\u2013202.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers"},{"issue":"2","key":"11531_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.13-08-0162","volume":"13","author":"DZ Grunspan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grunspan, D. Z., Wiggins, B. L., & Goodreau, S. M. (2014). Understanding classrooms through social network analysis: a primer for social network analysis in education research. CBE Life Sciences Education, 13(2), 167\u2013179. ISSN 1931-7913.","journal-title":"CBE Life Sciences Education"},{"key":"11531_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halevy, A., Norvig, P., & Pereira, F. (2009). The unreasonable effectiveness of data. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 8\u201312 .","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2009.36"},{"key":"11531_CR22","unstructured":"Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2007). An introduction to functional grammar. Hodder Education. London, 3. ed. [nachdr.] edition."},{"issue":"11","key":"11531_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1119\/1.14030","volume":"53","author":"IA Halloun","year":"1985","unstructured":"Halloun, I. A., & Hestenes, D. (1985). The initial knowledge state of college physics students. American Journal of Physics, 53(11), 1043\u20131055.","journal-title":"American Journal of Physics"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"11531_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/00437956.1954.11659520","volume":"10","author":"ZS Harris","year":"1954","unstructured":"Harris, Z. S. (1954). Distributional structure. WORD, 10(2-3), 146\u2013162.","journal-title":"WORD"},{"issue":"3","key":"11531_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2018.1469411","volume":"53","author":"JC Hilpert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hilpert, J. C., & Marchand, G. C. (2018). Complex systems research in educational psychology: aligning theory and method. Educational Psychologist, 53 (3), 185\u2013202. ISSN0046-1520.","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"11531_CR26","unstructured":"Honnibal, M., & Montani, I. (2017). spaCy 2: Natural language understanding with Bloom embeddings, convolutional neural networks and incremental parsing."},{"key":"11531_CR27","unstructured":"Jurafsky, D., & Martin, J. H. (2014). Speech and language processing. Always learning. Pearson Education, Harlow, 2. ed., pearson new internat. ed. edition, ISBN 9781292025438."},{"key":"11531_CR28","unstructured":"KMK. (2020). Bildungsstandards im fach physik f\u00fcr die allgemeine hochschulreife: Beschluss der kultusministerkonferenz vom 18.06.2020. https:\/\/www.kmk.org\/fileadmin\/Dateien\/veroeffentlichungen_beschluesse\/2020\/2020_06_18-BildungsstandardsAHR_Physik.pdf."},{"issue":"3","key":"11531_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11191-009-9200-z","volume":"19","author":"IT Koponen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koponen, I. T., & Pehkonen, M. (2010). Coherent knowledge structures of physics represented as concept networks in teacher education. Science & Education, 19(3), 259\u2013282. ISSN 0926-7220.","journal-title":"Science & Education"},{"key":"11531_CR30","unstructured":"Lemke, J. L. (1998). Teaching all the languages of science: words, symbols, images, and actions: La caixa conference on science education. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/270904608_Teaching_All_the_Languages_of_Science_Words_Symbols_Images_and_Actions."},{"issue":"6","key":"11531_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1109\/18.165464","volume":"38","author":"W Li","year":"1992","unstructured":"Li, W. (1992). Random texts exhibit zipf\u2019s-law-like word frequency distribution. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 38(6), 1842\u20131845. ISSN 00189448.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory"},{"key":"11531_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06137","volume":"449","author":"E Lieberman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lieberman, E., Michel, J. -B., Jackson, J., Tang, T., & Nowak, M. A. (2007). Quantifying the evolutionary dynamics of language. Nature, 449, 713\u2013716.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"02","key":"11531_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219525910002530","volume":"13","author":"MA Montemurro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Montemurro, M. A., & Zanette, D. (2010). Towards the quantification of the semantic information encoded in written language. Advances in Complex Systems, 13(02), 135\u2013153. ISSN 0219-5259.","journal-title":"Advances in Complex Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"11531_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0147073","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147073","volume":"11","author":"I Moreno-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moreno-S\u00e1nchez, I., Font-Clos, F., & Corral, \u00c1. (2016). Large-scale analysis of zipf\u2019s law in english texts. PloS one, 11(1), e0147073. ISSN 1932-6203.","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"11531_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/13165","volume-title":"A framework for K-12 science education: practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas","author":"National Research Council","year":"2012","unstructured":"National Research Council. (2012). A framework for K-12 science education: practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas. Washington: The National Academies Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/13165."},{"issue":"2","key":"11531_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.10066","volume":"87","author":"SP Norris","year":"2003","unstructured":"Norris, S. P., & Phillips, L. M. (2003). How literacy in its fundamental sense is central to scientific literacy. Science Education, 87(2), 224\u2013240 . ISSN 00368326.","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"11531_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5617\/nordina.253","volume":"6","author":"M Nousiainen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nousiainen, M., & Koponen, I. T. (2012). Concept maps representing knowledge of physics: connecting structure and content in the context of electricity and magnetism. Nordic Studies in Science Education, 6(2), 155\u2013172. ISSN 1504-4556.","journal-title":"Nordic Studies in Science Education"},{"issue":"6889","key":"11531_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00771","volume":"417","author":"MA Nowak","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nowak, M. A., Komarova, N. L., & Niyogi, P. (2002). Computational and evolutionary aspects of language. Nature, 417(6889), 611\u2013617.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"11531_CR39","unstructured":"Page, L., Brin, S., Motwani, R., & Winograd, T. (1999). The pagerank citation ranking: Bringing order to the web. http:\/\/dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090\/pub\/showDoc.Fulltext?lang=en&doc=1999-66&format=pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"11531_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1080\/0950069970190605","volume":"19","author":"D Palmer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Palmer, D. (1997). The effect of context on students\u2019 reasoning about forces. International Journal of Science Education, 19(6), 681\u2013696.","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"11531_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.2308","volume":"30","author":"SP Ponzetto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ponzetto, S. P., & Strube, M. (2007). Knowledge derived from wikipedia for computing semantic relatedness. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 30, 181\u2013212.","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"11531_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s11191-015-9749-7","volume":"24","author":"EF Redish","year":"2015","unstructured":"Redish, E. F., & Kuo, E. (2015). Language of physics, language of math: disciplinary culture and dynamic epistemology. Science & Education, 24 (5-6), 561\u2013590. ISSN 0926-7220.","journal-title":"Science & Education"},{"key":"11531_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(75)90021-3","volume":"7","author":"E Rosch","year":"1975","unstructured":"Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive reference points. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 532\u2013547.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"11531_CR44","first-page":"191","volume":"4","author":"C Singh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Singh, C. (2008). Assessing student expertise in introductory physics with isomorphic problems. i. performance on nonintuitive problem pair from introductory physics. Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research, 4(1), 191. ISSN 1554-9178.","journal-title":"Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research"},{"key":"11531_CR45","volume-title":"SYNC: the emerging science of spontaneous order: how order emerges from chaos in the universe, nature, and daily life","author":"SH Strogatz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Strogatz, S. H. (2003). SYNC: the emerging science of spontaneous order: how order emerges from chaos in the universe, nature, and daily life. New York: Thesia."},{"key":"11531_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Touger, J. S. (1991). When words fail us. The Physics Teacher, 29(90).","DOI":"10.1119\/1.2343227"},{"key":"11531_CR47","unstructured":"Ugander, J., Karrer, B., Backstrom, L., & Marlow, C. (2011). The anatomy of the facebook social graph. arXiv."},{"key":"11531_CR48","unstructured":"von Weizs\u00e4cker, C. F. (2004). Der begriffliche Aufbau der theoretischen Physik: Vorlesung gehalten in G\u00f6ttingen im Sommer 1948. Hirzel, Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1. aufl. edition, ISBN 9783777612560."},{"key":"11531_CR49","volume-title":"Thought and language","author":"L Vygotsky","year":"1963","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. (1963). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: Press, MIT."},{"key":"11531_CR50","volume-title":"Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes","author":"LS Vygotsky","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"11531_CR51","unstructured":"Wallace, C. S. (1996). Mml inference of predictive trees, graphs, and nets. In Alexander Gammerman, editor, computational learning and probabilistic reasoning, pp. 43\u201366. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester and New York."},{"key":"11531_CR52","unstructured":"West, G. (2017). Scale: The universal laws of growth, innovation, sustainability, and the pace of life in organisms, cities, economies, and companies. Penguin Press, New York, ISBN 1594205582. http:\/\/www.penguin.com\/book\/scale-by-geoffrey-west\/9780143110903."},{"key":"11531_CR53","unstructured":"Wolfram, S. (2002). A new kind of science. Wolfram Media, Champaign, Ill., 1. edition, ISBN 1579550088."},{"key":"11531_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wulff, P., Buschh\u00fcter, D., Westphal, A., Mientus, L., Nowak, A., & Borowski, A. (2022). Bridging the gap between qualitative and quantitative assessment in science education research with machine learning \u2014 a case for pretrained language models-based clustering. Journal of Science Education and Technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10956-022-09969-w.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-022-09969-w"},{"key":"11531_CR55","unstructured":"Zanette, D. (2014). Statistical pattern in written language. arXiv:1412.3336."}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11531-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11531-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11531-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T10:15:41Z","timestamp":1700475341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11531-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["11531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11531-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1360-2357"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7608"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Competing interests"}}]}}