{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T01:45:46Z","timestamp":1781228746180,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11670-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T09:04:35Z","timestamp":1678352675000},"page":"12383-12406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["What drives undergraduates\u2019 effort and persistence in learning programming"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Guan-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Wen","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Yuan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0161-5520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Shun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"11670_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.15388\/infedu.2016.10","volume":"15","author":"RA Alturki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alturki, R. A. (2016). Measuring and improving student performance in an introductory programming course. Informatics in Education, 15(2), 183\u2013204.","journal-title":"Informatics in Education"},{"issue":"12","key":"11670_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5120\/13446-1221","volume":"77","author":"PYO Amoako","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amoako, P. Y. O., Sarpong, K. A., Arthur, J. K., & Adjetey, C. (2013). Performance of students in computer programming: background, field of study and learning approach paradigm. International Journal of Computer Applications, 77(12), 17\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5120\/13446-1221","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Applications"},{"issue":"1","key":"11670_CR3","first-page":"3","volume":"8","author":"P Askar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Askar, P., & Davenport, D. (2009). An investigation of factors related to self-efficacy for java programming among engineering students. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology \u2013 TOJET,8(1), 3.","journal-title":"The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology \u2013 TOJET"},{"issue":"2","key":"11670_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6402(78)90002-4","volume":"84","author":"A Bandura","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0146-6402(78)90002-4","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"11670_CR5","volume-title":"Self-efficacy: The exercise of control","author":"A Bandura","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman and Company: W. H."},{"key":"11670_CR6","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice Hall."},{"key":"11670_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101940","volume":"65","author":"M Bieleke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bieleke, M., Gogol, K., Goetz, T., Daniels, L., & Pekrun, R. (2021). The AEQ-S: a short version of the achievement emotions questionnaire  Contemporary Educational Psychology, 65, 101940.","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"11670_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0069-5","volume":"27","author":"N Bosch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bosch, N., & D\u2019Mello, S. (2017). The affective experience of novice computer programmers. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 27(1), 181\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-015-0069-5","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"11670_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2019.103008","volume":"89","author":"I Buri\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buri\u0107, I., & Moe, A. (2020). What makes teachers enthusiastic: the interplay of positive affect, self-efficacy and job satisfaction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 89, 103008.","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"11670_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-017-9903-9","volume":"19","author":"I Buri\u0107","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buri\u0107, I., & Macuka, I. (2018). Self-efficacy, emotions and work engagement among teachers: a two wave cross-lagged analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19, 1917\u20131933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-017-9903-9","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"key":"11670_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Watson FWB Li (2014, June 21\u201325). Failure rates in introductory programming revisited [Paper presentation]. The, 2014 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education Uppsala.","DOI":"10.1145\/2591708.2591749"},{"key":"11670_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ciuk, D. J., Troy, A., & Jones, M. (2015). Measuring emotion: Self-reports vs. physiological indicators. SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2595359","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2595359"},{"key":"11670_CR13","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"issue":"2","key":"11670_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ep272","DOI":"10.30935\/cedtech\/8247","volume":"12","author":"C. S Cheah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheah, C. . S. (2020). Factors contributing to the difficulties in teaching and learning of computer programming: a literature review. Contemporary Educational Technology, 12(2), ep272.","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"11670_CR15","first-page":"15","volume":"5","author":"H \u00c7i\u011fdem","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u00c7i\u011fdem, H., & Yildirim, O. . G. . (2014). Predictors of c# programming language self-efficacy among vocational college students. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 5(3), 15.","journal-title":"International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications"},{"key":"11670_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, C. Y., & Hsiao, I. H. (2020, March 11\u201314). Investigating patterns of study persistence on self-assessment platform of programming problem-solving [Paper presentation]. The 51st ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3328778.3366827"},{"issue":"3","key":"11670_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9020.2009.00273.x","volume":"4","author":"D Crane","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crane, D. (2010). Cultural sociology and other disciplines: Interdisciplinarity in the cultural sciences. Sociology Compass, 4(3), 169\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-9020.2009.00273.x","journal-title":"Sociology Compass"},{"key":"11670_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, H. (2019, August 16\u201319). Teaching research on computer programming based on cultivation of computational thinking [Paper presentation]. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Educational Informatization, Kunming, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSEI47661.2019.8938909"},{"issue":"1","key":"11670_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2010.10.001","volume":"36","author":"S Dettmers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dettmers, S., Trautwein, U., L\u00fcdtke, O., Goetz, T., Frenzel, A. C., & Pekrun, R. (2011). Students\u2019 emotions during homework in mathematics: testing a theoretical model of antecedents and achievement outcomes. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(1), 25\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2010.10.001","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"11670_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2015\/39.2.02","volume":"39","author":"TK Dijkstra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dijkstra, T. K., & Henseler, J. (2015). Consistent partial least squares path modeling. MIS Quarterly, 39(2), 297\u2013316.","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"11670_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ar21","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.17-12-0284","volume":"18","author":"B. J. England","year":"2019","unstructured":"England, B. . J. ., Brigati, J. . R. ., Schussler, E. . E. ., & Chen, M. . M. (2019). Student anxiety and perception of difficulty impact performance and persistence in introductory biology courses. CBE\u2014Life Sciences Education, 18(2), ar21.","journal-title":"CBE\u2014Life Sciences Education"},{"key":"11670_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03193146","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"11670_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. . G. . (2009). Statistical power analyses using G\u2217Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149\u20131160.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"11670_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015599","volume":"94","author":"M. D. Foo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Foo, M. . D. ., Uy, M. . A. ., & Baron, R. . A. . (2009). How do feelings influence effort? An empirical study of entrepreneurs\u2019 affect and venture effort. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 1086\u20131094.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"11670_CR25","first-page":"407","volume":"39","author":"M.-D. Foo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foo, M. .-D. ., Uy, M. . A. ., & Murnieks, C. (2015). Beyond affective valence: Untangling valence and activation influences on opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 39, 407\u2013431.","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice"},{"key":"11670_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forgas, J. P. (1992). Affect in social judgments and decisions: A multiprocess model. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 227\u2013275). Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60285-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"11670_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.300","volume":"2","author":"BL Fredrickson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 300\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.300","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"issue":"1449","key":"11670_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2004.1512","volume":"359","author":"BL Fredrickson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1367\u20131378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2004.1512","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"11670_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930441000238","volume":"19","author":"BL Fredrickson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition & Emotion, 19(3), 313\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699930441000238","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion"},{"key":"11670_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garner, S. (2009, July). Learning to program from scratch [Paper presentation]. The 2009 Ninth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2009.50"},{"key":"11670_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.04.075","volume":"186","author":"S Gibbs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gibbs, S., Anthony, P., & Charters, S. (2015). Reflection on teaching it for non-computing students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 790\u2013799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.04.075","journal-title":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"11670_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.25.1.58","volume":"25","author":"J Guan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guan, J., Xiang, P., McBride, R., & Bruene, A. (2006). Achievement goals, social goals, and students\u2019 reported persistence and effort in high school physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 25, 58\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jtpe.25.1.58","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"11670_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.30935\/cet.471004","volume":"9","author":"M. S. Gunbatar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gunbatar, M. . S. . (2018). Examination of undergraduate and associate degree students\u2019 computer programming attitude and self-efficacy according to thinking style, gender and experience. Contemporary Educational Technology, 9(4), 354\u2013373.","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"11670_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n4","DOI":"10.21585\/ijcses.v3i4.74","volume":"3","author":"M. D. Gurer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gurer, M. . D. ., & Tokumaci, S. (2020). Factors affecting engineering students\u2019 achievement in computer programming. International Journal of Computer Science Education in Schools, 3(4), n4.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science Education in Schools"},{"issue":"6","key":"11670_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02216-6","volume":"8","author":"M Guzdial","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guzdial, M. (2015). Learner-centered design of computing education: Research on computing for everyone. Synthesis Lectures on Human-Centered Informatics, 8(6), 1\u2013165.","journal-title":"Synthesis Lectures on Human-Centered Informatics"},{"key":"11670_CR36","unstructured":"Hair, J. F., & Hult, G. T. M, Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publication Inc."},{"issue":"4","key":"11670_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.10.020","volume":"54","author":"N Hawi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hawi, N. (2010). Causal attributions of success and failure made by undergraduate students in an introductory-level computer programming course. Computers & Education, 54(4), 1127\u20131136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.10.020","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"11670_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamzah, N. H., Shaari, N. A. M., & Abd Rahman, H. (2019). Undergraduate computer science students\u2019 perception and motivation: A feasibility study and a proposed technique for multimedia approach in teaching and learning introductory programming. In M. Y. Mohamad Noor, B. E. Ahmad, M. R. Ismail, H. Hashim, & M. A. Abdullah Baharum (Eds.), Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2016) (pp. 187\u2013201). Springer Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0203-9_18"},{"key":"11670_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2015.11.002","volume":"17","author":"T Honicke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Honicke, T., & Broadbent, J. (2016). The influence of academic self-efficacy on academic performance: a systematic review. Educational Research Review, 17, 63\u201384.","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"key":"11670_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.07.004","volume":"126","author":"TC Hsu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hsu, T. C., Chang, S. C., & Hung, Y. T. (2018). How to learn and how to teach computational thinking: suggestions based on a review of the literature. Computers & Education, 126, 296\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.07.004","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"11670_CR41","first-page":"72","volume":"6","author":"O Hupp","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hupp, O., Gr\u00f6ppel-Klein, A., Dieckmann, A., Broeckelmann, P., & Walter, K. (2008). Beyond verbal scales: Measurement of emotions in advertising effectiveness research. Yearbook of Marketing and Consumer Research, 6, 72\u201399.","journal-title":"Yearbook of Marketing and Consumer Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"11670_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.12.009","volume":"58","author":"W Hwang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hwang, W., Shadiev, R., Wang, C., & Huang, Z. (2012). A pilot study of cooperative programming learning behavior and its relationship with students\u2019 learning performance. Computers and Education, 58(4), 1267\u20131281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.12.009","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"11670_CR43","first-page":"627","volume":"16","author":"F Jia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jia, F., & Zhang, Y. (2018). The impact of positive affect on entrepreneurial motivational outcomes \u2013 a self-regulatory perspective. International Review of Entrepreneurship, 16(4), 627\u2013654.","journal-title":"International Review of Entrepreneurship"},{"issue":"2","key":"11670_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0492-8","volume":"23","author":"RP Joseph","year":"2014","unstructured":"Joseph, R. P., Royse, K. E., Benitez, T. J., & Pekmezi, D. W. (2014). Physical activity and quality of life among university students: exploring self-efficacy, self-esteem, and affect as potential mediators. Quality of Life Research, 23(2), 659\u2013667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-013-0492-8","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"11670_CR45","unstructured":"Kanaparan, G. (2016). Self-efficacy and engagement as predictors of student programming performance: An international perspective [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington."},{"key":"11670_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kanaparan, G., Rowena, C., & Mason, D. (2019). Effect of self-efficacy and emotional engagement on introductory programming students. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3127\/ajis.v23i0.1825","DOI":"10.3127\/ajis.v23i0.1825"},{"key":"11670_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinnunen, P., & Malmi, L. (2006, September 9\u201310). Why students drop out CS1 course? [Paper presentation]. The Second International Workshop on Computing Education Research, Canterbury, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/1151588.1151604"},{"issue":"1","key":"11670_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2012.655091","volume":"22","author":"P Kinnunen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kinnunen, P., & Simon, B. (2012). My program is ok \u2013 am I? computing freshmen\u2019s experiences of doing programming assignments. Computer Science Education, 22(1), 1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08993408.2012.655091","journal-title":"Computer Science Education"},{"key":"11670_CR49","first-page":"459","volume-title":"DAAAM international scientific book 2014","author":"M Konecki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Konecki, M. (2014). Problems in programming education and means of their improvement. In B. Katalinic (Ed.), DAAAM international scientific book 2014 (pp. 459\u2013470). DAAAM International."},{"issue":"1","key":"11670_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5815\/ijmecs.2016.01.03","volume":"8","author":"\u00d6 Korkmaz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Korkmaz, \u00d6. (2016). The effects of scratch-based game activities on students\u2019 attitudes, self-efficacy and academic achievement. International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science, 8(1), 16\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5815\/ijmecs.2016.01.03","journal-title":"International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"11670_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.17275\/per.14.02.1.1","volume":"1","author":"O Korkmaz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Korkmaz, O., & Altun, H. (2014). Adapting computer programming self-efficacy scale and engineering students\u2019 self-efficacy perceptions. Participatory Educational Research, 1(1), 20\u201331.","journal-title":"Participatory Educational Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"11670_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/ajsp.12336","volume":"22","author":"M Laguna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laguna, M. (2019). Towards explaining the \u201chow\u201d of positive orientation: The beliefs-affect-engagement model. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 22(2), 133\u2013139.","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"11670_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633115608440","volume":"53","author":"G Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin, G. (2016). Self-efficacy beliefs and their sources in undergraduate computing disciplines: an examination of gender and persistence. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 53(4), 540\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0735633115608440","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"11670_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/job.1819","volume":"33","author":"D Lindebaum","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lindebaum, D., & Jordan, P. J. (2012). Positive emotions, negative emotions, or utility of discrete emotions? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(7), 1027\u20131030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.1819","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"11670_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.02.087","volume":"73","author":"D Madsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Madsen, D. (2013). Disciplinary perspectives on information management. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 73, 534\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.02.087","journal-title":"Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"11670_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/10668926.2020.1727382","volume":"45","author":"LM Marco-Bujosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marco-Bujosa, L. M., Joy, L., & Sorrentino, R. (2021). Nevertheless, she persisted: a comparison of male and female experiences in community college STEM programs. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 45(8), 541\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10668926.2020.1727382","journal-title":"Community College Journal of Research and Practice"},{"key":"11670_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Memon, M. A., Ting, H., Cheah, J. H., Thurasamy, R., Chuah, F., & Cham, T. H. (2020). Sample size for survey research: Review and recommendations. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 4(2), i-xx. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47263\/JASEM.4(2)01","DOI":"10.47263\/JASEM.4(2)01"},{"issue":"2","key":"11670_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/jocb.364","volume":"54","author":"E Mielniczuk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mielniczuk, E., & Laguna, M. (2020). Positive affect mediates the relationship between self-efficacy and innovative behavior in entrepreneurs. Journal of Creative Behaviors, 54(2), 267\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jocb.364","journal-title":"Journal of Creative Behaviors"},{"issue":"4","key":"11670_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1006\/ceps.1996.0028","volume":"21","author":"RB Miller","year":"1996","unstructured":"Miller, R. B., Greene, B. A., Montalvo, G. P., Ravindran, B., & Nichols, J. D. (1996). Engagement in academic work: the role of learning goals, future consequences, pleasing others and perceived ability. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 21(4), 388\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/ceps.1996.0028","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"11670_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.02.007","volume":"134","author":"E Moreira-Font\u00e1n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moreira-Font\u00e1n, E., Garc\u00eda-Se\u00f1or\u00e1n, M., Conde-Rodr\u00edguez, \u00c1., & Gonz\u00e1lez, A. (2019). Teachers\u2019 ICT-related self-efficacy, job resources, and positive emotions: their structural relations with autonomous motivation and work engagement. Computers & Education, 134, 63\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.02.007","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"11670_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.955534","author":"CA Mugruza-Vassallo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mugruza-Vassallo, C. A., Granados, J., Flores-Benites, V., & C\u00f3rdoba-Berr\u00edos, L. (2022). Different Markov chains modulate visual stimuli processing in a Go-Go experiment in 2D, 3D and augmented reality. Research Square. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2022.955534","journal-title":"Research Square"},{"issue":"4","key":"11670_CR62","first-page":"24","volume":"11","author":"U Nikula","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nikula, U., Gotel, O., & Kasurinen, J. (2011). A motivation guided holistic rehabilitation of the first programming course. ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE), 11(4), 24.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE)"},{"key":"11670_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-018-0101-5","volume":"5","author":"M Noone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noone, M., & Mooney, A. (2018). Visual and textual programming languages: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Computers in Education, 5, 149\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40692-018-0101-5","journal-title":"Journal of Computers in Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"11670_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.17569\/tojqi.20328","volume":"5","author":"B \u00d6zmen","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u00d6zmen, B., & Altun, A. (2014). Undergraduate students\u2019 experiences in programming: Difficulties and obstacles. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 5(3), 9\u201327.","journal-title":"Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry"},{"key":"11670_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-006-9029-9","volume":"18","author":"R Pekrun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 315\u2013341.","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"11670_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.58837\/CHULA.PASAA.46.1.4","volume":"46","author":"W Phasomyard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Phasomyard, W., Jimarkon, P., & Keyuravong, S. (2013). When affective factors change: a corpus-based analysis of students\u2019 reflections in English e-portfolios. PASAA, 46, 75\u2013106.","journal-title":"PASAA"},{"issue":"7","key":"11670_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-9029.2006.00078.x","volume":"36","author":"A Pierro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pierro, A., Kruglanski, A. W., & Higgins, E. T. (2006). Progress takes work: effects of the locomotion dimension on job involvement, effort investment, and task performance in organizations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(7), 1723\u20131743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0021-9029.2006.00078.x","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"11670_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-5742-3_16","volume-title":"The scholarship of teaching and learning in higher education: An evidence-based perspective","author":"PR Pintrich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pintrich, P. R., & Zusho, A. (2007). Student motivation and self-regulated learning in the college classroom. In R. P. Perry & J. C. Smart (Eds.), The scholarship of teaching and learning in higher education: An evidence-based perspective (pp. 731\u2013810). Springer."},{"issue":"3","key":"11670_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164493053003024","volume":"53","author":"PR Pintrich","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T., & Mckeachie, W. J. (1993). Reliability and predictive validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53(3), 801\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164493053003024","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"11670_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801856-9.00007-4","volume-title":"Emotions, technology, design, and learning","author":"JL Plass","year":"2016","unstructured":"Plass, J. L., & Kaplan, U. (2016). Emotional design in digital media for learning. In S. Tettegah & M. Gartmeier (Eds.), Emotions, technology, design, and learning (pp. 131\u2013161). Elsevier."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"11670_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2019.1612679","volume":"29","author":"K Quille","year":"2019","unstructured":"Quille, K., & Bergin, S. (2019). CS1: How will they do? How can we help? a decade of research and practice. Computer Science Education, 29(2\u20133), 254\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08993408.2019.1612679","journal-title":"Computer Science Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"11670_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2011.610891","volume":"21","author":"A Rego","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C., & Cunha, M. P. E. (2012). Retail employees\u2019 self-efficacy and hope predicting their positive affect and creativity. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21(6), 923\u2013945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1359432X.2011.610891","journal-title":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology"},{"key":"11670_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizvi, M., & Humphries, T. (2012, October 3\u20136). A scratch-based CS0 course for at-risk computer science majors [Paper Presentation]. The 2012 Frontiers in Education Conference, Seattle, Washington, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2012.6462491"},{"issue":"2","key":"11670_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1076\/csed.13.2.137.14200","volume":"13","author":"A Robins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Robins, A., Rountree, J., & Rountree, N. (2003). Learning and teaching programming: a review and discussion. Computer Science Education, 13(2), 137\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/csed.13.2.137.14200","journal-title":"Computer Science Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"11670_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/lang.12263","volume":"68","author":"VG Sardegna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sardegna, V. G., Lee, J., & Kusey, C. (2018). Self-efficacy, attitudes, and choice of strategies for English pronunciation learning. Language Learning: A Journal of Research in Language Studies, 68(1), 83\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lang.12263","journal-title":"Language Learning: A Journal of Research in Language Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"11670_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-019-00421-z","volume":"35","author":"S Schweder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schweder, S. (2020). Mastery goals, positive emotions and learning behavior in self-directed vs. teacher-directed learning. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 35(1), 205\u2013223.","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychology of Education"},{"key":"11670_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/job.655","volume":"31","author":"M Seo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Seo, M., Bartunek, J. M., & Barrett, A. F. (2010). The role of affective experience in work motivation: test a conceptual model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 951\u2013968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.655","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"11670_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2015.06.008","volume":"72","author":"EM Skaalvik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Skaalvik, E. M., Federici, R. A., & Klassen, R. M. (2015). Mathematics achievement and self-efficacy: relations with motivation for mathematics. International Journal of Educational Research, 72, 129\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijer.2015.06.008","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"11670_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2021.102094","volume":"92","author":"D Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang, D., Fan, W., Zou, Y., George, R. . A. ., Arbona, C., & Olvera, N. . E. (2021). Self-efficacy and achievement emotions as mediators between learning climate and learning persistence in college calculus: a sequential mediation analysis. Learning and Individual Differences, 92, 102094.","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"3","key":"11670_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2017.2789183","volume":"61","author":"FB Tek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tek, F. B., Benli, K. S., & Deveci, E. (2018). Implicit theories and self-efficacy in an introductory programming course. IEEE Transactions on Education, 61(3), 218\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TE.2017.2789183","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"11670_CR81","first-page":"91","volume":"41","author":"S Torres-Tejeda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Torres-Tejeda, S., Portilla-Fern\u00e1ndez, J. . A. ., Mugruza-Vassallo, C. . A. ., & C\u00f3rdoba-Berrios, L. . L. (2020). Variations of reaction times explained by stimuli changes in size and perspective in 2D and 3D for selective attention. Revista mexicana de ingenier\u00eda biom\u00e9dica, 41(1), 91\u2013104.","journal-title":"Revista mexicana de ingenier\u00eda biom\u00e9dica"},{"key":"11670_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.6.1570","volume":"92","author":"WC Tsai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tsai, W. C., Chen, C. C., & Liu, H. L. (2007). Test of a model linking employee positive moods and task performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1570\u20131583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.92.6.1570","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"11670_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633117746747","volume":"56","author":"MJ Tsai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsai, M. J., Wang, C. Y., & Hsu, P. F. (2019). Developing the computer programming self-efficacy scale for computer literacy education. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 56(8), 1345\u20131360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0735633117746747","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"11670_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654308321456","volume":"78","author":"EL Usher","year":"2008","unstructured":"Usher, E. L., & Pajares, F. (2008). Sources of self-efficacy in school: critical review of the literature and future directions. Review of Educational Research, 78(4), 751\u2013796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0034654308321456","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"11670_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-018-9710-6","volume":"42","author":"EAJ van Hooft","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Hooft, E. A. J., & van Hooff, M. L. M. (2018). The state of boredom: frustrating or depressing? Motivation and Emotion, 42, 931\u2013946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11031-018-9710-6","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"11670_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1145\/1731041.1731043","volume":"10","author":"H. M. Walker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Walker, H. . M. ., & Kelemen, C. (2010). Computer science and the liberal arts: a philosophical examination. ACM Transactions on Computing Education, 10(1), 2.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education"},{"key":"11670_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.2991\/emim-17.2017.210","volume":"76","author":"Y Wei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Tong, W., & Sun, X. (2017). Study on students\u2019 emotion based on Kansei engineering in e-learning. Advances in Computer Science Research (ACSR), 76, 1054\u20131058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/emim-17.2017.210","journal-title":"Advances in Computer Science Research (ACSR)"},{"key":"11670_CR88","unstructured":"Wong, K. K. K. (2019). Mastering partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with Smartpls in 38 hours. iUniverse."},{"key":"11670_CR89","unstructured":"White House. (2016). Computer science for all. Retrieved August 1, 2020, https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/blog\/2016\/01\/30\/computer-science-all"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"11670_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2019.1565233","volume":"29","author":"Z Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Ritzhaupt, A. D., Tian, F., & Umapathy, K. (2019). Block-based versus text-based programming environments on novice student learning outcomes: a meta-analysis study. Computer Science Education, 29(2\u20133), 177\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08993408.2019.1565233","journal-title":"Computer Science Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"11670_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1145\/2038876.2038894","volume":"2","author":"A Yadin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yadin, A. (2011). Reducing the dropout rate in an introductory programming course. ACM Inroads, 2(4), 71\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2038876.2038894","journal-title":"ACM Inroads"},{"key":"11670_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/ecc.12123","volume":"23","author":"NCY Yeung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yeung, N. C. Y., & Lu, Q. (2014). Affect as a mediator between self-efficacy and quality of life among Chinese cancer survivors in China. European Journal of Cancer Care, 23, 149\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ecc.12123","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer Care"},{"key":"11670_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072320","volume":"7","author":"J Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu, J., Huang, C., Han, Z., He, T., & Li, M. (2020). Investigating the influence of interaction on learning persistence in online settings: moderation or mediation of academic emotions? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7, 2320.","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"11670_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2018.1558256","volume":"28","author":"R Zatarain Cabada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zatarain Cabada, R., Barr\u00f3n Estrada, M. L., R\u00edos F\u00e9lix, J. M., & Alor Hern\u00e1ndez, G. (2020). A virtual environment for learning computer coding using gamification and emotion recognition. Interactive Learning Environments, 28(8), 1048\u20131063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2018.1558256","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"11670_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-015-9682-0","volume":"17","author":"R Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, R. (2016). Positive affect and self-efficacy as mediators between personality and life satisfaction in Chinese college freshmen. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 2007\u20132021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-015-9682-0","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11670-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11670-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11670-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T01:31:24Z","timestamp":1729042284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11670-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["11670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11670-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}