{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:03:50Z","timestamp":1766268230488,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62077012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62077012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11830-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T03:24:46Z","timestamp":1682911486000},"page":"15765-15787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Investigating behavior patterns of students during online self-directed learning through process mining"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3142-758X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9396-8325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2114-0208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiyan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"11830_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11065-w","volume":"27","author":"M Ahmad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmad, M., Junus, K., & Santoso, H. B. (2022). Automatic content analysis of asynchronous discussion forum transcripts: A systematic literature review. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 11355\u201311410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11065-w","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"11830_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10290-5","volume":"26","author":"K Arslan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arslan, K., & Tanel, Z. (2021). Analyzing the effects of Arduino applications on students\u2019 opinions, attitude and self-efficacy in programming class. Education and Information Technologies, 26, 1143\u20131163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10290-5","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"11830_CR3","volume-title":"Social learning through imitation","author":"A Bandura","year":"1962","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1962). Social learning through imitation. University of Nebraska Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"11830_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-013-9107-6","volume":"9","author":"M Bannert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bannert, M., Reimann, P., & Sonnenberg, C. (2014). Process mining techniques for analysing patterns and strategies in students\u2019 self-regulated learning. Metacognition and Learning, 9(2), 161\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11409-013-9107-6","journal-title":"Metacognition and Learning"},{"key":"11830_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104194","volume":"169","author":"L Bardach","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bardach, L., Klassen, R. M., Durksen, T. L., Rushby, J. V., Bostwick, K. C., & Sheridan, L. (2021). The power of feedback and reflection: Testing an online scenario-based learning intervention for student teachers. Computers & Education, 169, 104194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104194","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"11830_CR6","unstructured":"B\u00fcy\u00fck\u00f6zt\u00fcrk, \u015e., \u00c7akmak, E. K., Akg\u00fcn, \u00d6. E., Karadeniz, \u015e., & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemleri [The scientific research method]. Pegem A Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k."},{"issue":"5","key":"11830_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3975","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10151-1","volume":"25","author":"A \u00c7ebi","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00c7ebi, A., & G\u00fcyer, T. (2020). Students\u2019 interaction patterns in different online learning activities and their relationship with motivation, self-regulated learning strategy and learning performance. Education and Information Technologies, 25(5), 3975\u20133993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10151-1","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"11830_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-019-09225-y","volume":"32","author":"R Cerezo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cerezo, R., Bogar\u00edn, A., Esteban, M., & Romero, C. (2020). Process mining for self-regulated learning assessment in e-learning. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 32(1), 74\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-019-09225-y","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"},{"key":"11830_CR9","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Academic Press.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"11830_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-020-09254-y","volume":"33","author":"J Costley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Costley, J., Fanguy, M., Lange, C., & Baldwin, M. (2021). The effects of video lecture viewing strategies on cognitive load. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 33(1), 19\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-020-09254-y","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"},{"key":"11830_CR11","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Theories in social psychology","author":"J Crusius","year":"2022","unstructured":"Crusius, J., Corcoran, K., & Mussweiler, T. (2022). Social comparison: A review of theory, research, and applications. In D. Chadee (Ed.), Theories in social psychology (2nd ed., pp. 165\u2013187). Wiley.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"6","key":"11830_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-10942-8","volume":"27","author":"CP Gumbheer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gumbheer, C. P., Khedo, K. K., & Bungaleea, A. (2022). Personalized and adaptive context-aware mobile learning: Review, challenges and future directions. Education and Information Technologies, 27(6), 7491\u20137517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-10942-8","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"11830_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-020-09519-0","volume":"48","author":"S Heirweg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heirweg, S., De Smul, M., Merchie, E., Devos, G., & Van Keer, H. (2020). Mine the process: Investigating the cyclical nature of upper primary school students\u2019 self-regulated learning. Instructional Science, 48(4), 337\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11251-020-09519-0","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"11830_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9585-2","volume":"23","author":"J Heo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heo, J., & Han, S. (2018). Effects of motivation, academic stress and age in predicting self-directed learning readiness (SDLR): Focused on online college students. Education and Information Technologies, 23(1), 61\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9585-2","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"11830_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(96)05223-4","volume":"45","author":"GRJ Hockey","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hockey, G. R. J. (1997). Compensatory control in the regulation of human performance under stress and high workload: A cognitive-energetical framework. Biological Psychology, 45(1\u20133), 73\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0301-0511(96)05223-4","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"11830_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.07.008","volume":"69","author":"GJ Hwang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hwang, G. J., Yang, L. H., & Wang, S. Y. (2013). A concept map-embedded educational computer game for improving students\u2019 learning performance in natural science courses. Computers & Education, 69, 121\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.07.008","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"11830_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iyamuremye, A., Mukiza, J., Nsengimana, T., Kampire, E., Sylvain, H., & Nsabayezu, E. (2022). Knowledge construction in chemistry through web-based learning strategy: A synthesis of literature. Education and Information Technologies.  Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11369-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11369-x"},{"key":"11830_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.12.015","volume":"92","author":"L Juha\u0148\u00e1k","year":"2019","unstructured":"Juha\u0148\u00e1k, L., Zounek, J., & Rohl\u00edkov\u00e1, L. (2019). Using process mining to analyze students\u2019 quiz-taking behavior patterns in a learning management system. Computers in Human Behavior, 92, 496\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.12.015","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"11830_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-018-0138-8","volume":"7","author":"V Kassarnig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kassarnig, V., Mones, E., Bjerre-Nielsen, A., Sapiezynski, P., Dreyer Lassen, D., & Lehmann, S. (2018). Academic performance and behavioral patterns. EPJ Data Science, 7(1), 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-018-0138-8","journal-title":"EPJ Data Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"11830_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057123","volume":"30","author":"TL Kelley","year":"1939","unstructured":"Kelley, T. L. (1939). The selection of upper and lower groups for the validation of test items. Journal of Educational Psychology, 30(1), 17\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0057123","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"11830_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-09-2018-0069","volume":"16","author":"D Ker\u017ei\u010d","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ker\u017ei\u010d, D., Aristovnik, A., Toma\u017eevi\u010d, N., & Umek, L. (2019). Assessing the impact of students\u2019 activities in e-courses on learning outcomes: A data mining approach. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 16(2), 117\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ITSE-09-2018-0069","journal-title":"Interactive Technology and Smart Education"},{"key":"11830_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104171","volume":"166","author":"D Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, D., Jung, E., Yoon, M., Chang, Y., Park, S., Kim, D., & Demir, F. (2021). Exploring the structural relationships between course design factors, learner commitment, self-directed learning, and intentions for further learning in a self-paced MOOC. Computers & Education, 166, 104171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104171","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"11830_CR23","volume-title":"Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers","author":"M Knowles","year":"1975","unstructured":"Knowles, M. (1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. Association Press."},{"issue":"7","key":"11830_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2015.1016535","volume":"24","author":"B Koll\u00f6ffel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koll\u00f6ffel, B., & de Jong, T. (2016). Can performance feedback during instruction boost knowledge acquisition? Contrasting criterion-based and social comparison feedback. Interactive Learning Environments, 24(7), 1428\u20131438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2015.1016535","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"5","key":"11830_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10885-6","volume":"27","author":"C Labont\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Labont\u00e9, C., & Smith, V. R. (2022). Learning through technology in middle school classrooms: Students\u2019 perceptions of their self-directed and collaborative learning with and without technology. Education and Information Technologies, 27(5), 6317\u20136332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10885-6","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"11830_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.08.005","volume":"127","author":"Q Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, Q., & Baker, R. (2018). The different relationships between engagement and outcomes across participant subgroups in massive open online courses. Computers & Education, 127, 41\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.08.005","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"11830_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, H., Zhu, S., Wu, D., Yang, H. H., & Guo, Q. (2023). Impact of information literacy, self-directed learning skills, and academic emotions on high school students\u2019 online learning engagement: A structural equation modeling analysis. Education and Information Technologies. Advance online publication.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11760-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11760-2"},{"key":"11830_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.01.013","volume":"133","author":"CW Liao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liao, C. W., Chen, C. H., & Shih, S. J. (2019). The interactivity of video and collaboration for learning achievement, intrinsic motivation, cognitive load, and behavior patterns in a digital game-based learning environment. Computers & Education, 133, 43\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.01.013","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"11830_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-008-9082-7","volume":"20","author":"SM Loyens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Loyens, S. M., Magda, J., & Rikers, R. M. (2008). Self-directed learning in problem-based learning and its relationships with self-regulated learning. Educational Psychology Review, 20(4), 411\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-008-9082-7","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"11830_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.11.011","volume":"80","author":"J Maldonado-Mahauad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maldonado-Mahauad, J., P\u00e9rez-Sanagust\u00edn, M., Kizilcec, R. F., Morales, N., & Munoz-Gama, J. (2018). Mining theory-based patterns from Big data: Identifying self-regulated learning strategies in Massive Open Online Courses. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 179\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.11.011","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"11830_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-012-9262-1","volume":"41","author":"J Malmberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malmberg, J., J\u00e4rvenoja, H., & J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S. (2013). Patterns in elementary school students\u2019 strategic actions in varying learning situations. Instructional Science, 41(5), 933\u2013954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11251-012-9262-1","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"11830_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/S11159-019-09793-2","volume":"65","author":"TH Morris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morris, T. H. (2019). Self-directed learning: A fundamental competence in a rapidly changing world. International Review of Education, 65(4), 633\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11159-019-09793-2","journal-title":"International Review of Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"11830_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-020-09541-1","volume":"32","author":"M N\u00fcckles","year":"2020","unstructured":"N\u00fcckles, M., Roelle, J., Glogger-Frey, I., Waldeyer, J., & Renkl, A. (2020). The self-regulation-view in writing-to-learn: Using journal writing to optimize cognitive load in self-regulated learning. Educational Psychology Review, 32(4), 1089\u20131126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-020-09541-1","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"11830_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/09523987.2016.1189255","volume":"53","author":"O Ozan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ozan, O., & Ozarslan, Y. (2016). Video lecture watching behaviors of learners in online courses. Educational Media International, 53(1), 27\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09523987.2016.1189255","journal-title":"Educational Media International"},{"issue":"4","key":"11830_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02213420","volume":"6","author":"FG Paas","year":"1994","unstructured":"Paas, F. G., & Van Merri\u00ebnboer, J. J. (1994). Instructional control of cognitive load in the training of complex cognitive tasks. Educational Psychology Review, 6(4), 351\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02213420","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"11830_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/08923647.2018.1412738","volume":"32","author":"S Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park, S., & Yun, H. (2018). The influence of motivational regulation strategies on online students\u2019 behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement. American Journal of Distance Education, 32(1), 43\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08923647.2018.1412738","journal-title":"American Journal of Distance Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"11830_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.29333\/iji.2022.15318a","volume":"15","author":"R Rini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rini, R., Sukamto, I., & Hariri, H. (2022). The effect of self-directed learning on students\u2019 digital literacy levels in online learning. International Journal of Instruction, 15(3), 329\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/iji.2022.15318a","journal-title":"International Journal of Instruction"},{"issue":"3","key":"11830_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe847512","volume":"84","author":"JD Robinson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robinson, J. D., & Persky, A. M. (2020). Developing self-directed learners. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(3), 292\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5688\/ajpe847512","journal-title":"American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education"},{"key":"11830_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/BIOMET\/52.3-4.591","volume":"52","author":"SS Shapiro","year":"1965","unstructured":"Shapiro, S. S., & Wilk, M. B. (1965). An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52, 591\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/BIOMET\/52.3-4.591","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"6","key":"11830_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10187-3","volume":"25","author":"AA Silamut","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silamut, A. A., & Petsangsri, S. (2020). Self-directed learning with knowledge management model to enhance digital literacy abilities. Education and Information Technologies, 25(6), 4797\u20134815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10187-3","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"3","key":"11830_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12340","volume":"35","author":"T Soffer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soffer, T., & Cohen, A. (2019). Students\u2019 engagement characteristics predict success and completion of online courses. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 35(3), 378\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12340","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"11830_CR42","unstructured":"Song, L., & Hill, J. R. (2007). A conceptual model for understanding self-directed learning in online environments. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 6(1), 27\u201342. http:\/\/www.ncolr.org\/jiol\/issues\/pdf\/6.1.3.pdf. Accessed 19 Aug 2022"},{"issue":"c","key":"11830_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.06.003","volume":"96","author":"C Sonnenberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sonnenberg, C., & Bannert, M. (2019). Using process mining to examine the sustainability of instructional support: How stable are the effects of metacognitive prompting on self-regulatory behavior? Computers in Human Behavior, 96(c), 259\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.06.003","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"11830_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2010.01157.x","volume":"43","author":"JCY Sun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sun, J. C. Y., & Rueda, R. (2012). Situational interest, computer self-efficacy and self-regulation: Their impact on student engagement in distance education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(2), 191\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2010.01157.x","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"10","key":"11830_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2018.1527291","volume":"39","author":"JCY Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun, J. C. Y., Yu, S. J., & Chao, C. H. (2019). Effects of intelligent feedback on online learners\u2019 engagement and cognitive load: The case of research ethics education. Educational Psychology, 39(10), 1293\u20131310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443410.2018.1527291","journal-title":"Educational Psychology"},{"key":"11830_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.12.423","volume":"9","author":"F Sze-Yeng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sze-Yeng, F., & Hussain, R. M. R. (2010). Self-directed learning in a socioconstructivist learning environment. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1913\u20131917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.12.423","journal-title":"Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"11830_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103912","volume":"154","author":"W Toh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Toh, W., & Kirschner, D. (2020). Self-directed learning in video games, affordances and pedagogical implications for teaching and learning. Computers & Education, 154, 103912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103912","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"11830_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19345-3","volume-title":"Process mining: Discovery, conformance and enhancement of business processes","author":"W van der Aalst","year":"2011","unstructured":"van der Aalst, W. (2011). Process mining: Discovery, conformance and enhancement of business processes. Springer."},{"key":"11830_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19069-3_19","volume-title":"International conference on advanced information systems engineering","author":"ML van Eck","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Eck, M. L., Lu, X., Leemans, S. J. J., & van der Aalst, W. M. P. (2015). PM2: A process mining project methodology. International conference on advanced information systems engineering (pp. 297\u2013313). Springer."},{"key":"11830_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103683","volume":"143","author":"C Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, C., Fang, T., & Gu, Y. (2020). Learning performance and behavioral patterns of online collaborative learning: Impact of cognitive load and affordances of different multimedia. Computers & Education, 143, 103683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103683","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"11830_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1108\/ijem-06-2020-0327","volume":"35","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Xiong, C., & Liu, J. (2021). Does culture or self-directed learning drive online performance? International Journal of Educational Management, 35(6), 1077\u20131098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ijem-06-2020-0327","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Management"},{"key":"11830_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, T., Li, S., Huang, X., Pan, Z., & Lajoie, S. P. (2022). Examining students\u2019 cognitive load in the context of self-regulated learning with an intelligent tutoring system. Education and Information Technologies. Advance online publication.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11357-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11357-1"},{"key":"11830_CR53","first-page":"424","volume-title":"The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior","author":"RA Wright","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wright, R. A. (1996). Brehm\u2019s theory of motivation as a model of effort and cardiovascular response. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 424\u2013453). The Guilford Press."},{"issue":"5","key":"11830_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-020-09747-8","volume":"68","author":"M Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu, M., Bonk, C. J., & Doo, M. Y. (2020). Self-directed learning in MOOCs: Exploring the relationships among motivation, self-monitoring, and self-management. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(5), 2073\u20132093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-020-09747-8","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11830-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11830-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11830-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T08:11:16Z","timestamp":1701677476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11830-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11830-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1360-2357"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7608"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 May 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the work is written with due consideration of ethical standards. This study was professionally approved by the academic administration of all participating institutions. Participation was voluntary, and all participants were fully informed of the scope of this study. Anonymity of participants\u2019 information was promised. Participants can withdraw at any time when they feel uncomfortable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was signed by all participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}