{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:37:35Z","timestamp":1768869455830,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["MOST 111-2221-E-006-208 -"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2221-E-006-208 -"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["MOST 110-2511-H-006 -011 -MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2511-H-006 -011 -MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["MOST 112-2917-I-006-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 112-2917-I-006-018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11961-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T08:02:25Z","timestamp":1688544145000},"page":"4371-4400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Information undergraduate and non-information undergraduate on an artificial intelligence learning platform: an artificial intelligence assessment model using PLS-SEM analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Hua-Xu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jui-Hung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chin-Feng","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pei-Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shang-Hsuan","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shih-Yeh","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"11961_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.32890\/mjli2016.13.1.2","volume":"13","author":"MNLY Abdullah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdullah, M. N. L. Y. (2016). Interaction Effects of Gender and Motivational Beliefs on Self-Regulated Learning: A Study at ICT-Integrated Schools. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 13(1), 25\u201341.","journal-title":"Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction"},{"issue":"2","key":"11961_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(94)00034-F","volume":"11","author":"C Bishop-Clark","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bishop-Clark, C. (1995). Cognitive style, personality, and computer programming. Computers in Human Behavior, 11(2), 241\u2013260.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"11961_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2016.08.043","volume":"51","author":"D Bouckenooghe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bouckenooghe, D., Cools, E., De Clercq, D., Vanderheyden, K., & Fatima, T. (2016). Exploring the impact of cognitive style profiles on different learning approaches: Empirical evidence for adopting a person-centered perspective. Learning and Individual Differences, 51, 299\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2016.08.043","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"11961_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang, J.-H., Chiu, P.-S., & Lai, C.-F. (2023). Implementation and evaluation of cloud-based e-learning in agricultural course. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(2), 908\u2013923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2020.1815217","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1815217"},{"issue":"5","key":"11961_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12427","volume":"36","author":"C Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, C., Sonnert, G., Sadler, P. M., & Malan, D. J. (2020). Computational thinking and assignment resubmission predict persistence in a computer science MOOC. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 36(5), 581\u2013594.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"11961_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.10.008","volume":"54","author":"L-H Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen, L.-H. (2010). Web-based learning programs: Use by learners with various cognitive styles. Computers & Education, 54(4), 1028\u20131035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.10.008","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"7","key":"11961_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633119854036","volume":"57","author":"Y-C Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-C. (2019). Effect of mobile augmented reality on learning performance, motivation, and math anxiety in a math course. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(7), 1695\u20131722.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"11961_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1543082","volume":"35","author":"Y-T Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-T., Liou, S., & Chen, L.-F. (2019). The relationships among gender, cognitive styles, learning strategies, and learning performance in the flipped classroom. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 35(4\u20135), 395\u2013403.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"2","key":"11961_CR9","first-page":"295","volume":"295","author":"WW Chin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295\u2013336.","journal-title":"Modern Methods for Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"11961_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(91)90025-V","volume":"7","author":"PC Chu","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chu, P. C., & Spires, E. E. (1991). Validating the computer anxiety rating scale: Effects of cognitive style and computer courses on computer anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 7(1), 7\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0747-5632(91)90025-V","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"11961_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3200\/JRLP.141.4.359-388","volume":"141","author":"E Cools","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cools, E., & Van den Broeck, H. (2007). Development and validation of the Cognitive Style Indicator. The Journal of Psychology, 141(4), 359\u2013387.","journal-title":"The Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"11961_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1108\/00400910810862092","volume":"50","author":"E Cools","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cools, E., & Van Den Broeck, H. (2008). Cognitive Styles and Managerial Behaviour: A Qualitative Study. Education & Training, 50(2), 103\u2013114.","journal-title":"Education & Training"},{"issue":"1","key":"11961_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22177","volume":"28","author":"W Deng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deng, W., Pi, Z., Lei, W., Zhou, Q., & Zhang, W. (2020). Pencil Code improves learners\u2019 computational thinking and computer learning attitude. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 28(1), 90\u2013104.","journal-title":"Computer Applications in Engineering Education"},{"key":"11961_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.09.004","volume":"116","author":"HY Durak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Durak, H. Y., & Saritepeci, M. (2018). Analysis of the relation between computational thinking skills and various variables with the structural equation model. Computers & Education, 116, 191\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.09.004","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"11961_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2017.09.007","volume":"103","author":"A Engin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Engin, A., & Vetschera, R. (2017). Information representation in decision making: The impact of cognitive style and depletion effects. Decision Support Systems, 103, 94\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dss.2017.09.007","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"11961_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","volume":"18","author":"C Fornell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39\u201350.","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"11961_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.07.007","volume":"26","author":"L-A Ho","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ho, L.-A., & Kuo, T.-H. (2010). How can one amplify the effect of e-learning? An examination of high-tech employees\u2019 computer attitude and flow experience. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(1), 23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2009.07.007","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"11961_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106575","volume":"114","author":"D Hooshyar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hooshyar, D., Malva, L., Yang, Y., Pedaste, M., Wang, M., & Lim, H. (2021). An adaptive educational computer game: Effects on students\u2019 knowledge and learning attitude in computational thinking. Computers in human behavior, 114, 106575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106575","journal-title":"Computers in human behavior"},{"issue":"8","key":"11961_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633120945935","volume":"58","author":"Y Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Chen, C.-H., & Su, C.-Y. (2020). Exploring the Effectiveness and Moderators of Block-Based Visual Programming on Student Learning: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(8), 1467\u20131493.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"11961_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.12.002","volume":"56","author":"G-J Hwang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hwang, G.-J., & Chang, H.-F. (2011). A formative assessment-based mobile learning approach to improving the learning attitudes and achievements of students. Computers & Education, 56(4), 1023\u20131031.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"11961_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2022.101956","volume":"113","author":"DI Ilishkina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ilishkina, D. I., de Bruin, A., Podolskiy, A. I., Volk, M. I., & van Merri\u00ebnboer, J. J. G. (2022). Understanding self-regulated learning through the lens of motivation: Motivational regulation strategies vary with students\u2019 motives. International Journal of Educational Research, 113, 101956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijer.2022.101956","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"11961_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2016.01.005","volume":"43","author":"S J\u00e4rvel\u00e4","year":"2016","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S., J\u00e4rvenoja, H., Malmberg, J., Isoh\u00e4t\u00e4l\u00e4, J., & Sobocinski, M. (2016). How do types of interaction and phases of self-regulated learning set a stage for collaborative engagement? Learning and Instruction, 43, 39\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2016.01.005","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"11961_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100026","volume":"2","author":"S-C Kong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kong, S.-C., Man-Yin Cheung, W., & Zhang, G. (2021). Evaluation of an artificial intelligence literacy course for university students with diverse study backgrounds. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100026","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"11961_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100614525555","volume":"15","author":"M Kozhevnikov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kozhevnikov, M., Evans, C., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2014). Cognitive style as environmentally sensitive individual differences in cognition: A modern synthesis and applications in education, business, and management. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 15(1), 3\u201333.","journal-title":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest"},{"issue":"11","key":"11961_CR25","first-page":"73","volume":"1","author":"PJ Kpolovie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kpolovie, P. J., Joe, A. I., & Okoto, T. (2014). Academic achievement prediction: Role of interest in learning and attitude towards school. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE), 1(11), 73\u2013100.","journal-title":"International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE)"},{"key":"11961_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2015.08.017","volume":"43","author":"J Le\u00f3n","year":"2015","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n, J., N\u00fa\u00f1ez, J. L., & Liew, J. (2015). Self-determination and STEM education: Effects of autonomy, motivation, and self-regulated learning on high school math achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 43, 156\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2015.08.017","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"4","key":"11961_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-011-0090-5","volume":"27","author":"D Macher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Macher, D., Paechter, M., Papousek, I., & Ruggeri, K. (2012). Statistics anxiety, trait anxiety, learning behavior, and academic performance. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 27(4), 483\u2013498.","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychology of Education"},{"key":"11961_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100041","volume":"2","author":"DTK Ng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, S. K. W., & Qiao, M. S. (2021). Conceptualizing AI literacy: An exploratory review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100041","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"11961_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100054","volume":"3","author":"DTK Ng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ng, D. T. K., Luo, W., Chan, H. M. Y., & Chu, S. K. W. (2022). Using digital story writing as a pedagogy to develop AI literacy among primary students. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100054","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"3","key":"11961_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2005.11.003","volume":"18","author":"KA Papanikolaou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Papanikolaou, K. A., Mabbott, A., Bull, S., & Grigoriadou, M. (2006). Designing learner-controlled educational interactions based on learning\/cognitive style and learner behaviour. Interacting with Computers, 18(3), 356\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intcom.2005.11.003","journal-title":"Interacting with Computers"},{"issue":"3","key":"11961_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.11.005","volume":"26","author":"S Parayitam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parayitam, S., Desai, K. J., Desai, M. S., & Eason, M. K. (2010). Computer attitude as a moderator in the relationship between computer anxiety, satisfaction, and stress. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 345\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2009.11.005","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"11961_CR32","volume-title":"The Development of Computational Thinking in the Context of Science and Engineering Practices: A Self-Regulated Learning Approach","author":"EE Peters-Burton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peters-Burton, E. E., Cleary, T. J., & Kitsantas, A. (2015). The Development of Computational Thinking in the Context of Science and Engineering Practices: A Self-Regulated Learning Approach. International Association for Development of the Information Society."},{"key":"11961_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73417-0_13","volume-title":"Digital Technologies: Sustainable Innovations for Improving Teaching and Learning","author":"EE Peters-Burton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peters-Burton, E. E., Cleary, T. J., & Kitsantas, A. (2018). Computational Thinking in the Context of Science and Engineering Practices: A Self-Regulated Learning Approach. In D. Sampson, D. Ifenthaler, J. M. Spector, & P. Isa\u00edas (Eds.), Digital Technologies: Sustainable Innovations for Improving Teaching and Learning (pp. 223\u2013240). Springer International Publishing."},{"issue":"6","key":"11961_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-0355(99)00015-4","volume":"31","author":"PR Pintrich","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pintrich, P. R. (1999). The role of motivation in promoting and sustaining self-regulated learning. International Journal of Educational Research, 31(6), 459\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0883-0355(99)00015-4","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"11961_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012109890-2\/50043-3","volume-title":"Handbook of self-regulation","author":"PR Pintrich","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pintrich, P. R. (2000). The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 451\u2013502). Elsevier."},{"issue":"4","key":"11961_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.4.667","volume":"95","author":"PR Pintrich","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pintrich, P. R. (2003). A Motivational Science Perspective on the Role of Student Motivation in Learning and Teaching Contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 667\u2013686.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"11961_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.82.1.33","volume":"82","author":"PR Pintrich","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and Self-Regulated Learning Components of Classroom Academic Performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 33\u201340.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"63","key":"11961_CR38","first-page":"7","volume":"20","author":"JD Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, J. D., Le\u00f3n, J. M., Gonz\u00e1lez, M. R., & Robles, G. (2020). LearningML: A Tool to Foster Computational Thinking Skills Through Practical Artificial Intelligence Projects. RED: Revista de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia, 20(63), 7.","journal-title":"RED: Revista de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia"},{"issue":"2","key":"11961_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep4002_3","volume":"40","author":"DH Schunk","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schunk, D. H. (2005). Self-regulated learning: The educational legacy of Paul R. Pintrich. Educational Psychologist, 40(2), 85\u201394.","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"11961_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5539\/hes.v1n1p20","volume":"1","author":"C Shi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shi, C. (2011). A Study of the Relationship between Cognitive Styles and Learning Strategies. Higher Education Studies, 1(1), 20\u201326.","journal-title":"Higher Education Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"11961_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-022-10111-1","volume":"70","author":"CC Sing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sing, C. C., Teo, T., Huang, F., & Chiu, T. K. (2022). Secondary school students\u2019 intentions to learn AI: testing moderation effects of readiness, social good and optimism. Educational technology research and development, 70(3), 765\u2013782.","journal-title":"Educational technology research and development"},{"issue":"4","key":"11961_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-020-09836-6","volume":"29","author":"M S\u0131rakaya","year":"2020","unstructured":"S\u0131rakaya, M., Alsancak S\u0131rakaya, D., & Korkmaz, \u00d6. (2020). The Impact of STEM Attitude and Thinking Style on Computational Thinking Determined via Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 29(4), 561\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10956-020-09836-6","journal-title":"Journal of Science Education and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"11961_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2020.1865283","volume":"41","author":"IG Smarandache","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smarandache, I. G., Maricutoiu, L. P., Ilie, M. D., Iancu, D. E., & Mladenovici, V. (2022). Students\u2019 approach to learning: Evidence regarding the importance of the interest-to-effort ratio. Higher Education Research & Development, 41(2), 546\u2013561.","journal-title":"Higher Education Research & Development"},{"key":"11961_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106746","volume":"120","author":"D Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song, D., Hong, H., & Oh, E. Y. (2021). Applying computational analysis of novice learners\u2019 computer programming patterns to reveal self-regulated learning, computational thinking, and learning performance. Computers in human behavior, 120, 106746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106746","journal-title":"Computers in human behavior"},{"key":"11961_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100065","volume":"3","author":"J Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su, J., Zhong, Y., & Ng, D. T. K. (2022). A meta-review of literature on educational approaches for teaching AI at the K-12 levels in the Asia-Pacific region. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100065","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"11961_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-016-0456-1","volume":"16","author":"JC-Y Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun, J.C.-Y., Syu, Y.-R., & Lin, Y.-Y. (2017). Effects of conformity and learning anxiety on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: The case of Facebook course groups. Universal Access in the Information Society, 16(2), 273\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-016-0456-1","journal-title":"Universal Access in the Information Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"11961_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12493","volume":"37","author":"L Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun, L., Hu, L., Yang, W., Zhou, D., & Wang, X. (2020). STEM learning attitude predicts computational thinking skills among primary school students. Journal of computer assisted learning, 37(2), 346\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12493","journal-title":"Journal of computer assisted learning"},{"key":"11961_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104457","volume":"181","author":"L Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, L., Hu, L., & Zhou, D. (2022). Programming attitudes predict computational thinking: Analysis of differences in gender and programming experience. Computers & Education, 181, 104457.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"11961_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.10.021","volume":"54","author":"C-W Tsai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsai, C.-W. (2010). Do students need teacher\u2019s initiation in online collaborative learning? Computers & Education, 54(4), 1137\u20131144.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"11961_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-018-0640-6","volume":"19","author":"C-W Tsai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsai, C.-W. (2020). Applying online competency-based learning and design-based learning to enhance the development of students\u2019 skills in using PowerPoint and Word, self-directed learning readiness, and experience of online learning. Universal Access in the Information Society, 19(2), 283\u2013294.","journal-title":"Universal Access in the Information Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"11961_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633120972356","volume":"59","author":"M-J Tsai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsai, M.-J., Liang, J.-C., & Hsu, C.-Y. (2021). The Computational Thinking Scale for Computer Literacy Education. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 59(4), 579\u2013602.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"11961_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10798-011-9160-x","volume":"23","author":"K-H Tseng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tseng, K.-H., Chang, C.-C., Lou, S.-J., & Chen, W.-P. (2013). Attitudes towards science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in a project-based learning (PjBL) environment. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 23(1), 87\u2013102.","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology and Design Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"11961_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2010.06.002","volume":"19","author":"N Urbach","year":"2010","unstructured":"Urbach, N., Smolnik, S., & Riempp, G. (2010). An empirical investigation of employee portal success. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 19(3), 184\u2013206.","journal-title":"The Journal of Strategic Information Systems"},{"key":"11961_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.02.045","volume":"72","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, X., Wallace, M. P., & Wang, Q. (2017). Rewarded and unrewarded competition in a CSCL environment: A coopetition design with a social cognitive perspective using PLS-SEM analyses. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 140\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.02.045","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"11961_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1674887","volume":"30","author":"Y-Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, Y.-Y., & Wang, Y.-S. (2022). Development and validation of an artificial intelligence anxiety scale: An initial application in predicting motivated learning behavior. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(4), 619\u2013634.","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"3","key":"11961_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijme.2021.100550","volume":"19","author":"JJ Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, J. J., & Babaian, T. (2021). Artificial intelligence in business curriculum: The pedagogy and learning outcomes. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(3), 100550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijme.2021.100550","journal-title":"The International Journal of Management Education"},{"key":"11961_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8896-4_5","volume-title":"New media for educational change","author":"J Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, J., Wong, G. K., & Dawes, C. (2018). An exploratory study on learning attitude in computer programming for the twenty-first century. New media for educational change (pp. 59\u201370). Springer."},{"key":"11961_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100061","volume":"3","author":"W Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, W. (2022). Artificial Intelligence education for young children: Why, what, and how in curriculum design and implementation. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100061","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"9","key":"11961_CR59","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"Y Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu, Y., & Chen, Y. (2018). Design and development of high school artificial intelligence textbook based on computational thinking. Open Access Library Journal, 5(9), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Open Access Library Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"11961_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12453","volume":"48","author":"E Yukselturk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yukselturk, E., & Altiok, S. (2017). An investigation of the effects of programming with Scratch on the preservice IT teachers\u2019 self-efficacy perceptions and attitudes towards computer programming. British Journal of Educational Technology, 48(3), 789\u2013801.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"11961_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-019-0171-0","volume":"16","author":"O Zawacki-Richter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zawacki-Richter, O., Mar\u00edn, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education\u2013where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 1\u201327.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"11961_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Lee, I., Ali, S., DiPaola, D., Cheng, Y., & Breazeal, C. (2022). Integrating ethics and career futures with technical learning to promote AI literacy for middle school students: An exploratory study. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 1\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-022-00293-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-022-00293-3"},{"key":"11961_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhong, H.-X., Lai, C.-F., Huang, Y.-C., Wu, P.-H., & Chang, J.-H. (2021). Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence learning platforms on interest in and attitudes toward learning. In Innovative technologies and learning: 4th International Conference, ICITL 2021, Virtual Event (vol 13117, pp. 22\u201329). Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-91540-7_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91540-7_3"},{"issue":"1","key":"11961_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2501_2","volume":"25","author":"BJ Zimmerman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Zimmerman, B. J. (1990). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An overview. Educational Psychologist, 25(1), 3\u201317.","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"11961_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1006\/ceps.1999.1016","volume":"25","author":"BJ Zimmerman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Self-efficacy: An essential motive to learn. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 82\u201391.","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11961-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11961-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11961-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T17:05:57Z","timestamp":1710176757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11961-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["11961"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11961-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This material has not been published in whole or in part elsewhere, the manuscript is not currently being considered for publication in another journal, authors have been personally and actively involved in substantive work leading to the manuscript, and will hold themselves jointly and individually responsible for its content.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}