{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T16:36:07Z","timestamp":1775579767389,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006034","name":"University of Southern California","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006034","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the past few years, the world\u2019s attention has been focused on gaming systems and their application in education through gamification, incorporating game features into learning tools. Against this backdrop, this study aims to investigate the motivation of EFL learners in a Gamified Formative Assessment (GFA). Theoretical insights from self-determination theory (SDT) are synthesized in the context of motivation analysis and internalization. Data from interviews and questionnaires are collected, and pair-t-tests and basic linear regression, CiteSpace, are utilized for data evaluation and literature review. Paired t-tests for the control group (CG) and the experimental group (EG) in the first and second stages, as well as the EG\u2019s first and second stages, show a strong positive correlation between CG\u2019s scores in stages one and two and EG\u2019s scores in both stages (r1\u2009=\u20090.930, r2\u2009=\u20090.851, r3\u2009=\u20090.953,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.001). It is found that Quizizz, as an example of GFA, can enhance EFL learners\u2019 internalization at a higher level during their learning process. Furthermore, our findings also suggest that gamification enables most EFL learners to recognize the value and benefits of assessment as motivation for identified regulation. Additionally, the overall accuracy of the students in the EG, which is 89.05%, is higher compared to the CG\u2019s accuracy of 74.01%. It is interesting to note that their motivation level correlates with their performance and engagement. With these findings, we contribute to the literature by validating that gamified formative assessment fosters the internalization of EFL at the elementary level, thereby enhancing students\u2019 engagement and language proficiency. Therefore, as one of the studies on gamification and motivation, this research holds unique value in analyzing EFL instruction at the primary school level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12034-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T10:02:13Z","timestamp":1690797733000},"page":"6217-6239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["EFL learners\u2019 motivation in a gamified formative assessment: The case of Quizizz"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0277-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jenifer","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1108\/IJILT-02-2017-0009","volume":"35","author":"RS Alsawaier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alsawaier, R. S. (2018). The effect of gamification on motivation and engagement. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 35(1), 56\u201379.","journal-title":"The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology"},{"key":"12034_CR2","volume-title":"The influence of gamification on speaking skills","author":"GN Alvia Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alvia Gonz\u00e1lez, G. N. (2022). The influence of gamification on speaking skills. Facultad de Filosof\u00eda, Letras y Ciencias de la Educaci\u00f3n: Universidad de Guayaquil."},{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.52462\/jlls.4","volume":"17","author":"S Amoah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amoah, S., & Yeboah, J. (2021). The speaking difficulties of Chinese EFL learners and their motivation towards speaking the English language. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(1), 56\u201369.","journal-title":"Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies"},{"key":"12034_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.12.012","volume":"83","author":"Y Attali","year":"2015","unstructured":"Attali, Y., & Arieli-Attali, M. (2015). Gamification in assessment: Do points affect test performance? Computers & Education, 83, 57\u201363.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12034_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barata, G., Gama, S., Jorge, J., & Gon\u00e7alves, D. (2013). Improving participation and learning with gamification. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on gameful design, research, and applications (pp. 10\u201317).","DOI":"10.1145\/2583008.2583010"},{"issue":"4","key":"12034_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10755-010-9146-8","volume":"35","author":"LE Beer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beer, L. E. (2010). Contemplative administration: Transforming the workplace culture of higher education. Innovative Higher Education, 35(4), 217\u2013231.","journal-title":"Innovative Higher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR7","first-page":"5","volume":"18","author":"RE Bennett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bennett, R. E. (2011). Formative assessment: A critical review. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 18(1), 5\u201325.","journal-title":"Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice"},{"key":"12034_CR8","first-page":"228","volume-title":"International conference on universal access in human-computer interaction","author":"PD Bitonto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bitonto, P. D., Corriero, N., Pesare, E., Rossano, V., & Roselli, T. (2014). Training and learning in e-health using the gamification approach: The trainer interaction. In International conference on universal access in human-computer interaction (pp. 228\u2013237). Springer."},{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR9","first-page":"7","volume":"5","author":"P Black","year":"1998","unstructured":"Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 5(1), 7\u201374.","journal-title":"Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice"},{"issue":"5","key":"12034_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/0141192032000133721","volume":"29","author":"P Black","year":"2003","unstructured":"Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2003). \u2018In praise of educational research\u2019: Formative assessment. British Educational Research Journal, 29(5), 623\u2013637.","journal-title":"British Educational Research Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"12034_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10763-015-9619-4","volume":"13","author":"S Bl\u00f6meke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bl\u00f6meke, S., Hoth, J., D\u00f6hrmann, M., Busse, A., Kaiser, G., & K\u00f6nig, J. (2015). Teacher change during induction: Development of beginning primary teachers\u2019 knowledge, beliefs and performance. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 13(2), 287\u2013308.","journal-title":"International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR12","first-page":"9","volume":"8","author":"C Boston","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boston, C. (2002). The concept of formative assessment. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 8(1), 9.","journal-title":"Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation"},{"key":"12034_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brewer, R., Anthony, L., Brown, Q., Irwin, G., Nias, J., & Tate, B. (2013). Using gamification to motivate children to complete empirical studies in lab environments. In Proceedings of the 12th international conference on interaction design and children (pp. 388\u2013391).","DOI":"10.1145\/2485760.2485816"},{"issue":"4","key":"12034_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/02763869.2015.1082385","volume":"34","author":"TJ Brigham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brigham, T. J. (2015). An introduction to gamification: Adding game elements for engagement. Medical Reference Services Quarterly, 34(4), 471\u2013480.","journal-title":"Medical Reference Services Quarterly"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"12034_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.22488\/okstate.93.100504","volume":"16","author":"SR Brown","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brown, S. R. (1993). A primer on Q methodology. Operant Subjectivity, 16(3\/4), 91\u2013138.","journal-title":"Operant Subjectivity"},{"issue":"6","key":"12034_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2014.964263","volume":"24","author":"P Buckley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buckley, P., & Doyle, E. (2016). Gamification and student motivation. Interactive Learning Environments, 24(6), 1162\u20131175.","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"12034_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulger, S. M., Housner, L. D., & Lee, A. M. (2008). Curriculum alignment: A view from physical education teacher education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 79(7), 44\u201349.","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2008.10598215"},{"issue":"12","key":"12034_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4822","DOI":"10.3390\/su12124822","volume":"12","author":"JM Campillo-Ferrer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campillo-Ferrer, J. M., Miralles-Mart\u00ednez, P., & S\u00e1nchez-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, R. (2020). Gamification in higher education: Impact on student motivation and the acquisition of social and civic key competencies. Sustainability, 12(12), 4822.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"12034_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91716-0_35","volume-title":"International conference on HCI in business, government, and organizations","author":"E Chan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chan, E., Nah, F. F. H., Liu, Q., & Lu, Z. (2018). Effect of gamification on intrinsic motivation. In International conference on HCI in business, government, and organizations (pp. 445\u2013454). Springer."},{"issue":"7","key":"12034_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/08832323.2018.1490687","volume":"93","author":"JR Chapman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chapman, J. R., & Rich, P. J. (2018). Does educational gamification improve students\u2019 motivation? If so, which game elements work best? Journal of Education for Business, 93(7), 315\u2013322.","journal-title":"Journal of Education for Business"},{"key":"12034_CR21","unstructured":"Connell, J. P., & Ryan, R. M. (1984). A developmental theory of motivation in the classroom. Teacher Education Quarterly, 64\u201377."},{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/107319119900600111","volume":"6","author":"B Cowie","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cowie, B., & Bell, B. (1999). A model of formative assessment in science education. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 6(1), 101\u2013116.","journal-title":"Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice"},{"key":"12034_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.11.021","volume":"58","author":"L da Rocha Seixas","year":"2016","unstructured":"da Rocha Seixas, L., Gomes, A. S., & de Melo Filho, I. J. (2016). Effectiveness of gamification in the engagement of students. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 48\u201363.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"12034_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2007.00745.x","volume":"39","author":"P Denton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Denton, P., Madden, J., Roberts, M., & Rowe, P. (2008). Students' response to traditional and computer-assisted formative feedback: A comparative case study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(3), 486\u2013500.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"12034_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1145\/2212877.2212883","volume":"19","author":"S Deterding","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deterding, S. (2012). Gamification: Designing for motivation. Interactions, 19(4), 14\u201317.","journal-title":"Interactions"},{"key":"12034_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011). From game design elements to gamefulness: defining gamification. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments.","DOI":"10.1145\/2181037.2181040"},{"key":"12034_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Conceptualizations of intrinsic motivation and self-determination. In Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior (pp. 11\u201340). Boston, MA: Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4899-2271-7_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2271-7_2"},{"key":"12034_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deci, E. L., Eghrari, H., Patrick, B. C., & Leone, D. R. (1994). Facilitating internalization: The self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality, 62(1), 119\u2013142.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00797.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"12034_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.6.627","volume":"125","author":"EL Deci","year":"1999","unstructured":"Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 627.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"12034_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02299597","volume":"47","author":"PA Ertmer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ertmer, P. A. (1999). Addressing first-and second-order barriers to change: Strategies for technology integration. Educational Technology Research and Development, 47(4), 47\u201361.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"12034_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5539\/elt.v12n4p49","volume":"12","author":"N Gamlo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gamlo, N. (2019). The impact of Mobile game-based language learning apps on EFL Learners' motivation. English Language Teaching, 12(4), 49\u201356.","journal-title":"English Language Teaching"},{"key":"12034_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446250808","volume-title":"Assessment and learning","author":"JN Gardner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gardner, J. N., & Gardner, J. (2012). Assessment and learning. Sage."},{"issue":"2","key":"12034_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/ijsa.12240","volume":"27","author":"K Georgiou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Georgiou, K., Gouras, A., & Nikolaou, I. (2019). Gamification in employee selection: The development of a gamified assessment. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 27(2), 91\u2013103.","journal-title":"International Journal of Selection and Assessment"},{"key":"12034_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-38934-9","volume-title":"Regularity theory for mean-field game systems","author":"DA Gomes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gomes, D. A., Pimentel, E. A., & Voskanyan, V. (2016). Regularity theory for mean-field game systems. Springer."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"12034_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1504\/IJICS.2022.127139","volume":"19","author":"K Bouafia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bouafia, K., & Hamza, L. (2022). Game theory approach for analysing attack graphs. International Journal of Information and Computer Security, 19(3\u20134), 305\u2013320.","journal-title":"International Journal of Information and Computer Security"},{"issue":"2","key":"12034_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v10i2.4355","volume":"10","author":"WMAFW Hamzah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hamzah, W. M. A. F. W., Ali, N. H., Saman, M. Y. M., Yusoff, M. H., & Yacob, A. (2015). Influence of gamification on students\u2019 motivation in using e-learning applications based on the motivational design model. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 10(2), 30\u201334.","journal-title":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET)"},{"issue":"3","key":"12034_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-006-9022-5","volume":"55","author":"KF Hew","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hew, K. F., & Brush, T. (2007). Integrating technology into K-12 teaching and learning: Current knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research. Educational Technology Research and Development, 55(3), 223\u2013252.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.31002\/ijobe.v1i1.996","volume":"1","author":"EM Hijriyah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hijriyah, E. M., Darmawan, E., & Zamzami, M. R. A. (2018). Enhancing biology students motivation through classroom action research based STAD learning model. Indonesian Journal of Biology Education, 1(1), 9\u201316.","journal-title":"Indonesian Journal of Biology Education"},{"key":"#cr-split#-12034_CR39.1","unstructured":"Ibrahim, R., & Jaafar, A. (2009). Educational games"},{"key":"#cr-split#-12034_CR39.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(EG) design framework: Combination of game design, pedagogy and content modeling. In 2009 international conference on electrical engineering and informatics (Vol. 1, pp. 293-298). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEI.2009.5254771"},{"issue":"3","key":"12034_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8203_05","volume":"82","author":"TB Kashdan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kashdan, T. B., Rose, P., & Fincham, F. D. (2004). Curiosity and exploration: Facilitating positive subjective experiences and personal growth opportunities. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82(3), 291\u2013305.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.46328\/bestdergi.63","volume":"6","author":"E Kiyan\u00e7i\u00e7ek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kiyan\u00e7i\u00e7ek, E., & Levent, U. Z. U. N. (2022). Gamification in English language classrooms: The case of Kahoot! Bilim E\u011fitim Sanat ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 6(1), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"Bilim E\u011fitim Sanat ve Teknoloji Dergisi"},{"issue":"3","key":"12034_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.14746\/ssllt.2020.10.3.10","volume":"10","author":"M Kopinska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kopinska, M., & Azkarai, A. (2020). Exploring young EFL learners\u2019 motivation: Individual versus pair work on dictogloss tasks. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 10(3), 607\u2013630.","journal-title":"Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching"},{"key":"12034_CR43","unstructured":"Krashen, S. (1994). The pleasure hypothesis. In J. Alatis (Ed.), Georgetown University round table on languages and linguistics (pp. 299\u2013302). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press."},{"key":"12034_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J. J., Matamoros, E., Kern, R., Marks, J., & de Luna, C. (2013). Greenify fostering sustainable communities via gamification. In CHI\u201913 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, (pp. 1497\u20131502).","DOI":"10.1145\/2468356.2468623"},{"issue":"12","key":"12034_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7008","DOI":"10.3390\/su14127008","volume":"14","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, X., Xia, Q., Chu, S. K. W., & Yang, Y. (2022). Using gamification to facilitate students\u2019 self-regulation in e-learning: A case study on students\u2019 L2 English learning. Sustainability, 14(12), 7008.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"12034_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, L., Liu, D., Zhang, Q., Song, K., Zhou, X. J., Tang, Z., & Zhou, X. (2019). Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of selected antibiotics in the freshwater lakes along the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Basin. Journal of Environmental Management, 249, 109396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109396"},{"key":"12034_CR47","volume-title":"Measurement and assessment in teaching","author":"R Linn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Linn, R., & Miller, M. (2005). Measurement and assessment in teaching. Pearson Prentice Hall."},{"issue":"3","key":"12034_CR48","first-page":"156","volume":"10","author":"J Lohitharajah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lohitharajah, J., & Youhasan, P. (2022). Utilizing gamification effect through Kahoot in remote teaching of immunology: Medical students\u2019 perceptions. Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism, 10(3), 156.","journal-title":"Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism"},{"issue":"3","key":"12034_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173403","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173403","volume":"12","author":"J Looyestyn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Looyestyn, J., Kernot, J., Boshoff, K., Ryan, J., Edney, S., & Maher, C. (2017). Does gamification increase engagement with online programs? A systematic review. PLoS One, 12(3), e0173403.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"12034_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menezes, C. C. N., & De Bortolli, R. (2016). Potential of gamification as assessment tool. Creative Education, 7(4), 561\u2013566.","DOI":"10.4236\/ce.2016.74058"},{"key":"12034_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.11.022","volume":"106","author":"R Mitchell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mitchell, R., Schuster, L., & Jin, H. S. (2020). Gamification and the impact of extrinsic motivation on needs satisfaction: Making work fun? Journal of Business Research, 106, 323\u2013330.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR52","first-page":"76","volume":"20","author":"I Mudure-Iacob","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mudure-Iacob, I. (2021). Gamified assessment of business English: Learning and testing business idioms and collocations via digital escape rooms. Lingua. Language and Culture, 20(1), 76\u201390.","journal-title":"Lingua. Language and Culture"},{"issue":"4","key":"12034_CR53","first-page":"4062","volume":"22","author":"B Muthukumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muthukumar, B., & Neelakandan, V. (2019). Enriching \u201cspeaking skills\u201d through gamification with cultural considerations. Think India Journal, 22(4), 4062\u20134065.","journal-title":"Think India Journal"},{"key":"12034_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nacke, L. E., & Deterding, C. S. (2017). The maturing of gamification research. Computers in Human Behaviour, 71, 450\u2013454.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.11.062"},{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683933","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2019.1683933","volume":"6","author":"E Namaziandost","year":"2019","unstructured":"Namaziandost, E., Neisi, L., Kheryadi, & Nasri, M. (2019). Enhancing oral proficiency through cooperative learning among intermediate EFL learners: English learning motivation in focus. Cogent Education, 6(1), 1683933.","journal-title":"Cogent Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10573569.2021.1892001","volume":"38","author":"E Namaziandost","year":"2022","unstructured":"Namaziandost, E., Razmi, M. H., Ahmad Tilwani, S., & Pourhosein Gilakjani, A. (2022). The impact of authentic materials on reading comprehension, motivation, and anxiety among Iranian male EFL learners. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 38(1), 1\u201318.","journal-title":"Reading & Writing Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"12034_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/03075070600572090","volume":"31","author":"DJ Nicol","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nicol, D. J., & Macfarlane-Dick, D. (2006). Formative assessment and self-regulated learning: A model and seven principles of good feedback practice. Studies in Higher Education, 31(2), 199\u2013218.","journal-title":"Studies in Higher Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"12034_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.26750\/Vol(9).No(5).Paper11","volume":"9","author":"HSM Nuri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nuri, H. S. M., Qadir, S. M., Mohammed, R. R., & Azaldin, A. H. (2022). Perceptions of postgraduate students towards the use of Kahoot as a formative assessment tool in an English language course. Journal of University of Raparin, 9(5), 229\u2013251.","journal-title":"Journal of University of Raparin"},{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9180","DOI":"10.37811\/cl_rcm.v7i1.5044","volume":"7","author":"FC Oviedo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oviedo, F. C., & Charpentier, K. A. (2023). Gamification in education for the formative assessment process. Ciencia Latina Revista Cient\u00edfica Multidisciplinar, 7(1), 9180\u20139194.","journal-title":"Ciencia Latina Revista Cient\u00edfica Multidisciplinar"},{"key":"12034_CR60","unstructured":"Oxford Online English. (2022). https:\/\/www.oxfordonlineenglish.com\/english-level-test\/vocabulary"},{"key":"12034_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707314","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.707314","volume":"12","author":"R Pishghadam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pishghadam, R., Derakhshan, A., Jajarmi, H., Tabatabaee Farani, S., & Shayesteh, S. (2021). Examining the role of teachers\u2019 stroking behaviors in EFL learners\u2019 active\/passive motivation and teacher success. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 707314.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"12034_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0003-066X.55.1.68"},{"key":"12034_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/978.14625\/28806","volume-title":"Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness","author":"RM Ryan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publications."},{"issue":"2","key":"12034_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/1362168819846597","volume":"25","author":"S Safdari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Safdari, S. (2021). Operationalizing L2 motivational self system: Improving EFL learners\u2019 motivation through a vision enhancement program. Language Teaching Research, 25(2), 282\u2013305.","journal-title":"Language Teaching Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-019-09498-w","volume":"32","author":"M Sailer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sailer, M., & Homner, L. (2020). The gamification of learning: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 32(1), 77\u2013112.","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"12034_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1080\/02671522.2021.1907778","volume":"37","author":"BH See","year":"2022","unstructured":"See, B. H., Gorard, S., Lu, B., Dong, L., & Siddiqui, N. (2022). Is technology always helpful?: A critical review of the impact on learning outcomes of education technology in supporting formative assessment in schools. Research Papers in Education, 37(6), 1064\u20131096.","journal-title":"Research Papers in Education"},{"key":"12034_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burn.2017.04.001","volume":"5","author":"S Sonnentag","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sonnentag, S. (2017). A task-level perspective on work engagement: A new approach that helps to differentiate the concepts of engagement and burnout. Burnout Research, 5, 12\u201320.","journal-title":"Burnout Research"},{"key":"12034_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., & Sparks, J. R. (2019). Building a game-enhanced formative assessment to gather evidence about middle school students\u2019 argumentation skills. Educational Technology Research and Development, 67, 1175\u20131196.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-018-9637-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.12973\/ijem.9.1.13","volume":"9","author":"A Vrcelj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vrcelj, A., Hoic-Bo\u017eic, N., & Dlab, M. H. (2023). Use of gamification in primary and secondary education: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 9(1), 13\u201327.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Methodology"},{"key":"12034_CR70","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. S. (2012). Thought and language. MIT press."},{"key":"12034_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.11.004","volume":"82","author":"AI Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, A. I. (2015). The wear out effect of a game-based student response system. Computers & Education, 82, 217\u2013227.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12034_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.11.127","volume":"233","author":"SC Wee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wee, S. C., & Choong, W. W. (2019). Gamification: Predicting the effectiveness of variety game design elements to intrinsically motivate users' energy conservation behaviour. Journal of Environmental Management, 233, 97\u2013106.","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"12034_CR73","unstructured":"Werbach, K., Hunter, D., & Dixon, W. (2012). For the win: How game thinking can revolutionize your business (vol. 1). Philadelphia: Wharton digital press."},{"key":"12034_CR74","first-page":"53","volume-title":"The future of assessment: Shaping teaching and learning","author":"D Wiliam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wiliam, D., & Thompson, M. (2008). Integrating assessment with learning: What will it take to make it work? In C. A. Dwyer (Ed.), The future of assessment: Shaping teaching and learning (pp. 53\u201382). Erlbaum."},{"key":"12034_CR75","unstructured":"Wood, L., Teras, H., Reiners, T., & Gregory, S. (2013). The role of gamification and game-based learning in authentic assessment within virtual environments. Research and Development in Higher Education: The Place of Learning and Teaching, 36, 514\u2013523."},{"key":"12034_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.11.058","volume":"109","author":"N Xi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xi, N., & Hamari, J. (2020). Does gamification affect brand engagement and equity? A study in online brand communities. Journal of Business Research, 109, 449\u2013460.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"12034_CR77","unstructured":"Yam, S., & Rossini, P. E. T. E. R. (2013). Online and traditional formative assessment: Experience from a first-year property course (Doctoral dissertation, PRRES-Pacific Rim Property Research Journal)."},{"issue":"2","key":"12034_CR78","first-page":"69","volume":"22","author":"B Yassin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yassin, B., & Abdulgalil Abugohar, M. (2022). Gamified mobile-assisted formative assessment for reviving undergraduate learners\u2019 overall language proficiency: A quasi-experimental study. Teaching English with Technology, 22(2), 69\u201389.","journal-title":"Teaching English with Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"12034_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.55056\/etq.11","volume":"2022","author":"I Zhorova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhorova, I., Kokhanovska, O., Khudenko, O., Osypova, N., & Kuzminska, O. (2022). Teachers are training for the use of digital tools of the formative assessment in the implementation of the concept of the new Ukrainian school. Educational Technology Quarterly, 2022(1), 56\u201372.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Quarterly"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12034-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12034-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12034-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T10:44:27Z","timestamp":1729853067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12034-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["12034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12034-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All research was approved by the University of South California, Rossier School of Education. I have obtained informed written consent from the participants in the study. Since children are involved, they have informed consent from their parents and legal representatives.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}