{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T06:29:43Z","timestamp":1771914583866,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["435-2019-0159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["435-2019-0159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Macau Start-up Research Grant","award":["SRG2021-00023-FED"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRG2021-00023-FED"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12177-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T07:02:26Z","timestamp":1694156546000},"page":"9417-9444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Validating a novel digital performance-based assessment of data literacy: Psychometric and eye-tracking analyses"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Lutsyk-King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yizhu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Cutumisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline P.","family":"Leighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"12177_CR1","volume-title":"Standards for educational and psychological testing","author":"American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council for Measurement in Education","year":"2014","unstructured":"American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council for Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. American Educational Research Association."},{"issue":"4","key":"12177_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1177\/0265532212473244","volume":"30","author":"S Bax","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bax, S. (2013). The cognitive processing of candidates during reading tests: Evidence from eye-tracking. Language Testing, 30(4), 441\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0265532212473244","journal-title":"Language Testing"},{"key":"12177_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2019.01.007","volume":"83","author":"S Bax","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bax, S., & Chan, S. (2019). Using eye-tracking research to investigate language test validity and design. System, 83, 64\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2019.01.007","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"12177_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00149","author":"GO Boateng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Qui\u00f1onez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00149","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"12177_CR5","unstructured":"Bonikowska, A., Sanmartin, C., & Frenette, M. (2019). Data literacy: What it is and how to measure it in the public service. Statistics Canada. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/11-633-x\/11-633-x2019003-eng.htm"},{"key":"12177_CR6","unstructured":"Brunfaut, T., & McCray, G. (2015). Looking into test-takers\u2019 cognitive processes whilst completing reading tasks: A mixed-method eye-tracking and stimulated recall study (ARAGs Research Reports Online; Vol. AR\/2015\/001). The British Council."},{"key":"12177_CR7","unstructured":"Bryla, M. (2018). Data literacy: A critical skill for the 21st century. Tableau Blog. https:\/\/www.tableau.com\/blog\/data-literacy-critical-skill-21st-century-94221"},{"key":"12177_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03217311","volume":"9","author":"RA Callingham","year":"1997","unstructured":"Callingham, R. A. (1997). Teachers\u2019 multimodal functioning in relation to the concept of average. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 9, 205\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03217311","journal-title":"Mathematics Education Research Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"12177_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14763\/2020.2.1481","volume":"9","author":"E Carmi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carmi, E., Yates, S. J., Lockley, E., & Pawluczuk, A. (2020). Data citizenship: Rethinking data literacy in the age of disinformation, misinformation, and malinformation. Internet Policy Review, 9(2), 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14763\/2020.2.1481","journal-title":"Internet Policy Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"12177_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-016-9279-7","volume":"21","author":"DB Chin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chin, D. B., Blair, K. P., & Schwartz, D. L. (2016). Got game? A choice-based learning assessment of data literacy and visualization skills. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 21(2), 195\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10758-016-9279-7","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"12177_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"S Cimpoeru","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cimpoeru, S., & Roman, M. (2018). Statistical literacy and attitudes towards statistics of Romanian undergraduate students. Journal of Social and Economic Statistics, 7(1), 1\u201318.","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Economic Statistics"},{"key":"12177_CR12","unstructured":"Cronbach, L. J. (1980). Validity on parole: How can we go straight? New directions for testing and measurement: Measurement achievement over a decade. In Proceedings of the 1979 ETS Invitational Conference (pp. 99\u2013108). Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"12177_CR13","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Test validity","author":"LJ Cronbach","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cronbach, L. J. (1988). Five perspectives on validity argument. In H. Wainer & H. Braun (Eds.), Test validity (pp. 3\u201317). Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"issue":"4","key":"12177_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195475","volume":"34","author":"AT Duchowski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Duchowski, A. T. (2002). A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34(4), 455\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03195475","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers"},{"issue":"1","key":"12177_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11092-016-9251-z","volume":"29","author":"J Ebbeler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ebbeler, J., Poortman, C. L., Schildkamp, K., & Pieters, J. M. (2017). The effects of a data use intervention on educators\u2019 satisfaction and data literacy. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 29(1), 83\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11092-016-9251-z","journal-title":"Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability"},{"key":"12177_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gioia, R. D., Chaudron, S., Gemo, M., & Sanchez, I. (2019, November). Cyber Chronix, participatory research approach to develop and evaluate a storytelling game on personal data protection rights and privacy risks. In International Conference on Games and Learning Alliance (pp. 221\u2013230). Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-34350-7_22","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34350-7_22"},{"issue":"4","key":"12177_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3992.2006.00076.x","volume":"25","author":"JS Gorin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gorin, J. S. (2006). Test design with cognition in mind. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 25(4), 21\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-3992.2006.00076.x","journal-title":"Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"12177_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327833mtl0801_3","volume":"8","author":"RE Groth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Groth, R. E., & Bergner, J. A. (2006). Preservice elementary teachers\u2019 conceptual and procedural knowledge of mean, median, and mode. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 8(1), 37\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327833mtl0801_3","journal-title":"Mathematical Thinking and Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"12177_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327078in0602_7","volume":"6","author":"MM Hayhoe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hayhoe, M. M. (2004). Advances in relating eye movements and cognition. Infancy, 6(2), 267\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327078in0602_7","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"issue":"1","key":"12177_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.87.1.18","volume":"87","author":"M Hegarty","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hegarty, M., Mayer, R. E., & Monk, C. A. (1995). Comprehension of arithmetic word problems: A comparison of successful and unsuccessful problem solvers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(1), 18\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.87.1.18","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"12177_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JRIT-11-2019-0074","author":"J Henderson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henderson, J., & Corry, M. (2020). Data literacy training and use for educational professionals. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JRIT-11-2019-0074","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"12177_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12189","volume":"33","author":"H Jarodzka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jarodzka, H., & Brand-Gruwel, S. (2017). Tracking the reading eye: Towards a model of real-world reading. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 33(3), 193\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12189","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"12177_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.4.329","volume":"87","author":"MA Just","year":"1980","unstructured":"Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review, 87(4), 329\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.87.4.329","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"12177_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.3.527","volume":"112","author":"M Kane","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kane, M. (1992). An argument-based approach to validation. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 527\u2013535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.112.3.527","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"12177_CR25","unstructured":"Kane, M. (2006). Validation. In R. Brennan (Ed.), Educational measurement (4th ed., pp. 17\u201364). American Council on Education and Praeger."},{"key":"12177_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jedm.12000","volume":"50","author":"M Kane","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kane, M. (2013). Validating the interpretations and uses of assessment scores. Journal of Educational Measurement, 50, 1\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jedm.12000","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Measurement"},{"issue":"2","key":"12177_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"es2","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.18-02-0023","volume":"18","author":"MK Kjelvik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kjelvik, M. K., & Schultheis, E. H. (2019). Getting messy with authentic data: Exploring the potential of using data from scientific research to support student data literacy. CBE\u2014Life Sciences Education, 18(2), es2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1187\/cbe.18-02-0023","journal-title":"CBE\u2014Life Sciences Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12177_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0961000615616","volume":"49","author":"T Koltay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koltay, T. (2017). Data literacy for researchers and data librarians. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 49(1), 3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0961000615616","journal-title":"Journal of Librarianship and Information Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"12177_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-018-0382-0","volume":"33","author":"K Krsti\u0107","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krsti\u0107, K., \u0160o\u0161ki\u0107, A., Kovi\u0107, V., & Holmqvist, K. (2018). All good readers are the same, but every low-skilled reader is different: An eye-tracking study using PISA data. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 33(3), 521\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10212-018-0382-0","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychology of Education"},{"key":"12177_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2013.10.001","volume":"10","author":"M Lai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lai, M., Tsai, M., Yang, F., Hsu, C., Liu, T., Lee, S. W. Y., Lee, M., Chiou, G., Liang, J., & Tsai, C. (2013). A review of using eye-tracking technology in exploring learning from 2000 to 2012. Educational Research Review, 10, 90\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2013.10.001","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"12177_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/jedm.12245","volume":"57","author":"T Langenfeld","year":"2020","unstructured":"Langenfeld, T., Thomas, J., Zhu, R., & Morris, C. A. (2020). Integrating multiple sources of validity evidence for an assessment-based cognitive model. Journal of Educational Measurement, 57(2), 159\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jedm.12245","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Measurement"},{"key":"12177_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012020","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1440\/1\/012020","volume":"1440","author":"PE Larasati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Larasati, P. E., Supahar, & Yunanta, D. R. A. (2020). Validity and reliability estimation of assessment ability instrument for data literacy on high school physics material. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1440, 012020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1440\/1\/012020","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"key":"12177_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012025","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1839\/1\/012025","volume":"1839","author":"IK Mahardika","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahardika, I. K. (2021). Data literacy of high school students on physics learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1839, 012025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1839\/1\/012025","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"key":"12177_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2020.103043","volume":"91","author":"S Merk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merk, S., Poindl, S., Wurster, S., & Bohl, T. (2020). Fostering aspects of pre-service teachers\u2019 data literacy: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Teaching and Teacher Education, 91, 103043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2020.103043","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12177_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-020-00201-6","volume":"17","author":"IG Ndukwe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ndukwe, I. G., & Daniel, B. K. (2020). Teaching analytics, value and tools for teacher data literacy: A systematic and tripartite approach. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 17(1), 1\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-020-00201-6","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"12177_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/10627197.2018.1513787","volume":"23","author":"T O\u2019Reilly","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly, T., Feng, D. G., Sabatini, D. J., Wang, D. Z., & Gorin, D. J. (2018). How do people read the passages during a reading comprehension test? The effect of reading purpose on text processing behavior. Educational Assessment, 23(4), 277\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10627197.2018.1513787","journal-title":"Educational Assessment"},{"issue":"6","key":"12177_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.13189\/ujer.2020.080657","volume":"8","author":"BC Oguguo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oguguo, B. C., Nannim, F. A., Okeke, A. O., Ezechukwu, R. I., Christopher, G. A., & Ugorji, C. O. (2020). Assessment of students\u2019 data literacy skills in southern Nigerian universities. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(6), 2717\u20132726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13189\/ujer.2020.080657","journal-title":"Universal Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"12177_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1108\/AJIM-04-2020-0110","volume":"73","author":"A Palsdottir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palsdottir, A. (2021). Data literacy and management of research data\u2013a prerequisite for the sharing of research data. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 73(2), 322\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/AJIM-04-2020-0110","journal-title":"Aslib Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"12177_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00305621","volume":"12","author":"A Pollatsek","year":"1981","unstructured":"Pollatsek, A., Lima, S., & Well, A. D. (1981). Concept or computation: Students\u2019 understanding of the mean. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 12, 191\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00305621","journal-title":"Educational Studies in Mathematics"},{"key":"12177_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012085","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1440\/1\/012085","volume":"1440","author":"MA Pratama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pratama, M. A., Lestari, D. P., Sari, W. K., Putri, T. S. Y., & Adiatmah, V. A. K. (2020). Data literacy assessment instrument for preparing 21 Cs literacy: Preliminary study. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1440, 012085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1440\/1\/012085","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"issue":"4","key":"12177_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/13562517.2019.1696301","volume":"25","author":"JE Raffaghelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raffaghelli, J. E., & Stewart, B. (2020). Centering complexity in \u2018educators\u2019 data literacy\u2019 to support future practices in faculty development: A systematic review of the literature. Teaching in Higher Education, 25(4), 435\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13562517.2019.1696301","journal-title":"Teaching in Higher Education"},{"key":"12177_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.03.004","volume":"136","author":"TD Reeves","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reeves, T. D., & Chiang, J. L. (2019). Effects of an asynchronous online data literacy intervention on pre-service and in-service educators\u2019 beliefs, self-efficacy, and practices. Computers & Education, 136, 13\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.03.004","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12177_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2015.05.007","volume":"50","author":"TD Reeves","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reeves, T. D., & Honig, S. L. (2015). A classroom data literacy intervention for pre-service teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 50, 90\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2015.05.007","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"12177_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ridsdale, C., Rothwell, J., Smit, M., Ali-Hassan, H., Bliemel, M., Irvine, D., \u2026, & Wuetherick, B. (2015). Strategies and best practices for data literacy education. Knowledge synthesis report. Dalhousie University. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.1.1922.5044","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.1.1922.5044"},{"key":"12177_CR45","unstructured":"Rogers, M. A. (2015). A developmental study examining the value, effectiveness, and quality of a data literacy intervention [Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa]. ProQuest LLC."},{"issue":"1","key":"12177_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10649-019-9878-z","volume":"101","author":"M Schindler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schindler, M., & Lilienthal, A. J. (2019). Domain-specific interpretation of eye tracking data: Towards a refined use of the eye-mind hypothesis for the field of geometry. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 101(1), 123\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10649-019-9878-z","journal-title":"Educational Studies in Mathematics"},{"key":"12177_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420036268","volume-title":"Handbook of parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures","author":"DJ Sheskin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sheskin, D. J. (2003). Handbook of parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures. Chapman and Hall\/CRC."},{"issue":"4","key":"12177_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssr.2018.11.001","volume":"43","author":"TL Shreiner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shreiner, T. L. (2019). Students\u2019 use of data visualizations in historical reasoning: A think-aloud investigation with elementary, middle, and high school students. The Journal of Social Studies Research, 43(4), 389\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jssr.2018.11.001","journal-title":"The Journal of Social Studies Research"},{"key":"12177_CR49","first-page":"153","volume":"4","author":"OJ Solheim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Solheim, O. J., & Uppstad, P. H. (2011). Eye-tracking as a tool in process-oriented reading test validation. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 4, 153\u2013168.","journal-title":"International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education"},{"key":"12177_CR50","unstructured":"Tobii AB. (2023). Tobii Pro Lab User Manual (Version 1.217). Tobii AB, Danderyd, Sweden."},{"issue":"1","key":"12177_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11092-021-09372-w","volume":"34","author":"PS Trantham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trantham, P. S., Sikorski, J., de Ayala, R. J., & Doll, B. (2022). An item response theory and Rasch analysis of the NUDKS: A data literacy scale. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 34(1), 113\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11092-021-09372-w","journal-title":"Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability"},{"issue":"1","key":"12177_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.07.012","volume":"58","author":"MJ Tsai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsai, M. J., Hou, H. T., Lai, M. L., Liu, W. Y., & Yang, F. Y. (2012). Visual attention for solving multiple-choice science problem: An eye-tracking analysis. Computers & Education, 58(1), 375\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.07.012","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12177_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2008.07.002","volume":"34","author":"M van der Schoot","year":"2009","unstructured":"van der Schoot, M., Bakker Arkema, A. H., Horsley, T. M., & van Lieshout, E. C. D. M. (2009). The consistency effect depends on markedness in less successful but not succesful problem solvers: An eye movement study in primary school children. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 34, 58\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2008.07.002","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"12177_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.15353\/joci.v12i3.3275","volume":"12","author":"A Wolff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wolff, A., Gooch, D., Montaner, J. J. C., Rashid, U., & Kortuem, G. (2016). Creating an understanding of data literacy for a data-driven society. The Journal of Community Informatics, 12(3), 9\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15353\/joci.v12i3.3275","journal-title":"The Journal of Community Informatics"},{"key":"12177_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.03.006","volume":"129","author":"A Wolff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolff, A., Wermelinger, M., & Petre, M. (2019). Exploring design principles for data literacy activities to support children\u2019s inquiries from complex data. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 129, 41\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.03.006","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"12177_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-022-09581-w","volume":"50","author":"CJ Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, C. J., & Liu, C. Y. (2022). Refined use of the eye-mind hypothesis for scientific argumentation using multiple representations. Instructional Science, 50, 551\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11251-022-09581-w","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"key":"12177_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-01836-y","volume":"42","author":"X Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, X., Xu, T., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Research on the data analysis knowledge assessment of pre-service teachers from China based on cognitive diagnostic assessment. Current Psychology, 42, 4885\u20134899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-021-01836-y","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"12177_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/jedm.12304","volume":"58","author":"V Yaneva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yaneva, V., Clauser, B. E., Morales, A., & Paniagua, M. (2021). Using eye-tracking data as part of the validity argument for multiple-choice questions: A demonstration. Journal of Educational Measurement, 58(4), 515\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jedm.12304","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Measurement"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12177-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12177-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12177-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T15:16:53Z","timestamp":1718723813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12177-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["12177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12177-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Research Ethics Board at the University of Alberta (Pro00104495).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All the participants have given their written informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}