{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T12:32:32Z","timestamp":1762432352390,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022NSFSC0570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC0570"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A substantial amount of literature has shown that the input flooding and enhancement (Textual enhancement, TE) technique helps learners to perceive and acquire target features implicitly. Previous studies explored the efficacy of computer-assisted TE interventions in Second Language Acquisition with diverse techniques, but animation has not yet been sufficiently taken into consideration. In this paper, we developed an animation-based TE intervention to promote the primary school children\u2019 acquisition of the linguistic features of English question sentences. The results suggested that learners in experimental group improved their performances in producing questions and statements with a large effect size, as they were found to spontaneously put extra efforts in exploring the related knowledge of the visually enhanced forms. The study presumed that the animation-based TE intervention would stimulate participants\u2019 awareness and curiosity of the target forms, which consequently led to improved performance in tasks both involving precursor knowledge and newly acquired knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12209-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T08:02:27Z","timestamp":1695283347000},"page":"9843-9863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Employing animation-based TE to activate Chinese children\u2019 cognitive-involvement in L2 feature acquisition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Xiongjun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yunxia","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mengxue","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhijie","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"12209_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.02.002","volume":"27","author":"OO Adesope","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adesope, O. O., & Nesbit, J. C. (2013). Animated and static concept maps enhance learning from spoken narration. Learning and Instruction, 27, 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"issue":"1","key":"12209_CR2","first-page":"25","volume":"16","author":"SG Arani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arani, S. G., & Yazdanimoghaddam, M. (2016). The Impact of Input Flooding and Textual Enhancement on Iranian EFL Learners\u2019 Syntactic Development. TESOL & Applied Linguistics, 16(1), 25\u201337.","journal-title":"TESOL & Applied Linguistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"12209_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/ijal.12141","volume":"27","author":"F Boers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boers, F., Demecheleer, M., He, L., Deconinck, J., Stengers, H., & Eyckmans, J. (2017). Typographic enhancement of multiword units in second language text. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 27(2), 448\u2013469.","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Linguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"12209_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/17501220903388900","volume":"4","author":"MY Cho","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cho, M. Y. (2010). The effects of input enhancement and written recall on noticing and acquisition. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 4(1), 71\u201387.","journal-title":"Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching"},{"issue":"1","key":"12209_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/lang.12255","volume":"68","author":"I Comeaux","year":"2018","unstructured":"Comeaux, I., & McDonald, J. L. (2018). Determining the Effectiveness of Visual Input Enhancement Across Multiple Linguistic Cues. Language Learning, 68(1), 5\u201345.","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"key":"12209_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.04.064","volume":"15","author":"MV Dalili","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dalili, M. V. (2011). On the integration of form and meaning in English Language Teaching (ELT): An overview of current pedagogical options. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 2117\u20132121.","journal-title":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"12209_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1362168811431377","volume":"16","author":"J Eckerth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eckerth, J., & Tavakoli, P. (2012). The effects of word exposure frequency and elaboration of word processing on incidental L2 vocabulary acquisition through reading. Language Teaching Research, 16(2), 227\u2013252.","journal-title":"Language Teaching Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"12209_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263102002024","volume":"24","author":"NC Ellis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ellis, N. C. (2002). Frequency effects in language processing: A review with implications for theories of implicit and explicit language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24(2), 143\u2013188.","journal-title":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition"},{"issue":"2","key":"12209_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1017\/S027226310505014X","volume":"27","author":"NC Ellis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ellis, N. C. (2005). At the interface: Dynamic interactions of explicit and implicit language knowledge. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27(2), 305\u2013352.","journal-title":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition"},{"issue":"2","key":"12209_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/aml015","volume":"27","author":"NC Ellis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ellis, N. C. (2006). Selective attention and transfer phenomena in l2 acquisition: Contingency, cue competition, salience, interference, overshadowing, blocking, and perceptual learning. Applied Linguistics, 27(2), 164\u2013194.","journal-title":"Applied Linguistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"12209_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1944-9720.2006.tb02275.x","volume":"39","author":"C Gascoigne","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gascoigne, C. (2006). Explicit input enhancement: Effects on target and non-target aspects of second language acquisition. Foreign Language Annals, 39(4), 551\u2013564.","journal-title":"Foreign Language Annals"},{"issue":"4","key":"12209_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/amn010","volume":"29","author":"Z Han","year":"2008","unstructured":"Han, Z., Park, E. S., & Combs, C. (2008). Textual enhancement of input: Issues and possibilities. Applied Linguistics, 29(4), 597\u2013618.","journal-title":"Applied Linguistics"},{"key":"12209_CR13","volume-title":"I-Language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science","author":"D Isac","year":"2013","unstructured":"Isac, D., & Reiss, C. (2013). I-Language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"12209_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2307\/40264526","volume":"40","author":"Y Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim, Y. (2006). Effects of input elaboration on vocabulary acquisition through reading by Korean learners of English as a foreign language. Tesol Quarterly, 40(2), 341\u2013373.","journal-title":"Tesol Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"12209_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1362168814561903","volume":"20","author":"RM LaBrozzi","year":"2016","unstructured":"LaBrozzi, R. M. (2016). The effects of textual enhancement type on L2 form recognition and reading comprehension in Spanish. Language Teaching Research, 20(1), 75\u201391.","journal-title":"Language Teaching Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"12209_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/22.1.1","volume":"22","author":"B Laufer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Laufer, B., & Hulstijn, J. (2001). Incidental vocabulary acquisition in a second language: the construct of task-induced involvement. Applied Linguistics, 22(1), 1.","journal-title":"Applied Linguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"12209_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2007.00400.x","volume":"57","author":"SK Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee, S. K. (2007). Effects of textual enhancement and topic familiarity on Korean EFL students\u2019 reading comprehension and learning of passive form. Language Learning, 57(1), 87\u2013118.","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"12209_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263108080479","volume":"30","author":"SK Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee, S. K., & Huang, H. T. (2008). Visual input enhancement and grammar learning: A meta-analytic review. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 30(3), 307\u2013331.","journal-title":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition"},{"issue":"3","key":"12209_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.2307\/3657810","volume":"84","author":"RP Leow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leow, R. P. (2001). Do learners notice enhanced forms while interacting with the L2? An online and offline study of the role of written input enhancement in L2 reading. Hispania, 84(3), 496\u2013509.","journal-title":"Hispania"},{"key":"12209_CR20","unstructured":"Levenshtein, V. I. (1965). Binary codes for correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals of symbols. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (163), 845\u2013848"},{"key":"12209_CR21","first-page":"83","volume":"13","author":"NR May\u00e9n","year":"2013","unstructured":"May\u00e9n, N. R. (2013). Effects of input enhancement and visual prompts in children\u2019s l2 acquisition of Spanish Verbal morphology. ELIA: Estudios de Ling\u00fc\u00edstica Inglesa Aplicada, 13, 83\u2013111.","journal-title":"ELIA: Estudios de Ling\u00fc\u00edstica Inglesa Aplicada"},{"key":"12209_CR22","unstructured":"Meurers, D., Ziai, R., Amaral, L., Boyd, A., Dimitrov, A., Metcalf, V., & Ott, N. (2010). Enhancing authentic web pages for language learners. Paper presented at the NAACL HLT 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, Los Angeles."},{"key":"12209_CR23","unstructured":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. (2022). Curriculum standard for compulsory education: English education (in Chinese). http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/2022-04\/21\/content_5686535.htm"},{"issue":"3","key":"12209_CR24","first-page":"180","volume":"20","author":"Y Park","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park, Y., & Warschauer, M. (2016). Syntactic enhancement and second language literacy: An experimental study. Language Learning & Technology, 20(3), 180\u2013199.","journal-title":"Language Learning & Technology"},{"key":"12209_CR25","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., . . . Dubourg, V. (2011). Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12, 2825\u20132830."},{"key":"12209_CR26","unstructured":"Rijlaarsdam, G., Nguyen, P. N., Janssen, T., & Admiraal, W. (2019). Effects of rhetorical text analysis on idea generation and text quality. International Journal of Applied Linguistics."},{"issue":"2","key":"12209_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2007.00406.x","volume":"57","author":"S Rott","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rott, S. (2007). The effect of frequency of input-enhancements on word learning and text comprehension. Language Learning, 57(2), 165\u2013199.","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"12209_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/11.2.129","volume":"11","author":"RW Schmidt","year":"1990","unstructured":"Schmidt, R. W. (1990). The role of consciousness in second language learning1. Applied Linguistics, 11(2), 129\u2013158.","journal-title":"Applied Linguistics"},{"key":"12209_CR29","first-page":"57","volume":"52","author":"D Shook","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shook, D. (1994). FL\/L2 reading, grammatical information, and the input-to-intake phenomenon. Applied Language Learning, 52, 57\u201393.","journal-title":"Applied Language Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"12209_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2008.06.005","volume":"37","author":"D Simard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Simard, D. (2009). Differential effects of textual enhancement formats on intake. System, 37(1), 124\u2013135.","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"2","key":"12209_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/ijal.12092","volume":"26","author":"P Szudarski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Szudarski, P., & Carter, R. (2016). The role of input flood and input enhancement in EFL learners\u2019 acquisition of collocations. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 26(2), 245\u2013265.","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Linguistics"},{"issue":"0","key":"12209_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"0","author":"R Treiman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Treiman, R., Kessler, B., & Caravolas, M. (2018). What methods of scoring young children\u2019s spelling best predict later spelling performance? Journal of Research in Reading, 0(0), 1\u201317.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Reading"},{"issue":"3","key":"12209_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/amq051","volume":"32","author":"S Webb","year":"2010","unstructured":"Webb, S., & Kagimoto, E. (2010). Learning collocations: Do the number of collocates, position of the node word, and synonymy affect learning? Applied Linguistics, 32(3), 259\u2013276.","journal-title":"Applied Linguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"12209_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2012.00729.x","volume":"63","author":"S Webb","year":"2013","unstructured":"Webb, S., Newton, J., & Chang, A. (2013). Incidental learning of collocation. Language Learning, 63(1), 91\u2013120.","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"12209_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266078412000235","volume":"28","author":"R Wei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wei, R., & Su, J. (2012). The statistics of English in China: An analysis of the best available data from government sources. English Today, 28(3), 10\u201314.","journal-title":"English Today"},{"issue":"2","key":"12209_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263112000903","volume":"35","author":"PM Winke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Winke, P. M. (2013). The effects of input enhancement on grammar learning and comprehension: A modified replication of Lee (2007) with eye-movement data. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35(2), 323\u2013352.","journal-title":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition"},{"issue":"4","key":"12209_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2018.1517125","volume":"32","author":"J Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, J., Thomas, M. S. C., Qi, X. F., & Liu, X. (2019). Using an ANN-based computational model to simulate and evaluate Chinese students\u2019 individualized cognitive abilities important in their English acquisition. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32(4), 366\u2013397.","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"12209_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-022-10275-5","volume":"35","author":"J Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, J., Qi, X. F., Liu, R., Wang, L., & Sun, B. (2022a). A computational model of TE-dominant noticing, repetition, prior knowledge and grammatical knowledge acquisition. Reading and Writing, 35, 1953\u20131974.","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"issue":"1","key":"12209_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2022.2027327","volume":"115","author":"J Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, J., Qi, X. F., Wang, L., Sun, B., & Zheng, M. X. (2022b). A reading model of young EFL learners regarding attention, cognitive-load and auditory-assistance. The Journal of Educational Research, 115(1), 51\u201363.","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"12209_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, J., Sun, B., Kuang, X., & Thomas, M. S. C. (2022c). Enhancing the auditory usage of L2 e-storybooks by precedingly providing learners with perceptual intervention. Interactive Learning Environments, published online. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2022.2067185","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2022.2067185"},{"issue":"4","key":"12209_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/09658410108667039","volume":"10","author":"LJ Zhang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhang, L. J. (2001). Awareness in reading: EFL students\u2019 metacognitive knowledge of reading strategies in an acquisition-poor environment. Language Awareness, 10(4), 268\u2013288.","journal-title":"Language Awareness"},{"key":"12209_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziegler, N., Meurers, D., Rebuschat, P., Ruiz, S., Moreno\u2010Vega, J. L., Chinkina, M., . . . Grey, S. (2017). Interdisciplinary research at the intersection of CALL, NLP, and SLA: Methodological implications from an input enhancement project. Language Learning, 67(S1), 209\u2013231.","DOI":"10.1111\/lang.12227"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12209-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12209-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12209-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T15:19:57Z","timestamp":1718723997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12209-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["12209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12209-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1360-2357"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7608"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Authors declare that there is no interest conflict.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}