{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T02:59:34Z","timestamp":1776999574023,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12514-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T14:02:34Z","timestamp":1708524154000},"page":"17119-17143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Student motivation and engagement in online language learning using virtual classrooms: Interrelationships with support, attitude and learner readiness"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Lianjiang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3826-9438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"12514_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2005.00191.x","volume":"67","author":"AC Acock","year":"2005","unstructured":"Acock, A. C. (2005). Working with missing values. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(4), 1012\u20131028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2005.00191.x","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"key":"12514_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926310","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.926310","volume":"13","author":"M Alhamami","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alhamami, M. (2022). Language learners\u2019 attitudes toward online and face-to-face language environments. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 926310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.926310","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"12514_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2304\/elea.2012.9.2.211","volume":"9","author":"H Al-Nuaim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Nuaim, H. (2012). The use of virtual classrooms in e-learning: A case study in king Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. E-Learning and Digital Media, 9(2), 211\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2304\/elea.2012.9.2.211","journal-title":"E-Learning and Digital Media"},{"key":"12514_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179","volume-title":"Structural equations with latent variables","author":"K Bollen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bollen, K. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. Wiley."},{"key":"12514_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781529714906","volume-title":"New media in the classroom: Rethinking primary literacy","author":"C Burnett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burnett, C., & Merchant, G. (2018). New media in the classroom: Rethinking primary literacy. Sage Publications Ltd.."},{"key":"12514_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410600219","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming","author":"BM Byrne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge."},{"key":"12514_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2021.102527","volume":"99","author":"B Carbajal-Carrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carbajal-Carrera, B. (2021). Mapping connections among activism interactional practices and presence in videoconferencing language learning. System, 99, 102527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2021.102527","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"12514_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2013.10.008","volume":"21","author":"M-H Cho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cho, M.-H., & Cho, Y. (2014). Instructor scaffolding for interaction and students' academic engagement in online learning: Mediating role of perceived online class goal structures. The Internet and Higher Education, 21, 25\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iheduc.2013.10.008","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"12514_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2012.11.001","volume":"17","author":"M-H Cho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cho, M.-H., & Kim, B. J. (2013). Students' self-regulation for interaction with others in online learning environments. The Internet and Higher Education, 17, 69\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iheduc.2012.11.001","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"12514_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104627","volume":"191","author":"Y Copur-Gencturk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Copur-Gencturk, Y., Thacker, I., & Cimpian, J. R. (2022). Teacher bias in the virtual classroom. Computers & Education, 191, 104627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104627","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12514_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/tesj.264","volume":"8","author":"E Doman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doman, E., & Webb, M. (2017). The flipped experience for Chinese University students studying English as a foreign language. TESOL Journal, 8(1), 102\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tesj.264","journal-title":"TESOL Journal"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"12514_CR12","first-page":"261","volume":"44","author":"Z Dornyei","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dornyei, Z. (1997). Motivational factors in second language attainment: A review of research in Hungary. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 44(1\u20132), 261\u2013275.","journal-title":"Acta Linguistica Hungarica"},{"issue":"6","key":"12514_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12302","volume":"34","author":"HY Durak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Durak, H. Y. (2018). Flipped learning readiness in teaching programming in middle schools: Modelling its relation to various variables. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 34(6), 939\u2013959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12302","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"12514_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2020.100878","volume":"66","author":"DG Erbil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Erbil, D. G., & Kocaba\u015f, A. (2020). Flipping the 4th grade social studies course in a cooperative way: Effects on academic achievement and motivation. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 66, 100878.","journal-title":"Studies in Educational Evaluation"},{"issue":"2","key":"12514_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1017\/S095834401200002X","volume":"24","author":"R Hampel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hampel, R., & Stickler, U. (2012). The use of videoconferencing to support multimodal interaction in an online language classroom. ReCALL, 24(2), 116\u2013137.","journal-title":"ReCALL"},{"key":"12514_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.01.031","volume":"59","author":"Y Hao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hao, Y. (2016). Middle school students' flipped learning readiness in foreign language classrooms: Exploring its relationship with personal characteristics and individual circumstances. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 295\u2013303.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"12514_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344017000386","volume":"30","author":"P Hartwick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hartwick, P. (2018). Investigating research approaches: Classroom-based interaction studies in physical and virtual contexts. ReCALL, 30(2), 161\u2013176.","journal-title":"ReCALL"},{"issue":"1","key":"12514_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-023-00225-1","volume":"10","author":"M Islam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Islam, M., Mazlan, N., Murshidi, G., Hoque, M., Karthiga, S., & Reza, M. (2023). UAE university students\u2019 experiences of virtual classroom learning during Covid 19. Smart Learning Environments., 10(1), 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-023-00225-1","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments."},{"issue":"3","key":"12514_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/1362168817731910","volume":"23","author":"Y Jung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jung, Y., Kim, Y., Lee, H., Cathey, R., Carver, J., & Skalicky, S. (2019). Learner perception of multimodal synchronous computer-mediated communication in foreign language classrooms. Language Teaching Research, 23(3), 287\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362168817731910","journal-title":"Language Teaching Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"12514_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2011.598505","volume":"38","author":"ER Kahu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kahu, E. R. (2013). Framing student engagement in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 38(5), 758\u2013773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03075079.2011.598505","journal-title":"Studies in Higher Education"},{"key":"12514_CR21","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford.","edition":"3"},{"key":"12514_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504557","volume":"51","author":"HY Ku","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ku, H. Y., & Lohr, L. L. (2003). A case study of Chinese student\u2019s attitudes toward their first online learning experience. Educational Technology Research and Development, 51, 95\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02504557","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"12514_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.05.013","volume":"124","author":"HM Lai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lai, H. M., Hsiao, Y. L., & Hsieh, P. J. (2018). The role of motivation, ability, and opportunity in university teachers\u2019 continuance use intention for flipped teaching. Computers & Education, 124, 37\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.05.013","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12514_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/tesq.364","volume":"51","author":"I Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, I., Yu, S., & Liu, Y. (2018). Hong Kong secondary students' motivation in EFL writing: A survey study. TESOL Quarterly, 51(1), 176\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tesq.364","journal-title":"TESOL Quarterly"},{"issue":"7","key":"12514_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282917697618","volume":"36","author":"SH Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin, S. H., & Huang, Y. C. (2017). Assessing college student engagement: Development and validation of the student course engagement scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 36(7), 694\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734282917697618","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment"},{"key":"12514_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.05.014","volume":"113","author":"C Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin, C., Zhang, Y., & Zheng, B. (2017). The roles of learning strategies and motivation in online language learning: A structural equation modeling analysis. Computers & Education, 113, 75\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.05.014","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12514_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2020.102352","volume":"94","author":"PD MacIntyre","year":"2020","unstructured":"MacIntyre, P. D., Gregersen, T., & Mercer, S. (2020). Language teachers\u2019 coping strategies during the Covid-19 conversion to online teaching: Correlations with stress, wellbeing and negative emotions. System, 94, 102352.","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"3","key":"12514_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"N Magen-Nagar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Magen-Nagar, N., & Shonfeld, M. (2018). Attitudes, openness to multiculturalism, and integration of online collaborative learning. Educational Technology & Society, 21(3), 1\u201311.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"12514_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1348\/000709906x118036","volume":"77","author":"AJ Martin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Martin, A. J. (2007). Examining a multidimensional model of student motivation and engagement using a construct validation approach. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(2), 413\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/000709906x118036","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"12514_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2006.11.003","volume":"33","author":"AJ Martin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martin, A. J. (2008). Enhancing student motivation and engagement: The effects of a multidimensional intervention. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33(2), 239\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2006.11.003","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"12514_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2020.102431","volume":"97","author":"KM Moser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moser, K. M., Wei, T., & Brenner, D. (2021). Remote teaching during COVID-19: Implications from a national survey of language educators. System, 97, 102431.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"12514_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2014.10.002","volume":"25","author":"M Parkes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parkes, M., Stein, S., & Reading, C. (2015). Student preparedness for university e-learning environments. The Internet and Higher Education, 25, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iheduc.2014.10.002","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"12514_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.3.879","volume":"40","author":"KJ Preacher","year":"2008","unstructured":"Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.40.3.879","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"12514_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/10748120110424816","volume":"9","author":"M Prensky","year":"2001","unstructured":"Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants. Horizon, 9(5), 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/10748120110424816","journal-title":"Horizon"},{"key":"12514_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2022.102819","volume":"107","author":"J Tao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tao, J., & Gao, X. (2022). Teaching and learning languages online: Challenges and responses. System, 107, 102819.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"12514_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2017.01.002","volume":"53","author":"HM Vo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vo, H. M., Zhu, C., & Diep, N. A. (2017). The effect of blended learning on student performance at course-level in higher education: A meta-analysis. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 53, 17\u201328.","journal-title":"Studies in Educational Evaluation"},{"key":"12514_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-020-09883-1","volume":"69","author":"PS Wardrip","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wardrip, P. S. (2021). Educators enacting online learning support roles in remote educational experiences. Education Technology Research and Development, 69, 213\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-020-09883-1","journal-title":"Education Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"12514_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.12.085","volume":"70","author":"R Yilmaz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yilmaz, R. (2017). Exploring the role of e-learning readiness on student satisfaction and motivation in flipped classroom. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 251\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2016.12.085","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"12514_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-018-0239-0","volume":"76","author":"H Yin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yin, H. (2018). What motivates Chinese undergraduates to engage in learning? Insights from a psychological approach to student engagement research. Higher Education, 76(5), 827\u2013847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10734-018-0239-0","journal-title":"Higher Education"},{"key":"12514_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2019.06.002","volume":"62","author":"S Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu, S., Zhou, N., Zheng, Y., Zhang, L., Cao, H., & Li, X. (2019). Evaluating student motivation and engagement in the Chinese EFL writing context. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 62, 129\u2013141.","journal-title":"Studies in Educational Evaluation"},{"issue":"4","key":"12514_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.11.012","volume":"56","author":"Z Zhan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhan, Z., Xu, F., & Ye, H. (2011). Effects of an online learning community on active and reflective learners\u2019 learning performance and attitudes in a face-to-face undergraduate course. Computers & Education, 56(4), 961\u2013968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.11.012","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12514_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Meng, H., & Zhou, N. (2021). English learners\u2019 readiness for online flipped learning: Interrelationships with motivation and engagement, attitude, and support. Language Teaching Research, 0(0). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13621688211027459","DOI":"10.1177\/13621688211027459"},{"key":"12514_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Zang, N., Zhou, N. & Cao, H. (2022). English teachers\u2019 intention to use flipped teaching: interrelationships with needs satisfaction, motivation, self-efficacy, belief, and support. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35(8), 1890\u20131919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2020.1846566","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2020.1846566"},{"key":"12514_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berry, S. (2019). The role of video and text chat in a virtual classroom: How technology impacts community. Educational Technology and Resources for Synchronous Learning in Higher Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/978-1-5225-7567-2.ch009","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-7567-2.ch009"},{"key":"12514_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705510701301834","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834"},{"key":"12514_CR46","unstructured":"Cho, M. H., & Summers, S. (2012). Factor validity of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire in asynchronous online learning environments (AOLE). Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 23, 5\u201328. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/primary\/p\/34129\/"},{"key":"12514_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Oliveira, M., Sporn, Z., Kliemann, L., Borschke, A., & Meyering, M. (2021). Online language learning and workplace communication: A study on Babbel\u2019s virtual-classroom solution. Computer Assisted Language Learning. Online Advanced Publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2021.2002364","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2021.2002364"},{"key":"12514_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hung, M.-L., Chou, C., Chen, C.-H., & Own, Z.-Y. (2010). Learner readiness for online learning: Scale development and student perceptions. Computers & Education, 55(3), 1080\u20131090. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.05.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.05.004"},{"key":"12514_CR49","unstructured":"International Association of Universities (2020). Covid-19: Higher education challenges and responses. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https:\/\/www.iau-aiu.net\/Covid-19-Higher-Education-challenges-and-responses"},{"key":"12514_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Zhou, N., Gu, M. & Li, X. (2024). Exploring student motivation and engagement in EMI: A latent profile analysis. Language & Education, online advance. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09500782.2024.2311146","DOI":"10.1080\/09500782.2024.2311146"},{"key":"12514_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Manegre, M., & Sabiri, K. A. (2022). Online language learning using virtual classrooms: An analysis of teacher perceptions. Computer Assisted Language Learning. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2020.1770290","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2020.1770290"},{"key":"12514_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, A. J. (2012). Motivation and engagement: Conceptual, operational, and empirical clarity. In S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 303\u2013311). New York: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7_14"},{"key":"12514_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moorhouse, B. (2023). Teachers\u2019 digital technology use after a period of online teaching. ELT Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/elt\/ccac050","DOI":"10.1093\/elt\/ccac050"},{"key":"12514_CR54","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L. K., & Muth\u00e9n, B. O. (1998\u20132017). Mplus user\u2019s guide. Los Angeles, CA: Author."},{"key":"12514_CR55","unstructured":"Parker, M.A. & Martin, F. (2010) Using virtual classrooms: Student perceptions of features and characteristics in an online and a blended learning course. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 6(1), 138. http:\/\/jolt.merlot.org\/vol6no1\/parker_0310.pdf. Accessed 10 Oct 2023."},{"key":"12514_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pham, H.-H., & Ho, T.-T.-H. (2020). Toward a \u2018new normal\u2019 with e-learning in Vietnamese higher education during the post COVID-19 pandemic. Higher Education Research & Development. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07294360.2020.1823945","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2020.1823945"},{"key":"12514_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, R. (2020). China\u2019s higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: Some preliminary observations. Higher Education Research & Development, Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07294360.2020.1824212","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2020.1824212"},{"key":"12514_CR58","unstructured":"Zhao, N. & McDougall, D. (2008). Cultural influences on Chinese students\u2019 asynchronous online learning in a Canadian University. Journal of Distance Education, 22(2), 59\u201380. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/p\/102726\/"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12514-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12514-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12514-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T15:36:06Z","timestamp":1729006566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12514-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["12514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12514-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}