{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T21:22:13Z","timestamp":1780521733741,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12611-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T09:01:40Z","timestamp":1714813300000},"page":"21811-21831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Development and validation of an artificial intelligence literacy assessment for kindergarten children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9681-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahong","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"12611_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1080\/09500693.2010.512369","volume":"33","author":"WK Adams","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adams, W. K., & Wieman, C. E. (2011). Development and validation of instruments to measure learning of expert-like thinking. International Journal of Science Education, 33(9), 1289\u20131312.","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"12611_CR300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aesaert, K., Van Nijlen, D., Vanderlinde, R., & van Braak, J. (2014). Direct measures of digital information processing and communication skills in primary education: Using item response theory for the development and validation of an ICT competence scale. Computers & Education, 76, 168\u2013181.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.03.013"},{"issue":"6","key":"12611_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5430\/ijhe.v10n6p22","volume":"10","author":"HS Al-zboon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-zboon, H. S., & Alrekebat, A. F. (2021). The effect of multiple-choice test items\u2019 difficulty degree on the reliability coefficient and the standard error of measurement depending on the Item Response Theory (IRT). International Journal of Higher Education, 10(6), 22\u201332.","journal-title":"International Journal of Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"12611_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/146879410100100307","volume":"1","author":"J Attride-Stirling","year":"2001","unstructured":"Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385\u2013405.","journal-title":"Qualitative Research"},{"key":"12611_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgsteiner, H., Kandlhofer, M., & Steinbauer, G. (2016, March). Irobot: Teaching the basics of artificial intelligence in high schools. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 30(1), 4126\u20134127.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.9864"},{"issue":"3","key":"12611_CR7","first-page":"89","volume":"24","author":"CS Chai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chai, C. S., Lin, P. Y., Jong, M. S. Y., Dai, Y., Chiu, T. K., & Qin, J. (2021). Perceptions of and behavioral intentions towards learning artificial intelligence in primary school students. Educational Technology & Society, 24(3), 89\u2013101.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"12611_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2021.3085878","volume":"65","author":"TK Chiu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiu, T. K., Meng, H., Chai, C. S., King, I., Wong, S., & Yam, Y. (2021). Creation and evaluation of a pretertiary artificial intelligence (AI) curriculum. IEEE Transactions on Education, 65(1), 30\u201339.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12611_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.2015.0005","volume":"25","author":"A Cuellar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cuellar, A. (2015). Preventing and treating child mental health problems. The Future of Children, 25(1), 111\u2013134.","journal-title":"The Future of Children"},{"issue":"7","key":"12611_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331221081753","volume":"60","author":"L El-Hamamsy","year":"2022","unstructured":"El-Hamamsy, L., Zapata-C\u00e1ceres, M., Barroso, E. M., Mondada, F., Zufferey, J. D., & Bruno, B. (2022). The competent computational thinking test: Development and validation of an unplugged computational thinking test for upper primary school. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 60(7), 1818\u20131866.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"12611_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2020.1718629","volume":"14","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F., & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach\u2019s alpha for estimating reliability. But\u2026 Communication Methods and Measures, 14(1), 1\u201324.","journal-title":"But\u2026 Communication Methods and Measures"},{"issue":"4","key":"12611_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2017-000101","volume":"2","author":"F Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang, F., Jiang, Y., Zhi, H., Dong, Y., Li, H., Ma, S., & Wang, Y. (2017). Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Past, present and future. Stroke and Vascular Neurology, 2(4), 230\u2013243.","journal-title":"Stroke and Vascular Neurology"},{"key":"12611_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandlhofer, M., Steinbauer, G., Hirschmugl-Gaisch, S., & Huber, P. (2016, October). Artificial intelligence and computer science in education: From kindergarten to university. In 2016 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp. 1\u20139). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2016.7757570"},{"issue":"4","key":"12611_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/18369391211056668","volume":"46","author":"S Kewalramani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kewalramani, S., Palaiologou, I., Dardanou, M., Allen, K. A., & Phillipson, S. (2021). Using robotic toys in early childhood education to support children\u2019s social and emotional competencies. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 46(4), 355\u2013369.","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Early Childhood"},{"key":"12611_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104562","volume":"187","author":"SC Kong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kong, S. C., & Lai, M. (2022). Validating a computational thinking concepts test for primary education using item response theory: An analysis of students\u2019 responses. Computers & Education, 187, 104562.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"12611_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11408-7","volume":"28","author":"SC Kong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kong, S. C., Cheung, W. M. Y., & Tsang, O. (2023a). Evaluating an artificial intelligence literacy programme for empowering and developing concepts, literacy and ethical awareness in senior secondary students. Education and Information Technologies, 28(4), 4703\u20134724.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"12611_CR17","first-page":"16","volume":"26","author":"SC Kong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kong, S. C., Cheung, W. M. Y., & Zhang, G. (2023b). Evaluating an artificial intelligence literacy programme for developing university students\u2019 conceptual understanding, literacy, empowerment and ethical awareness. Educational Technology & Society, 26(1), 16\u201330.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"12611_CR18","first-page":"100126","volume":"4","author":"MC Laupichler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Laupichler, M. C., Aster, A., & Raupach, T. (2023). Delphi study for the development and preliminary validation of an item set for the assessment of non-experts\u2019 AI literacy. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100126.","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"12611_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/1558689809345262","volume":"4","author":"NL Leech","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leech, N. L., Dellinger, A. B., Brannagan, K. B., & Tanaka, H. (2010). Evaluating mixed research studies: A mixed methods approach. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 4(1), 17\u201331.","journal-title":"Journal of Mixed Methods Research"},{"key":"12611_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, P., Van Brummelen, J., Lukin, G., Williams, R., & Breazeal, C. (2020, April). Zhorai: Designing a conversational agent for children to explore machine learning concepts. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 34(9), 13381\u201313388.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i09.7061"},{"key":"12611_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020, April). What is AI literacy? Competencies and design considerations. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1\u201316).","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376727"},{"issue":"1","key":"12611_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.11114\/jets.v9i1.5105","volume":"9","author":"TK Ng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng, T. K. (2021). New interpretation of extracurricular activities via social networking sites: A case study of artificial intelligence learning at a secondary school in Hong Kong. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 9(1), 49\u201360.","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Training Studies"},{"key":"12611_CR22","first-page":"100041","volume":"2","author":"DTK Ng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, S. K. W., & Qiao, M. S. (2021). Conceptualizing AI literacy: An exploratory review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100041.","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"12611_CR24","first-page":"100054","volume":"3","author":"DTK Ng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ng, D. T. K., Luo, W., Chan, H. M. Y., & Chu, S. K. W. (2022). Using digital story writing as a pedagogy to develop AI literacy among primary students. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100054.","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"12611_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, D. T. K., Wu, W., Leung, J. K. L., Chiu, T. K. F., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023). Design and validation of the AI literacy questionnaire: The affective, behavioural, cognitive and ethical approach. British Journal of Educational Technology.","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13411"},{"key":"12611_CR26","unstructured":"Pinski, M., & Benlian, A. (2023). AI literacy-towards measuring human competency in artificial intelligence (No. 135990). In Proceedings of the 56th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2023 (pp. 165\u2013174)."},{"key":"12611_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.08.047","volume":"72","author":"M Rom\u00e1n-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rom\u00e1n-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J. C., & Jim\u00e9nez-Fern\u00e1ndez, C. (2017). Which cognitive abilities underlie computational thinking? Criterion validity of the computational thinking test. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 678\u2013691.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"12611_CR31","first-page":"100049","volume":"3","author":"J Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su, J., & Yang, W. (2022). Artificial intelligence in early childhood education: A scoping review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100049.","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"12611_CR34","unstructured":"Su, J., & Yang, W. (2023a). Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Young Children: Redeveloping the five big ideas Framework. ECNU Review of Education, 20965311231218013."},{"key":"12611_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, J., & Yang, W. (2023b). Artificial Intelligence (AI) literacy in early childhood education: an intervention study in Hong Kong. Interactive Learning Environments, 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2217864"},{"key":"12611_CR32","first-page":"100072","volume":"3","author":"J Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su, J., & Zhong, Y. (2022). Artificial Intelligence (AI) in early childhood education: Curriculum design and future directions. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100072.","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"12611_CR33","first-page":"100065","volume":"3","author":"J Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su, J., Zhong, Y., & Ng, D. T. K. (2022). A meta-review of literature on educational approaches for teaching AI at the K-12 levels in the Asia-Pacific region. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100065.","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"12611_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, J., Guo, K., Chen, X., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023a). Teaching artificial intelligence in K\u201312 classrooms: A scoping review. Interactive Learning Environments, 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2212706"},{"key":"12611_CR29","first-page":"100124","volume":"4","author":"J Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su, J., Ng, D. T. K., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023b). Artificial intelligence (AI) literacy in early childhood education: The challenges and opportunities. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100124.","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"12611_CR351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toraman, \u00c7., Karada\u011f, E., & Polat, M. (2022). Validity and reliability evidence for the scale of distance education satisfaction of medical students based on item response theory (IRT). BMC medical education, 22(1), 94.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03153-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"12611_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-022-00330-0","volume":"19","author":"K Tzafilkou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tzafilkou, K., Perifanou, M., & Economides, A. A. (2022). Development and validation of students\u2019 digital competence scale (SDiCoS). International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(1), 30.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"12611_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10984-005-1568-3","volume":"8","author":"SL Walker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walker, S. L., & Fraser, B. J. (2005). Development and validation of an instrument for assessing distance education learning environments in higher education: The Distance Education Learning environments Survey (DELES). Learning Environments Research, 8, 289\u2013308.","journal-title":"Learning Environments Research"},{"issue":"42","key":"12611_CR36","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"B Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, B., Rau, P. L. P., & Yuan, T. (2022). Measuring user competence in using artificial intelligence: Validity and reliability of artificial intelligence literacy scale. Behaviour & Information Technology, 9(42), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"key":"12611_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weese, J. L. (2016, August). Mixed methods for the assessment and incorporation of computational thinking in K-12 and higher education. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (pp. 279\u2013280).","DOI":"10.1145\/2960310.2960347"},{"key":"12611_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, R., Park, H. W., & Breazeal, C. (2019a, May). A is for artificial intelligence: the impact of artificial intelligence activities on young children\u2019s perceptions of robots. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1\u201311).","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300677"},{"key":"12611_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, R., Park, H. W., Oh, L., & Breazeal, C. (2019b, July). Popbots: Designing an artificial intelligence curriculum for early childhood education. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 33, No. 01, pp. 9729\u20139736).","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33019729"},{"issue":"1","key":"12611_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1145\/3381884","volume":"11","author":"GK Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong, G. K., Ma, X., Dillenbourg, P., & Huan, J. (2020). Broadening artificial intelligence education in K-12: Where to start? ACM Inroads, 11(1), 20\u201329.","journal-title":"ACM Inroads"},{"issue":"23","key":"12611_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15620","DOI":"10.3390\/su142315620","volume":"14","author":"M Yue","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yue, M., Jong, M. S. Y., & Dai, Y. (2022). Pedagogical design of K-12 artificial intelligence education: A systematic review. Sustainability, 14(23), 15620.","journal-title":"Sustainability"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12611-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12611-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12611-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T10:15:58Z","timestamp":1732616158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12611-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["12611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12611-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 May 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We have no known conflict of interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}