{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T08:46:56Z","timestamp":1776156416307,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Johannes Kepler University Linz"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 6E Learning by Design (LbD) model can enhance student teachers\u2019 development of competence for integrating technologies in the classrooms including Artificial Intelligence (AI). However, teacher educators rarely use the 6E LbD model in supporting and encouraging student teachers to integrate AI applications in their classrooms effectively. To attract teacher educators to use the 6E LbD model, in the present study, we modeled learning activities for each phase. We also examined the impact of the 6E LbD model in supporting student teachers to integrate AI in the classroom. We adopted a Participatory Action Research approach implemented in two cycles. We collected data from 35 student teachers who were selected purposively. We collected data through observation, reflective journals and document analysis. We observed student teachers during the classroom activities and analysed their lesson plans and reflective journals, and interpreted data based on a thematic analysis. Findings show that there are various activities facilitating learning in different phases of the 6E LbD model. Also, findings show that the 6E LbD enables student teachers to develop skills and competence for integrating AI in their classrooms. The findings show that an evidence-based approach will motivate teacher educators to use the 6E LbD model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12795-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T11:45:28Z","timestamp":1717501528000},"page":"23937-23954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Applying the 6E learning by design model to support student teachers to integrate artificial intelligence applications in their classroom"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4758-8270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musa","family":"Saimon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fredrick","family":"Mtenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Lavicza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Krist\u00f3f","family":"Fenyvesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maik","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Diego-Mantec\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"12795_CR1","first-page":"100132","volume":"4","author":"A Al Darayseh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al Darayseh, A. (2023). Acceptance of artificial intelligence in teaching science: Science teachers\u2019 perspective. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100132.","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"4","key":"12795_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-022-10134-8","volume":"70","author":"H An","year":"2022","unstructured":"An, H., Sung, W., & Yoon, S. Y. (2022). Implementation of learning by design in a synchronized online environment to teach educational robotics to inservice teachers. Educational Technology Research and Development, 70(4), 1473\u20131496.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"12795_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3926\/jotse.1621","volume":"12","author":"A Anabousy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anabousy, A., & Daher, W. (2022). Prospective teachers\u2019 design of Steam learning units: Steam capabilities\u2019 analysis. Jotse, 12(2), 529\u2013546.","journal-title":"Jotse"},{"key":"12795_CR4","unstructured":"Auerbach, C. F., & Silverstein, L. B. (2003). Qualitative data: An introduction to coding and analysis. New York University."},{"key":"12795_CR5","unstructured":"Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2017). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (Ninth edition). Pearson."},{"issue":"6","key":"12795_CR6","first-page":"14","volume":"73","author":"DTE Burke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burke, D. T. E. (2014). The ITEEA 6E learning bydesign (TM) model maximizing informed design and inquiry in the integrative STEM classroom. Technology and Engineering Teacher, 73(6), 14\u201319.","journal-title":"Technology and Engineering Teacher"},{"key":"12795_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burns, A. (2009). Doing Action Research in English Language Teaching: A Guide for Practitioners (1st ed.). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203863466.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203863466"},{"key":"12795_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107468","volume":"138","author":"I Celik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Celik, I. (2023). Towards Intelligent-TPACK: An empirical study on teachers\u2019 professional knowledge to ethically integrate artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools into education. Computers in Human Behavior, 138, 107468.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"12795_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/00071005.2015.1133799","volume":"64","author":"V Farnsworth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Farnsworth, V., Kleanthous, I., & Wenger-Trayner, E. (2016). Communities of practice as a social theory of learning: A conversation with Etienne Wenger. British Journal of Educational Studies, 64(2), 139\u2013160.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Studies"},{"issue":"20","key":"12795_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7195","DOI":"10.3390\/app10207195","volume":"10","author":"V Franzoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Franzoni, V., Milani, A., Mengoni, P., & Piccinato, F. (2020). Artificial intelligence visual metaphors in e-learning interfaces for learning analytics. Applied Sciences, 10(20), 7195.","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"12795_CR11","first-page":"6","volume":"10","author":"AP Gholam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gholam, A. P. (2019). Inquiry-based learning: Student teachers\u2019 challenges and perceptions. Journal of Inquiry and Action in Education, 10(2), 6.","journal-title":"Journal of Inquiry and Action in Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"12795_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22148","volume":"27","author":"E Guzm\u00e1n-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guzm\u00e1n-Ram\u00edrez, E., Garcia, I., & Garc\u00eda\u2010Ju\u00e1rez, M. (2019). A learning by design application for modeling, implementing, and evaluating hardware architectures for artificial neural networks at undergraduate level. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 27(5), 1236\u20131252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cae.22148.","journal-title":"Computer Applications in Engineering Education"},{"key":"12795_CR40","unstructured":"Haas, B., Kreis, Y., & Lavicza, Z. (2021). Integrated STEAM Approach in Outdoor Trails with Elementary School Pre-service Teachers. Educational Technology & Society, 24(4), 205\u2013219."},{"key":"12795_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114523","volume":"292","author":"M Hennink","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. N. (2022). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114523.","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"12795_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, E. A., Milenkiewicz, M. T., & Bucknam, A. (2008). Participatory action research for educational leadership: Using data-driven decision making to improve schools. Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483329369"},{"key":"12795_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner. Springer Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-4560-67-2.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-4560-67-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"12795_CR16","first-page":"94","volume":"5","author":"N Khaeroningtyas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khaeroningtyas, N., Permanasari, A., & Hamidah, I. (2016). Stem learning in material of temperature and its change to improve scientific literacy of junior high school. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 5(1), 94\u2013100.","journal-title":"Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia"},{"issue":"5","key":"12795_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6069","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10831-6","volume":"27","author":"J Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, J., Lee, H., & Cho, Y. H. (2022). Learning design to support student-AI collaboration: Perspectives of leading teachers for AI in education. Education and Information Technologies, 27(5), 6069\u20136104.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"3","key":"12795_CR18","first-page":"94","volume":"21","author":"MJ Koehler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2005). Teachers learning technology by design. Journal of Computing in Teacher Education, 21(3), 94\u2013102.","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Teacher Education"},{"key":"12795_CR19","first-page":"100156","volume":"5","author":"L Kohnke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kohnke, L., Moorhouse, B. L., & Zou, D. (2023). Exploring generative artificial intelligence preparedness among university language instructors: A case study. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 5, 100156.","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"12795_CR20","unstructured":"Koshy, V. (2005). Action research for improving practice: A practical guide. PCP\/Sage."},{"issue":"2","key":"12795_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/03075070801915908","volume":"33","author":"D Laurillard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Laurillard, D. (2008). The teacher as action researcher: Using technology to capture pedagogic form. Studies in Higher Education, 33(2), 139\u2013154.","journal-title":"Studies in Higher Education"},{"key":"12795_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, I., & Perret, B. (2022). Preparing High School Teachers to Integrate AI Methods into STEM Classrooms. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 36(11), 12783\u201312791.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i11.21557"},{"issue":"1","key":"12795_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02635143.2018.1561432","volume":"38","author":"KY Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin, K. Y., Hsiao, H. S., Williams, P. J., & Chen, Y. H. (2020). Effects of 6E-oriented STEM practical activities in cultivating middle school students\u2019 attitudes toward technology and technological inquiry ability. Research in Science & Technological Education, 38(1), 1\u201318.","journal-title":"Research in Science & Technological Education"},{"key":"12795_CR24","unstructured":"Lu, L. (2014). Learning by design: Technology preparation for digital native preservice teachers [PhD Thesis]. Syracuse University."},{"key":"12795_CR25","unstructured":"Lu, L., Johnson, L., Tolley, L., Gilliard-Cook, T., & Lei, J. (2011). Learning by design: TPACK in action. Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference, 4388\u20134395."},{"issue":"2","key":"12795_CR27","first-page":"183","volume":"12","author":"K Makri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Makri, K., Papanikolaou, K., & Tsakiri, A. (2014). Blending the community of inquiry framework with learning by design: Towards a synthesis for blended learning in teacher training. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 12(2), 183\u2013194.","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of E-Learning"},{"key":"12795_CR26","unstructured":"McCallum, S. (2023, April 1). CHATGPT banned in Italy over privacy concerns. BBC News. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-65139406."},{"key":"12795_CR28","unstructured":"Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage."},{"key":"12795_CR29","unstructured":"Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Salda\u00f1a, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods Sourcebook (Third Edition). SAGE Publications, Inc."},{"issue":"6","key":"12795_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x","volume":"108","author":"P Mishra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017\u20131054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x.","journal-title":"Teachers College Record"},{"key":"12795_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazaretsky, T., Cukurova, M., & Alexandron, G. (2022). An instrument for measuring teachers\u2019 trust in AI-based educational technology. LAK22: 12th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, 56\u201366.","DOI":"10.1145\/3506860.3506866"},{"issue":"8","key":"12795_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci12080569","volume":"12","author":"SZ Salas-Pilco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salas-Pilco, S. Z., Xiao, K., & Hu, X. (2022). Artificial intelligence and learning analytics in teacher education: A systematic review. Education Sciences, 12(8), 569.","journal-title":"Education Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"12795_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12880","volume":"50","author":"SJB Shum","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shum, S. J. B., & Luckin, R. (2019). Learning analytics and AI: Politics, pedagogy and practices. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(6), 2785\u20132793.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"12795_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X032001005","volume":"32","author":"The Design-Based Research Collective","year":"2003","unstructured":"The Design-Based Research Collective. (2003). Design-based research: An emerging paradigm for Educational Inquiry. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 5\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0013189X032001005.","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"key":"12795_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Utterberg Mod\u00e9n, M., Tallvid, M., Lundin, J., & Lindstr\u00f6m, B. (2021). Intelligent tutoring systems: Why teachers abandoned a technology aimed at automating teaching processes.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2021.186"},{"key":"12795_CR36","unstructured":"Wenger, E. (2008). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge Univ. Press."},{"key":"12795_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaz\u0131c\u0131, Y. Y., Hac\u0131o\u011flu, Y., & Sar\u0131, U. (2022). Entrepreneurship, STEM attitude, and career interest development through 6E learning byDeSIGN\u2122 model based STEM education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 1\u201321.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10798-022-09780-z"},{"key":"12795_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8812542","volume":"2021","author":"X Zhai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhai, X., Chu, X., Chai, C. S., Jong, M. S. Y., Istenic, A., Spector, M., Liu, J. B., Yuan, J., & Li, Y. (2021). A review of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education from 2010 to 2020. Complexity, 2021, 1\u201318.","journal-title":"Complexity"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12795-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12795-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12795-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T14:16:47Z","timestamp":1734531407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12795-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12795-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}