{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:50:42Z","timestamp":1785437442292,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11K4621N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11K4621N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Baloise Insurance Research chair to financial well-being","award":["Baloise Insurance Research chair to financial well-being"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Baloise Insurance Research chair to financial well-being"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12928-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T10:03:39Z","timestamp":1722938619000},"page":"2757-2786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Game over or continue? How gamification can improve completion rate in adaptive learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4999-7924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Pitthan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristof De","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"12928_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.10.008","volume":"58","author":"Y Akbulut","year":"2012","unstructured":"Akbulut, Y., & Cardak, C. S. (2012). Adaptive educational hypermedia accommodating learning styles: A content analysis of publications from 2000 to 2011. Computers & Education, 58, 835\u2013842.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12928_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3390\/info12080287","volume":"12","author":"M Badiuzzaman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Badiuzzaman, M., Rafiquzzaman, M., Rabby, M. I. I., & Rahman, M. M. (2021). The latent digital divide and its drivers in e-learning among bangladeshi students during the covid-19 pandemic. Information, 12, 287.","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"12928_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-022-00335-9","volume":"19","author":"S Bai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bai, S., Hew, K. F., Gonda, D. E., Huang, B., & Liang, X. (2022). Incorporating fantasy into gamification promotes student learning and quality of online interaction. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19, 1\u201326.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"12928_CR4","first-page":"167","volume":"7","author":"SJ Bartley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bartley, S. J., & Golek, J. H. (2004). Evaluating the cost effectiveness of online and face-to-face instruction. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 7, 167\u2013175.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"12928_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell, B. S., & Federman, J. E. (2013). E-learning in postsecondary education. The future of children, (pp. 165\u2013185).","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.2013.0007"},{"key":"12928_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2019.100722","volume":"45","author":"I Blau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blau, I., Shamir-Inbal, T., & Avdiel, O. (2020). How does the pedagogical design of a technologyenhanced collaborative academic course promote digital literacies, self-regulation, and perceived learning of students? The internet and higher education, 45, 100722.","journal-title":"The internet and higher education"},{"key":"12928_CR7","unstructured":"Bonnetier, C., Ponnet, K., & Dedonder, J. (2024). Le barom\u00e8tre des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales num\u00e9riques 2024 . Technical Report."},{"key":"12928_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12456","volume":"57","author":"LD Breeman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Breeman, L. D., Jaekel, J., Baumann, N., Bartmann, P., & Wolke, D. (2016). Attention problems in very preterm children from childhood to adulthood: the bavarian longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 132\u2013140.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"12928_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00082-8","volume":"30","author":"P Brusilovsky","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brusilovsky, P., Eklund, J., & Schwarz, E. (1998). Web-based education for all: a tool for development adaptive courseware. Computer networks and ISDN systems, 30, 291\u2013300.","journal-title":"Computer networks and ISDN systems"},{"key":"12928_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camargo, C. P., Tempski, P. Z., Busnardo, F. F., Martins, M. d. A., & Gemperli, R. (2020). Online learning and covid-19: a meta-synthesis analysis. Clinics, 75 .","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2020\/e2286"},{"key":"12928_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.02.008","volume":"53","author":"Y-C Chang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chang, Y.-C., Kao, W.-Y., Chu, C.-P., & Chiu, C.-H. (2009). A learning style classification mechanism for e-learning. Computers & Education, 53, 273\u2013285.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12928_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5891","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115891","volume":"18","author":"S-F Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, S.-F., Fang, Y.-W., Wang, M.-H., & Wang, T.-F. (2021). Effects of an adaptive education program on the learning, mental health and work intentions of new graduate nurses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 5891.","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"12928_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2021.113652","volume":"152","author":"B Compen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Compen, B., Pitthan, F., Schelfhout, W., & De Witte, K. (2022). How to elicit and cease herding behaviour? on the effectiveness of a warning message as a debiasing decision support system. Decision Support Systems, 152, 113652.","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems"},{"key":"12928_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x","volume":"34","author":"DR Cox","year":"1972","unstructured":"Cox, D. R. (1972). Regression models and life-tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 34, 187\u2013202.","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"12928_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-021-00305-7","volume":"19","author":"I Despujol","year":"2022","unstructured":"Despujol, I., Casta\u00f1eda, L., Mar\u00edn, V. I., & Turr\u00f3, C. (2022). What do we want to know about moocs? results from a machine learning approach to a systematic literature mapping review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19, 1\u201322.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"12928_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011). From game design elements to gamefulness: defining\u201d gamification\u201d. In Proceedings of the 15th international academic MindTrek conference: Envisioning future media environments (pp. 9\u201315).","DOI":"10.1145\/2181037.2181040"},{"key":"12928_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-017-0042-5","volume":"14","author":"C Dichev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dichev, C., & Dicheva, D. (2017). Gamifying education: what is known, what is believed and what remains uncertain: a critical review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 14, 1\u201336.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"12928_CR18","first-page":"75","volume":"18","author":"D Dicheva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dicheva, D., Dichev, C., Agre, G., & Angelova, G. (2015). Gamification in education: A systematic mapping study. Journal of educational technology & society, 18, 75\u201388.","journal-title":"Journal of educational technology & society"},{"key":"12928_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.12.020","volume":"63","author":"A Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez, A., Saenz-de Navarrete, J., De-Marcos, L., Fern\u00e1ndez-Sanz, L., Pag\u00e9s, C., & Mart\u00ednez-Herr\u00e1iz, J.-J. (2013). Gamifying learning experiences: Practical implications and outcomes. Computers & education, 63, 380\u2013392.","journal-title":"Computers & education"},{"key":"12928_CR20","unstructured":"Fischman, J. (2011). The rise of teaching machines. The Chronicle of Higher Education."},{"key":"12928_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12200","volume":"45","author":"C Gamrat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gamrat, C., Zimmerman, H. T., Dudek, J., & Peck, K. (2014). Personalized workplace learning: An exploratory study on digital badging within a teacher professional development program. British Journal of Educational Technology, 45, 1136\u20131148.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"12928_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwz009","volume":"31","author":"W Ghaban","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghaban, W., & Hendley, R. (2019). How different personalities benefit from gamification. Interacting with Computers, 31, 138\u2013153.","journal-title":"Interacting with Computers"},{"key":"12928_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2011.01236.x","volume":"43","author":"T-T Goh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goh, T.-T., Seet, B.-C., & Chen, N.-S. (2012). The impact of persuasive sms on students\u2019 self-regulated learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43, 624\u2013640.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"12928_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graf, S., & Kinshuk, P. (2006). An approach for detecting learning styles in learning management systems. In Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT\u201906) (pp. 161\u2013163). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2006.1652395"},{"key":"12928_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2501\/IJMR-54-5-613-633","volume":"54","author":"TD-L Guin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guin, T.D.-L., Baker, R., Mechling, J., & Ruyle, E. (2012). Myths and realities of respondent engagement in online surveys. International Journal of Market Research, 54, 613\u2013633.","journal-title":"International Journal of Market Research"},{"key":"12928_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.03.036","volume":"71","author":"J Hamari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamari, J. (2017). Do badges increase user activity? a field experiment on the effects of gamification. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 469\u2013478.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"12928_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.08.019","volume":"80","author":"MD Hanus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hanus, M. D., & Fox, J. (2015). Assessing the effects of gamification in the classroom: A longitudinal study on intrinsic motivation, social comparison, satisfaction, effort, and academic performance. Computers & education, 80, 152\u2013161.","journal-title":"Computers & education"},{"key":"12928_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herzig, P., Ameling, M., Wolf, B., & Schill, A. (2015). Implementing gamification: requirements and gamification platforms. Gamification in education and business, (pp. 431\u2013450).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10208-5_22"},{"key":"12928_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillier, M. (2020). Bridging the digital divide with off-line e-learning. In Expanding Horizons in Open and Distance Learning (pp. 110\u2013121). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429292941-8"},{"key":"12928_CR30","unstructured":"Hjeltnes, T. A., & Hansson, B. (2005). Cost effectiveness and cost efficiency in e-learning. QUISQuality, Interoperability and Standards in e-learning, Norway, (pp. 2004\u20133538)."},{"key":"12928_CR31","first-page":"44","volume":"24","author":"B Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, B., & Hew, K. F. (2021). Using gamification to design courses. Educational Technology & Society, 24, 44\u201363.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"12928_CR32","first-page":"11","volume":"29","author":"WH-Y Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang, W.H.-Y., & Soman, D. (2013). Gamification of education. Report Series: Behavioural Economics in Action, 29, 11\u201312.","journal-title":"Report Series: Behavioural Economics in Action"},{"key":"12928_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.05.033","volume":"92","author":"S Hubalovsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hubalovsky, S., Hubalovska, M., & Musilek, M. (2019). Assessment of the influence of adaptive e-learning on learning effectiveness of primary school pupils. Computers in Human Behavior, 92, 691\u2013705.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"12928_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpr013","volume":"20","author":"SM Iacus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iacus, S. M., King, G., & Porro, G. (2012). Causal inference without balance checking: Coarsened exact matching. Political Analysis, 20, 1\u201324.","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"key":"12928_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacques, S., Ouahabi, A., & Lequeu, T. (2021). Synchronous e-learning in higher education during the covid-19 pandemic. In 2021 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) (pp. 1102\u20131109). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON46332.2021.9453887"},{"key":"12928_CR36","unstructured":"Jaggars, S. (2011). Online learning: Does it help low-income and underprepared students?(assessment of evidence series), ."},{"key":"12928_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104076","volume":"161","author":"M Janelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Janelli, M., & Lipnevich, A. A. (2021). Effects of pre-tests and feedback on performance outcomes and persistence in massive open online courses. Computers & Education, 161, 104076.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12928_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2022.100878","volume":"56","author":"C Jia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jia, C., Hew, K. F., Jiahui, D., & Liuyufeng, L. (2023). Towards a fully online flipped classroom model to support student learning outcomes and engagement: A 2-year design-based study. The Internet and Higher Education, 56, 100878.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"12928_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3846","volume":"28","author":"MF Jonker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jonker, M. F., Donkers, B., de Bekker-Grob, E., & Stolk, E. A. (2019). Attribute level overlap (and color coding) can reduce task complexity, improve choice consistency, and decrease the dropout rate in discrete choice experiments. Health Economics, 28, 350\u2013363.","journal-title":"Health Economics"},{"key":"12928_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v16i3.2112","volume":"16","author":"K Jordan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jordan, K. (2015). Massive open online course completion rates revisited: Assessment, length and attrition. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 16, 341\u2013358.","journal-title":"International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning"},{"key":"12928_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1958.10501452","volume":"53","author":"EL Kaplan","year":"1958","unstructured":"Kaplan, E. L., & Meier, P. (1958). Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 53, 457\u2013481.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"12928_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.08.012","volume":"127","author":"AW Kates","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kates, A. W., Wu, H., & Coryn, C. L. (2018). The effects of mobile phone use on academic performance: A meta-analysis. Computers & Education, 127, 107\u2013112.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12928_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439315608451","volume":"35","author":"F Keusch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keusch, F., & Zhang, C. (2017). A review of issues in gamified surveys. Social Science Computer Review, 35, 147\u2013166.","journal-title":"Social Science Computer Review"},{"key":"12928_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-023-00227-z","volume":"10","author":"A Khaldi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khaldi, A., Bouzidi, R., & Nader, F. (2023). Gamification of e-learning in higher education: a systematic literature review. Smart Learning Environments, 10, 10.","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"},{"key":"12928_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2021.100819","volume":"51","author":"TM Kuo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuo, T. M., Tsai, C.-C., & Wang, J.-C. (2021). Linking web-based learning self-efficacy and learning engagement in moocs: The role of online academic hardiness. The Internet and Higher Education, 51, 100819.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"12928_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878114563660","volume":"45","author":"RN Landers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Landers, R. N. (2014). Developing a theory of gamified learning: Linking serious games and gamification of learning. Simulation & gaming, 45, 752\u2013768.","journal-title":"Simulation & gaming"},{"key":"12928_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1989.10478874","volume":"84","author":"DY Lin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lin, D. Y., & Wei, L.-J. (1989). The robust inference for the cox proportional hazards model. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 84, 1074\u20131078.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"12928_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-017-9542-1","volume":"65","author":"M Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, M., McKelroy, E., Corliss, S. B., & Carrigan, J. (2017). Investigating the effect of an adaptive learning intervention on students\u2019 learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 65, 1605\u20131625.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"12928_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103814","volume":"149","author":"L L\u00f3pez-Faican","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Faican, L., & Jaen, J. (2020). Emofindar: Evaluation of a mobile multiplayer augmented reality game for primary school children. Computers & Education, 149, 103814.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12928_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8473","volume":"19","author":"J Lumsden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lumsden, J., Skinner, A., Coyle, D., Lawrence, N., & Munafo, M. (2017). Attrition from webbased cognitive testing: A repeated measures comparison of gamification techniques. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19, e395.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"12928_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.023","volume":"61","author":"C Maican","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maican, C., Lixandroiu, R., & Constantin, C. (2016). Interactivia. ro-a study of a gamification framework using zero-cost tools. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 186\u2013197.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"12928_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-021-00299-2","volume":"18","author":"C Marnewick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marnewick, C., & Chetty, J. (2021). Mining and crafting a game to teach research methodology. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18, 1\u201322.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"12928_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-021-00246-1","volume":"18","author":"G Mecca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mecca, G., Santoro, D., Sileno, N., & Veltri, E. (2021). Diogene-ct: tools and methodologies for teaching and learning coding. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18, 1\u201326.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"12928_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melo, C., Madariaga, L., Nussbaum, M., Heller, R., Bennett, S., Tsai, C.-C., & van Braak, J. (2020). : Educational technology and addictions.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103730"},{"key":"12928_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-021-00249-y","volume":"18","author":"LR Murillo-Zamorano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murillo-Zamorano, L. R., L\u00f3pez S\u00e1nchez, J. \u00c1., Godoy-Caballero, A. L., & Bueno Mu\u00f1oz, C. (2021). Gamification and active learning in higher education: is it possible to match digital society, academia and students\u2019 interests? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18, 1\u201327.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"12928_CR56","first-page":"309","volume":"11","author":"T Nguyen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen, T. (2015). The effectiveness of online learning: Beyond no significant difference and future horizons. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 11, 309\u2013319.","journal-title":"MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching"},{"key":"12928_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.07.029","volume":"69","author":"U Ocepek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ocepek, U., Bosni\u0107, Z., \u0160erbec, I. N., & Rugelj, J. (2013). Exploring the relation between learning style models and preferred multimedia types. Computers & Education, 69, 343\u2013355.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12928_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Donovan, S., Gain, J., & Marais, P. (2013). A case study in the gamification of a universitylevel games development course. In Proceedings of the South African Institute for Computer Scientists and Information Technologists Conference (pp. 242\u2013251).","DOI":"10.1145\/2513456.2513469"},{"key":"12928_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogunyemi, A. A., Quaicoe, J. S., & Bauters, M. (2022). Indicators for enhancing learners\u2019 engagement in massive open online courses: A systematic review. Computers and Education Open, (p. 100088).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2022.100088"},{"key":"12928_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1240-0","volume":"18","author":"D O\u2019Doherty","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Doherty, D., Dromey, M., Lougheed, J., Hannigan, A., Last, J., & McGrath, D. (2018). Barriers and solutions to online learning in medical education-an integrative review. BMC Medical Education, 18, 1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"key":"12928_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirker, J., Gutl, C., & Astatke, Y. (2015). Enhancing online and mobile experimentations using gamification strategies. In 2015 3rd Experiment International Conference (exp. at\u201915) (pp. 224\u2013229). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/EXPAT.2015.7463270"},{"key":"12928_CR62","volume":"2","author":"G Polito","year":"2021","unstructured":"Polito, G., & Temperini, M. (2021). A gamified web based system for computer programming learning. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100029.","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"12928_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103874","volume":"152","author":"A Quintas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quintas, A., Bustamante, J.-C., Pradas, F., & Castellar, C. (2020). Psychological effects of gamified didactics with exergames in physical education at primary schools: Results from a natural experiment. Computers & Education, 152, 103874.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12928_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124809","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2938561","volume":"7","author":"RA Rasheed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rasheed, R. A., Kamsin, A., Abdullah, N. A., Zakari, A., & Haruna, K. (2019). A systematic mapping study of the empirical mooc literature. Ieee Access, 7, 124809\u2013124827.","journal-title":"Ieee Access"},{"key":"12928_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-021-00314-6","volume":"19","author":"L Rodrigues","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodrigues, L., Pereira, F. D., Toda, A. M., Palomino, P. T., Pessoa, M., Carvalho, L. S. G., Fernandes, D., Oliveira, E. H., Cristea, A. I., & Isotani, S. (2022). Gamification suffers from the novelty effect but benefits from the familiarization effect: Findings from a longitudinal study. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19, 1\u201325.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"12928_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4274","volume":"30","author":"P Royston","year":"2011","unstructured":"Royston, P., & Parmar, M. K. (2011). The use of restricted mean survival time to estimate the treatment effect in randomized clinical trials when the proportional hazards assumption is in doubt. Statistics in Medicine, 30, 2409\u20132421.","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"12928_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-152","volume":"13","author":"P Royston","year":"2013","unstructured":"Royston, P., & Parmar, M. K. (2013). Restricted mean survival time: an alternative to the hazard ratio for the design and analysis of randomized trials with a time-to-event outcome. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13, 1\u201315.","journal-title":"BMC Medical Research Methodology"},{"key":"12928_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12948","volume":"52","author":"M Sailer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sailer, M., & Sailer, M. (2021). Gamification of in-class activities in flipped classroom lectures. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52, 75\u201390.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"12928_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103666","volume":"144","author":"DR Sanchez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanchez, D. R., Langer, M., & Kaur, R. (2020). Gamification in the classroom: Examining the impact of gamified quizzes on student learning. Computers & Education, 144, 103666.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12928_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104296","volume":"173","author":"S Sch\u00f6bel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6bel, S., Saqr, M., & Janson, A. (2021). Two decades of game concepts in digital learning environments-a bibliometric study and research agenda. Computers & Education, 173, 104296.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12928_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/67.1.145","volume":"67","author":"D Schoenfeld","year":"1980","unstructured":"Schoenfeld, D. (1980). Chi-squared goodness-of-fit tests for the proportional hazards regression model. Biometrika, 67, 145\u2013153.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"12928_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2014.09.006","volume":"74","author":"K Seaborn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seaborn, K., & Fels, D. I. (2015). Gamification in theory and action: A survey. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 74, 14\u201331.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"12928_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.06.007","volume":"29","author":"J Sim\u00f5es","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es, J., Redondo, R. D., & Vilas, A. F. (2013). A social gamification framework for a k-6 learning platform. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 345\u2013353.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"12928_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer, L., & Schneider, K. (2012). It was a bit of a race: Gamification of version control. In 2012 Second International Workshop on Games and Software Engineering: Realizing User Engagement with Game Engineering Techniques (GAS) (pp. 5\u20138). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/GAS.2012.6225927"},{"key":"12928_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1214\/09-STS313","volume":"25","author":"EA Stuart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stuart, E. A. (2010). Matching methods for causal inference: A review and a look forward. Statistical science: a review journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 25, 1.","journal-title":"Statistical science: a review journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics"},{"key":"12928_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tayal, S., Rajagopal, K., & Mahajan, V. (2022). Virtual reality based metaverse of gamification. In 2022 6th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC) (pp. 1597\u20131604). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCMC53470.2022.9753727"},{"key":"12928_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.01.009","volume":"121","author":"CH-H Tsay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsay, C.H.-H., Kofinas, A., & Luo, J. (2018). Enhancing student learning experience with technology-mediated gamification: An empirical study. Computers & Education, 121, 1\u201317.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12928_CR78","unstructured":"Tumwesige, J. (2020). Covid-19 educational disruption and response: Rethinking e-learning in uganda. University of Cambridge."},{"key":"12928_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2501\/IJMR-2017-005","volume":"59","author":"S Warnock","year":"2017","unstructured":"Warnock, S., & Gantz, J. S. (2017). Gaming for respondents: a test of the impact of gamification on completion rates. International Journal of Market Research, 59, 117\u2013138.","journal-title":"International Journal of Market Research"},{"key":"12928_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warschauer, M. (2004). Technology and social inclusion: Rethinking the digital divide. MIT press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6699.001.0001"},{"key":"12928_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878108321866","volume":"40","author":"KA Wilson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilson, K. A., Bedwell, W. L., Lazzara, E. H., Salas, E., Burke, C. S., Estock, J. L., Orvis, K. L., & Conkey, C. (2009). Relationships between game attributes and learning outcomes: Review and research proposals. Simulation & gaming, 40, 217\u2013266.","journal-title":"Simulation & gaming"},{"key":"12928_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103599","volume":"140","author":"H Xie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xie, H., Chu, H.-C., Hwang, G.-J., & Wang, C.-C. (2019). Trends and development in technologyenhanced adaptive\/personalized learning: A systematic review of journal publications from 2007 to 2017. Computers & Education, 140, 103599.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12928_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103729","volume":"145","author":"Z Zainuddin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zainuddin, Z., Shujahat, M., Haruna, H., & Chu, S. K. W. (2020). The role of gamified e-quizzes on student learning and engagement: An interactive gamification solution for a formative assessment system. Computers & Education, 145, 103729.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12928_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107177","volume":"130","author":"L Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Cao, C., Li, Y., & Li, Y. (2022). Determinants of the digital outcome divide in elearning between rural and urban students: Empirical evidence from the covid-19 pandemic based on capital theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 130, 107177.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"12928_CR85","unstructured":"Zichermann, G., & Cunningham, C. (2011). Gamification by design: Implementing game mechanics in web and mobile apps.\u201d O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc.\u201d."}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12928-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12928-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12928-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T08:29:58Z","timestamp":1740817798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12928-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["12928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12928-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"For the experiment was granted by the Social and Societal Ethics Committee of the KU Leuven (G-2019 121,923).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the work has no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}