{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T02:16:00Z","timestamp":1792894560903,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009055","name":"Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has notably increased the use of distance education, particularly in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s higher education English courses. Even after the normalisation process, compulsory English courses in T\u00fcrkiye, the learners of which receive education in English for general purposes, are still being taught via distance education. Such a practice could well be implemented with a massive open online course (MOOC), called a language MOOC (LMOOC). To this end, the current study focused on the development, implementation, and evaluation of a General English Language MOOC (GELMOOC) designed according to the syllabi of Turkish universities. With 2957 participants enrolled, the course\u2019s effectiveness was assessed through a single group pretest-posttest design, employing a quasi-experimental study. Accordingly, learners\u2019 language achievement levels were assessed prior to and after the GELMOOC treatment. Then, a learner satisfaction survey was also administered post-course. Results showed significant improvements in English proficiency and high satisfaction with the course\u2019s content, design, and delivery. The findings highlight the potential of and areas for improvement in LMOOCs in the literature and the foreign language teaching context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12948-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T11:03:03Z","timestamp":1723806183000},"page":"3389-3409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Teaching English for general purposes through a MOOC in higher education: A quasi-experimental study to explore its effects on learner achievement and satisfaction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2027-4394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre","family":"Uygun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5091-9793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00fcr\u015fat","family":"Cesur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"12948_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-019-09241-y","volume":"32","author":"H Aldowah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aldowah, H., Al-Samarraie, H., Alzahrani, A. I., & Alalwan, N. (2019). Factors affecting student dropout in MOOCs: A cause and effect decision-making model. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 32(2), 429\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-019-09241-y","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"12948_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v12i3.890","volume":"12","author":"T Anderson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anderson, T., & Dron, J. (2011). Three generations of distance education pedagogy. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 12(3), 80\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19173\/irrodl.v12i3.890","journal-title":"International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"12948_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00988238","volume":"21","author":"AW Astin","year":"1984","unstructured":"Astin, A. W. (1984). Student satisfaction and participation in the college classroom. Research in Higher Education, 21(2), 153\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00988238","journal-title":"Research in Higher Education"},{"key":"12948_CR4","unstructured":"Astin, A. W. (1993). What matters in college? Four critical years revisited. Jossey-Bass."},{"issue":"2","key":"12948_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2020.1813187","volume":"59","author":"M Badali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Badali, M., Hatami, J., Farrokhnia, M., & Noroozi, O. (2020). The effects of using Merrill\u2019s first principles of instruction on learning and satisfaction in MOOC. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 59(2), 216\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14703297.2020.1813187","journal-title":"Innovations in Education and Teaching International"},{"key":"12948_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barcena, E., & Martin-Monje, E. (2014). Language MOOCs: An emerging field. In E. Martin-Monje, & E. Barcena (Eds.), Language MOOCs: Providing learning, transcending boundaries (pp. 1\u201315). De Gruyter Open Ltd.","DOI":"10.2478\/9783110420067.1"},{"key":"12948_CR7","unstructured":"Bates, A. W. (2022). Teaching in a digital age: Guidelines for designing teaching and learning (3rd ed.). Tony Bates Associates Ltd. https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/teachinginadigitalagev3m\/"},{"key":"12948_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilici, \u00d6. U., & K\u00f6ro\u011flu, Z. \u00c7. (2022). Being brave in a MOOC world: A convergent mixed-method study with English language student teachers. In B. Zou, M. Thomas, D. Barr, & W. Jia (Eds.), Emerging concepts in technology-enhanced language teaching and learning (pp. 253\u2013274). IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-8981-6.ch013"},{"issue":"2","key":"12948_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5944\/openpraxis.12.2.1067","volume":"12","author":"\u0130 Bing\u00f6l","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bing\u00f6l, \u0130., Kur\u015fun, E., & Kayaduman, H. (2020). Factors for success and course completion in massive open online courses through the lens of participant types. Open Praxis, 12(2), 223\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5944\/openpraxis.12.2.1067","journal-title":"Open Praxis"},{"key":"12948_CR10","unstructured":"Brennan, K. (2013). In connectivism, no one can hear your scream: A guide to understanding the MOOC novice. Hybrid Pedagogy.https:\/\/hybridpedagogy.org\/in-connectivism-no-one-can-hear-you-scream-a-guide-to-understanding-the-mooc-novice\/"},{"key":"12948_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castrillo de Larretta-Azelain, M. D. (2014). Language teaching in MOOCs: The integral role of the instructor. In E. Martin-Monje, & E. Barcena (Eds.), Language MOOCs: Providing learning, transcending boundaries (pp. 67\u201390). De Gruyter Open Ltd.","DOI":"10.2478\/9783110420067.5"},{"issue":"1","key":"12948_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2015.1019963","volume":"36","author":"MH Cho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cho, M. H., & Heron, M. L. (2015). Self-regulated learning: The role of motivation, emotion, and use of learning strategies in students\u2019 learning experiences in a self-paced online mathematics course. Distance Education, 36(1), 80\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01587919.2015.1019963","journal-title":"Distance Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"12948_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2022.2038632","volume":"37","author":"SW Chong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chong, S. W., Khan, M. A., & Reinders, H. (2022). A critical review of design features of LMOOCs. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 37(3), 389\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2022.2038632","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"12948_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christensen, G., Steinmetz, A., Alcorn, B., Bennett, A., Woods, D., & Emanuel, E. J. (2013, November 6). The MOOC phenomenon: Who takes massive open online courses and why? SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2350964","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2350964"},{"issue":"1","key":"12948_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2013.770428","volume":"34","author":"M Clara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clara, M., & Barbera, E. (2013). Learning online: Massive open online courses (MOOCs), connectivism, and cultural psychology. Distance Education, 34(1), 129\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01587919.2013.770428","journal-title":"Distance Education"},{"key":"12948_CR16","unstructured":"Council of Higher Education (2020). Statement regarding the 2020\u20132021 academic year in Turkish higher education institutions. Council of Higher Education Website. https:\/\/www.yok.gov.tr\/en\/Sayfalar\/news\/2020\/statement-regarding-the-2020-2021-academic-year.aspx"},{"key":"12948_CR17","unstructured":"Cranmer, G. A. (2017). One-group pretest-posttest design. In M. Allen (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopaedia of communication research methods (pp. 1124\u20131126). SAGE."},{"key":"12948_CR18","unstructured":"Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE."},{"issue":"3","key":"12948_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1017\/S026144480001315X","volume":"31","author":"Z D\u00f6rnyei","year":"1998","unstructured":"D\u00f6rnyei, Z. (1998). Motivation in second and foreign language learning. Language Teaching, 31(3), 117\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S026144480001315X","journal-title":"Language Teaching"},{"key":"12948_CR20","unstructured":"Downes, S. (2012). Connectivism and connective knowledge: Essays on meaning and learning networks Stephen Downes. http:\/\/www.downes.ca\/files\/books\/Connective_Knowledge-19May2012.pdf"},{"key":"12948_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.04.033","volume":"92","author":"G Elia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elia, G., Solazzo, G., Lorenzo, G., & Passiante, G. (2019). Assessing learners\u2019 satisfaction in collaborative online courses through a big data approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 92, 589\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.04.033","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"12948_CR22","unstructured":"Ferguson, R., Coughlan, T., & Heredotou, C. (2016). MOOCs: What the Open University research tells us. The Open University."},{"issue":"1","key":"12948_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-016-0024-z","volume":"13","author":"\u00c1 Fidalgo-Blanco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fidalgo-Blanco, \u00c1., Sein-Echaluce, M. L., & Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo, F. J. (2016). From massive access to cooperation: Lessons learned and proven results of a hybrid xMOOC\/cMOOC pedagogical approach to MOOCs. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 13(1), 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-016-0024-z","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"12948_CR24","unstructured":"Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). SAGE."},{"issue":"2","key":"12948_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/08923647.2017.1300462","volume":"31","author":"BG Gameel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gameel, B. G. (2017). Learner satisfaction with massive open online courses. American Journal of Distance Education, 31(2), 98\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08923647.2017.1300462","journal-title":"American Journal of Distance Education"},{"issue":"127","key":"12948_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/ir.156","volume":"2005","author":"RM Gonyea","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gonyea, R. M. (2005). Self-reported data in institutional research: Review and recommendations. New Directions for Institutional Research, 2005(127), 73\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ir.156","journal-title":"New Directions for Institutional Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"12948_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.26655\/mjltm.2019.3.3","volume":"9","author":"HU Hashim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hashim, H. U., & Yunus, M. M. (2019). Digital learning with massive open online courses (MOOCs): English for communication. Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods, 9(3), 23\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26655\/mjltm.2019.3.3","journal-title":"Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods"},{"key":"12948_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103724","volume":"145","author":"KF Hew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hew, K. F., Hu, X., Qiao, C., & Tang, Y. (2020). What predicts student satisfaction with MOOCs: A gradient boosting trees supervised machine learning and sentiment analysis approach. Computers & Education, 145, 103724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103724","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12948_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.01.003","volume":"122","author":"YJ Joo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joo, Y. J., So, H. J., & Kim, N. H. (2018). Examination of relationships among students\u2019 self-determination, technology acceptance, satisfaction, and continuance intention to use K-MOOCs. Computers & Education, 122, 260\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.01.003","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"12948_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2016.03.008","volume":"59","author":"AM Kaplan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2016). Higher education and the digital revolution: About MOOCs, SPOCs, social media, and the Cookie monster. Business Horizons, 59(4), 441\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bushor.2016.03.008","journal-title":"Business Horizons"},{"issue":"3","key":"12948_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v12i3.882","volume":"12","author":"R Kop","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kop, R. (2011). The challenges to connectivist learning on open online networks: Learning experiences during a massive open online course. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 12(3), 19\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19173\/irrodl.v12i3.882","journal-title":"International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning"},{"key":"12948_CR32","unstructured":"K\u00f6se, N., Civan, \u0130., & G\u00f6nen, S. \u0130. K. (2022). Design and implementation of an English language MOOC for adult learners: Speak English MOOC Project. In ICETOL Secretariat (Ed.), 2nd International conference on educational technology and online learning \u2013 ICETOL 2022 full paper proceedings (pp. 103\u2013108). ICETOL. https:\/\/www.icetol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/icetol2022_full_paper_proceedings.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"12948_CR33","first-page":"76","volume":"4","author":"A K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcktekeli","year":"2015","unstructured":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcktekeli, A., & Y\u0131lmaz, E. (2015). Development of an A2 level grammar achievement test in accordance with CEFR. The Online Journal of Counseling & Education, 4(3), 76\u201389.","journal-title":"The Online Journal of Counseling & Education"},{"key":"12948_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.06.041","volume":"173","author":"P Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar, P., & Kumar, N. (2020). A study of learner\u2019s satisfaction from MOOCs through a mediation model. Procedia Computer Science, 173, 354\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2020.06.041","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"12948_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.01.003","volume":"132","author":"K Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, K. (2019). MOOC learners\u2019 demographics, self-regulated learning strategy, perceived learning and satisfaction: A structural equation modeling approach. Computers & Education, 132(1), 16\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.01.003","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"12948_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v21i2.889","volume":"21","author":"J Loizzo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loizzo, J., Ertmer, P. A., Watson, W. R., & Watson, S. L. (2017). Adult MOOC learners as self-directed: Perceptions of motivation, success, and completion. Online Learning, 21(2), 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24059\/olj.v21i2.889","journal-title":"Online Learning"},{"key":"12948_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mayer, R. E. (2009). Multimedia learning (2nd. ed.). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511811678","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511811678"},{"key":"12948_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McLoughlin, L., & Magnoni, F. (2017). The Move-Me project: Reflecting on xMOOC and cMOOC structure and pedagogical implication. In K. Qian & S. Bax (Eds.), Beyond the language classroom: Researching MOOCs and other innovations (pp. 59\u201370). Research-publishing.net. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14705\/rpnet.2017.mooc2016.671","DOI":"10.14705\/rpnet.2017.mooc2016.671"},{"issue":"12","key":"12948_CR39","first-page":"3017","volume":"11","author":"CK Mee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mee, C. K., Sui, L. K. M., Jano, Z., & Husin, H. (2016). The readiness of the administrators and undergraduates in using massive Open Online Course (MOOC) in the Mandarin subject. The Social Sciences, 11(12), 3017\u20133023.","journal-title":"The Social Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"12948_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/jieb-10-2018-0049","volume":"13","author":"S Mulik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mulik, S., Srivastava, M., Yajnik, N., & Taras, V. (2019). Antecedents and outcomes of flow experience of MOOC users. Journal of International Education in Business, 13(1), 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jieb-10-2018-0049","journal-title":"Journal of International Education in Business"},{"key":"12948_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Orsini-Jones, M., Conde Gafaro, B., & Altamimi, S. (2017). Integrating a MOOC into the postgraduate ELT curriculum: Reflecting on students\u2019 beliefs with a MOOC blend. In Q. Kan & S. Bax (Eds.), Beyond the language classroom: Researching MOOCs and other innovations (pp. 71\u201383). Research-publishing.net. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14705\/rpnet.2017.mooc2016.672","DOI":"10.14705\/rpnet.2017.mooc2016.672"},{"key":"12948_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orsini-Jones, M., Conde, B., Borthwick, K., Zou, B., & Ma, W. (2018). B-MELTT: Blending MOOCs for English language teacher training. British Council ELT Research Papers. https:\/\/www.teachingenglish.org.uk\/publications\/case-studies-insights-and-research\/b-meltt-blending-moocs-english-language-teacher","DOI":"10.14705\/rpnet.2019.36.955"},{"issue":"2","key":"12948_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.14483\/22487085.85","volume":"12","author":"Y Pan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pan, Y., & Pan, Y. (2010). The use of L1 in the foreign language classroom. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, 12(2), 87\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14483\/22487085.85","journal-title":"Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal"},{"key":"12948_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perifanou, M. (2016a). Designing strategies for an efficient language MOOC. In S. Papadima-Sophocleous, L. Bradley & S. Thou\u00ebsny (Eds.), CALL communities and culture \u2013 short papers from EUROCALL 2016 (pp. 380\u2013385). Research-publishing.net. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14705\/rpnet.2016.eurocall2016.592","DOI":"10.14705\/rpnet.2016.eurocall2016.592"},{"key":"12948_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perifanou, M. (2016b). Worldwide state of language MOOCs. In S. Papadima-Sophocleous, L. Bradley & S. Thou\u00ebsny (Eds.), CALL communities and culture \u2013 short papers from EUROCALL 2016 (pp. 386\u2013390). Research-publishing.net. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14705\/rpnet.2016.eurocall2016.593","DOI":"10.14705\/rpnet.2016.eurocall2016.593"},{"key":"12948_CR46","unstructured":"Perifanou, M., & Economides, A. A. (2014). MOOCS for foreign language learning: An effort to explore and evaluate the first practices. In L. G\u00f3mez Chova, A. L\u00f3pez Mart\u00ednez, & I. Candel Torres (Eds.), INTED2014 Conference Proceedings (pp. 3561\u20133570). IATED. https:\/\/library.iated.org\/publications\/INTED2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"12948_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2020.1744668","volume":"35","author":"MH Sallam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sallam, M. H., Martin-Monje, E., & Li, Y. (2022). Research trends in language MOOC studies: A systematic review of the published literature (2012\u20132018). Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35(3), 764\u2013791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2020.1744668","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"12948_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v20i2.596","volume":"20","author":"S Shrader","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shrader, S., Wu, M., Owens, D., & Ana, K. S. (2016). Massive open online courses (MOOCs): Participant activity, demographics, and satisfaction. Online Learning Journal, 20(2), 199\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24059\/olj.v20i2.596","journal-title":"Online Learning Journal"},{"key":"12948_CR49","unstructured":"Siemens, G. (2013). Massive open online course: Innovation in education? In R. McGreal, W. Kinuthia, & S. Marshall (Eds.), Open educational resources: Innovation, research, and practice (pp. 5\u201316). Commonwealth of Learning and Athabasca University."},{"key":"12948_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokolik, M. (2014). What constitutes an effective language MOOC? In E. Martin-Monje, & E. Barcena (Eds.), Language MOOCs: Providing learning, transcending boundaries (pp. 16\u201332). De Gruyter Open Ltd.","DOI":"10.2478\/9783110420067.2"},{"issue":"6","key":"12948_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12724","volume":"50","author":"Y Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Ni, L., Zhao, Y., Shen, X. L., & Wang, N. (2019). Understanding students\u2019 engagement in MOOCs: An integration of self-determination theory and theory of relationship quality. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(6), 3156\u20133174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12724","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"12948_CR52","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson."},{"issue":"5","key":"12948_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.29329\/ijpe.2023.603.10","volume":"19","author":"E Uygun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Uygun, E., & Cesur, K. (2023). Translation of the MOOC student satisfaction survey to Turkish: A scale adaptation and validation study. International Journal of Progressive Education, 19(5), 153\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29329\/ijpe.2023.603.10","journal-title":"International Journal of Progressive Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12948_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.12.012","volume":"55","author":"JH Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu, J. H., Tennyson, R. D., & Hsia, T. L. (2010). A study of student satisfaction in a blended e-learning system environment. Computers & Education, 55(1), 155\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.12.012","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12948_CR55","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"M\u00d6 Ya\u015far","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ya\u015far, M. \u00d6. (2020a). Can MOOCs promote EFL learners\u2019 English communication skills? Language and Technology, 2(1), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Language and Technology"},{"key":"12948_CR56","unstructured":"Ya\u015far, M. \u00d6. (2020b). Integrating a MOOC-based flipped classroom model into the ELT program: Pre-service English language teachers\u2019 experience and perceptions [Master\u2019s thesis, Bah\u00e7e\u015fehir University]. Council of Higher Education Theses Database. https:\/\/tez.yok.gov.tr\/UlusalTezMerkezi\/TezGoster?key=_F5QEpayDXGqGZlp9XiFtBMvnHxhs-w05GMJIVjRL4nslvMrO6FkIsLU2K-qDqTH"},{"issue":"4","key":"12948_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.17275\/per.21.81.8.4","volume":"8","author":"M\u00d6 Ya\u015far","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ya\u015far, M. \u00d6., & Polat, M. (2021). A MOOC-based flipped classroom mode: Reflecting on pre-service English language teachers\u2019 experience and perceptions. Participatory Educational Research, 8(4), 103\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17275\/per.21.81.8.4","journal-title":"Participatory Educational Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"12948_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.5430\/wje.v5n6p108","volume":"5","author":"L Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao, L. (2015). A case study of Chinese Mongolian students in ELT under the background of MOOCs. World Journal of Education, 5(6), 108\u2013112.","journal-title":"World Journal of Education"},{"key":"12948_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zheng, S., Rosson, M. B., Shih, P. C., & Carroll, J. M. (2015). Understanding student motivation, behaviors and perceptions in MOOCs. In D. Cosley, A. Forte, L. Ciolfi, & D. McDonald (Eds.), Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work & social computing (pp. 1882\u20131895). Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2675133.2675217","DOI":"10.1145\/2675133.2675217"},{"issue":"5","key":"12948_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.2914","volume":"33","author":"J Zhou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhou, J. (2017). Exploring the factors affecting learners\u2019 continuance intention of MOOCs for online collaborative learning: An extended ECM perspective. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 33(5), 123\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14742\/ajet.2914","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Educational Technology"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12948-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12948-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12948-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T08:16:54Z","timestamp":1740817014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12948-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["12948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12948-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author(s) have no competing interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}