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The DBL software provided students with ample opportunities to engage in the expert decision-making processes involved in complex problem-solving and to receive just-in-time instruction and scaffolds at each decision point. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of decision-based learning (DBL) on undergraduate students\u2019 learning performance in introductory physics courses as well as the mediating roles of cognitive load and self-testing for such effects. We used a quasi-experimental posttest design across two sections of an online introductory physics course including a total <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009390 participants. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, DBL instruction did not have a direct effect on cognitive load and had no indirect effect on student performance through cognitive load. Results also indicated that while DBL did not directly impact students\u2019 physics performance, self-testing positively mediated the relationship between DBL and student performance. Our findings underscore the importance of students\u2019 use of self-testing which plays a crucial role when engaging with DBL as it can influence effort input towards the domain task and thereby optimize learning performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12962-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T15:12:14Z","timestamp":1724944334000},"page":"4413-4433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of decision-based learning on student performance in introductory physics: The mediating roles of cognitive load and self-testing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8476-2501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soojeong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Rague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaylee","family":"Litson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Feldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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