{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T19:54:20Z","timestamp":1789415660086,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12982-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T21:02:01Z","timestamp":1724792521000},"page":"4349-4380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Investigating pre-service TCSL teachers\u2019 technology integration competency through a content-based AI-inclusive framework"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3964-5941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanyao","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1869-8016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiqing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5256-0134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4313-3677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianquan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2116-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Trainin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"12982_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.08.017","volume":"56","author":"DD Agyei","year":"2011","unstructured":"Agyei, D. D., & Voogt, J. M. (2011). Exploring the potential of the will, skill, tool model in Ghana: Predicting prospective and practicing teachers\u2019 use of technology. Computers & Education,56(1), 91\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.08.017","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"12982_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1017\/s095834401700012x","volume":"29","author":"H Ai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ai, H. (2017). Providing graduated corrective feedback in an intelligent computer-assisted language learning environment. ReCALL,29(3), 313\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s095834401700012x","journal-title":"ReCALL"},{"issue":"2","key":"12982_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/13540602.2013.848568","volume":"20","author":"JM Allen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allen, J. M., & Wright, S. E. (2014). Integrating theory and practice in the pre-service teacher education practicum. Teachers and Teaching,20(2), 136\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13540602.2013.848568","journal-title":"Teachers and Teaching"},{"key":"12982_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.05.002","volume":"100","author":"G Almerich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Almerich, G., Orellana, N., Su\u00e1rez-Rodr\u00edguez, J., & D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda, I. (2016). Teachers\u2019 information and communication technology competences: A structural approach. Computers & Education,100, 110\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.05.002","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12982_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.07.006","volume":"52","author":"C Angeli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Angeli, C., & Valanides, N. (2009). Epistemological and methodological issues for the conceptualization, development, and assessment of ICT\u2013TPCK: Advances in technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK). Computers & Education,52, 154\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.07.006","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12982_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/088840640703000101","volume":"30","author":"TJ Arthaud","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arthaud, T. J., Aram, R. J., Breck, S. E., Doelling, J. E., & Bushrow, K. M. (2007). Develop collaboration skills in pre-service teachers: A partnership between general and special education. Teacher Education and Special Education,30(1), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/088840640703000101","journal-title":"Teacher Education and Special Education"},{"key":"12982_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-019-09788-6","volume":"28","author":"E Bahcivan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bahcivan, E., Gurer, M. D., Yavuzalp, N., & Akayoglu, S. (2019). Investigating the relations among pre-service teachers\u2019 teaching\/learning beliefs and educational technology integration competencies: A structural equation modeling study. Journal of Science Education and Technology,28, 579\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10956-019-09788-6","journal-title":"Journal of Science Education and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"12982_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/21532974.2012.10784705","volume":"29","author":"S Banister","year":"2012","unstructured":"Banister, S., & Vannatta Reinhart, R. (2012). Assessing NETS\u2022T performance in teacher candidates: Exploring the Wayfind teacher assessment. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education,29(2), 59\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21532974.2012.10784705","journal-title":"Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"12982_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2006.00175.x","volume":"22","author":"R Barton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barton, R., & Haydn, T. (2006). Trainee teachers\u2019 views on what helps them to use information and communication technology effectively in their subject teaching. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,22(4), 257\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2006.00175.x","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"12982_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2015.1047456","volume":"29","author":"D Baser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baser, D., Kopcha, T. J., & Ozden, M. Y. (2016). Developing a technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) assessment for preservice teachers learning to teach English as a foreign language. Computer Assisted Language Learning,29(4), 749\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2015.1047456","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"12982_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-021-00312-8","volume":"19","author":"V Basilotta-G\u00f3mez-Pablos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Basilotta-G\u00f3mez-Pablos, V., Matarranz, M., Casado-Aranda, L. A., & Otto, A. (2022). Teachers\u2019 digital competencies in higher education: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education,19(1), 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-021-00312-8","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"12982_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Batane, T., & Ngwako, A. (2017). Technology use by pre-service teachers during teaching practice: Are new teachers embracing technology right away in their first teaching experience?. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 33(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14742\/ajet.2299","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.2299"},{"key":"12982_CR13","unstructured":"Belt and Road Portal. (2016) Action Plan for the Belt and Road Initiative Issued by the Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China July 2016. The State Council Information Office of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Retrieved April 19, 2024, from http:\/\/english.scio.gov.cn\/m\/beltandroad\/2016-07\/13\/content_76329464.htm"},{"key":"12982_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2017.08.008","volume":"68","author":"JP Carpenter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carpenter, J. P., & Green, T. D. (2017). Mobile instant messaging for professional learning: Educators\u2019 perspectives on and uses of Voxer. Teaching and Teacher Education,68, 53\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2017.08.008","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"issue":"21","key":"12982_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12219050","volume":"12","author":"CS Chai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chai, C. S., Rahmawati, Y., & Jong, M. S. Y. (2020). Indonesian science, mathematics, and engineering preservice teachers\u2019 experiences in STEM-TPACK design-based learning. Sustainability,12(21), 9050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12219050","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"17","key":"12982_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su151712921","volume":"15","author":"DH Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang, D. H., Lin, M. P. C., Hajian, S., & Wang, Q. Q. (2023). Educational design principles of using AI chatbot that supports self-regulated learning in education: goal setting, feedback, and personalization. Sustainability,15(17), 12921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su151712921","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"12982_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215824402110401","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440211040","volume":"11","author":"C Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, C. (2021). Using scaffolding materials to facilitate autonomous online Chinese as a foreign language learning: A study during the COVID-19 pandemic. SAGE Open,11(3), 21582440211040132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21582440211040","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"12982_CR18","unstructured":"Chen, X., Zou, D., Xie, H., & Cheng, G. (2021). Twenty Years of Personalized Language Learning: Topic Modeling and Knowledge Mapping. Educational Technology & Society, 24 (1), 205\u2013222. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26977868. Accessed 2 May 2024."},{"issue":"3","key":"12982_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12349","volume":"35","author":"CS Chew","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chew, C. S., Idris, N., Loh, E. F., Wu, W. C. V., Chua, Y. P., & Bimba, A. T. (2019). The effects of a theory-based summary writing tool on students\u2019 summary writing. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,35(3), 435\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12349","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"12982_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2014.960941","volume":"29","author":"IC Choi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choi, I. C. (2016). Efficacy of an ICALL tutoring system and process-oriented corrective feedback. Computer Assisted Language Learning,29(2), 334\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2014.960941","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"12982_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105030","volume":"215","author":"M Claro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Claro, M., Castro-Grau, C., Ochoa, J. M., Hinostroza, J. E., & Cabello, P. (2024). Systematic review of quantitative research on digital competences of in-service school teachers. Computers & Education,215, 105030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105030","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"12982_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2008.10782526","volume":"41","author":"K Dawson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dawson, K., Cavanaugh, C., & Ritzhaupt, A. (2008). Florida\u2019s EETT leveraging laptops initiative and its impact on teaching practices. Journal of Research on Technology in Education,41(2), 143\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15391523.2008.10782526","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"key":"12982_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DeSantis, J. (2016). Investigating the relationship between TPACK and the ISTE standards for teachers. Issues and Trends in Educational Technology, 4(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/azu_itet_v4i1_desantis","DOI":"10.2458\/azu_itet_v4i1_desantis"},{"key":"12982_CR24","unstructured":"Dixon, A. E. (2013). Exploratory factor analysis. In S. B. Plitchta, & E. A. Kelvin (Eds.), Munro\u2019s statistical methods for health care research (pp. 371\u2013398) PA: Wolters Kluwer."},{"issue":"4","key":"12982_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12473","volume":"48","author":"A Drummond","year":"2017","unstructured":"Drummond, A., & Sweeney, T. (2017). Can an objective measure of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) supplement existing TPACK measures? British Journal of Educational Technology,48(4), 928\u2013939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12473","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"12982_CR26","first-page":"171","volume":"6","author":"L Czerniewicz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Czerniewicz, L. (2008). Distinguishing the Field of Educational Technology. Electronic Journal of e-Learning,6(3), 171\u2013178.","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of e-Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"12982_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2017.1399911","volume":"31","author":"J-F Eubanks","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eubanks, J.-F., Yeh, H.-T., & Tseng, H. (2018). Learning Chinese through a twenty-first century writing workshop with the integration of mobile technology in a language immersion elementary school. Computer Assisted Language Learning,31(4), 346\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2017.1399911","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"12982_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12244","volume":"35","author":"L Fang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fang, L., Tuan, L. A., Hui, S. C., & Wu, L. (2018). Personalized question recommendation for English grammar learning. Expert Systems,35(2), e12244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/exsy.12244","journal-title":"Expert Systems"},{"key":"12982_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.11.010","volume":"130","author":"D Farjon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farjon, D., Smits, A., & Voogt, J. (2019). Technology integration of pre-service teachers explained by attitudes and beliefs, competency, access, and experience. Computers & Education,130, 81\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.11.010","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12982_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao, S. (2019). Integrating multimedia technology into teaching Chinese as a Foreign language: a field study on perspectives of teachers in Northern California. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 10(6), 1181\u20131196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17507\/jltr.1006.06","DOI":"10.17507\/jltr.1006.06"},{"key":"12982_CR31","volume-title":"SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update","author":"D George","year":"2003","unstructured":"George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.","edition":"4"},{"key":"12982_CR32","volume-title":"Digital literacy","author":"P Gilster","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gilster, P. (1997). Digital literacy (7th ed.). Wiley Computer Pub.","edition":"7"},{"key":"12982_CR33","unstructured":"Godwin-Jones, R. (2023). Emerging spaces for language learning: AI bots, ambient intelligence, and the metaverse. Language Learning & Technology, 27(2), 6\u201327. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10125\/73501. Accessed 12 Dec 2023."},{"issue":"2","key":"12982_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-021-00639-z","volume":"66","author":"FC Gomez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gomez, F. C., Trespalacios, J., Hsu, Y. C., & Yang, D. (2022). Exploring teachers\u2019 technology integration self-efficacy through the 2017 ISTE Standards. TechTrends,66(2), 159\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11528-021-00639-z","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"issue":"2","key":"12982_CR35","first-page":"63","volume":"50","author":"LM Gorder","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gorder, L. M. (2008). A study of teacher perceptions of instructional technology integration in the classroom. Delta Pi Epsilon Journal,50(2), 63\u201376.","journal-title":"Delta Pi Epsilon Journal"},{"key":"12982_CR36","unstructured":"Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2018). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage."},{"issue":"2","key":"12982_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/00224871221076906","volume":"73","author":"HL Hallman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hallman, H. L., Rios, A., Craig, C. J., & Hill-Jackson, V. (2022). Teacher education\u2019s moment: From solution to challenge. Journal of Teacher Education,73(2), 127\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00224871221076906","journal-title":"Journal of Teacher Education"},{"key":"12982_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-016-0091-y","volume":"60","author":"ER Hamilton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hamilton, E. R., Rosenberg, J. M., & Akcaoglu, M. (2016). The substitution augmentation modification redefinition (SAMR) model: A critical review and suggestions for its use. TechTrends,60, 433\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11528-016-0091-y","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"issue":"4","key":"12982_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2005.12.006","volume":"49","author":"TA Haydn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haydn, T. A., & Barton, R. (2007). Common needs and different agendas: How trainee teachers make progress in their ability to use ICT in subject teaching. Some lessons from the UK. Computers and Education,49(4), 1018\u20131036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2005.12.006","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12982_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2005.10782449","volume":"38","author":"P Hern\u00e1ndez-Ramos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ramos, P. (2005). If not here, where? Understanding teachers\u2019 use of technology in Silicon Valley schools. Journal of Research on Technology in Education,38(1), 39\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15391523.2005.10782449","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"key":"12982_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"12982_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang, X., Zou, D., Cheng, G., Chen, X., & Xie, H. (2023). Trends, Research Issues and Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Language Education. Educational Technology & Society, 26(1), 112\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30191\/ETS.202301_26(1).0009","DOI":"10.30191\/ETS.202301_26(1).0009"},{"key":"12982_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-009-9132-y","volume":"58","author":"FA Inan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Inan, F. A., & Lowther, D. L. (2010). Factors affecting technology integration in K-12 classrooms: A path model. Educational Technology Research and Development,58, 137\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-009-9132-y","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"12982_CR44","first-page":"145","volume":"13","author":"C \u0130\u015fler","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u0130\u015fler, C., & Yildirim, \u00d6. (2018). Perceptions of Turkish pre-service EFL teachers on their technological pedagogical content knowledge. Journal of Education and Future,13, 145\u2013160.","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Future"},{"key":"12982_CR45","unstructured":"ISTE. (2017). ISTE STANDARDS. International Society for Technology in Education. https:\/\/www.iste.org\/standards. Accessed 30 Apr 2024."},{"issue":"4","key":"12982_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.9734\/bjast\/2015\/14975","volume":"7","author":"A Joshi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert scale: Explored and explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology,7(4), 396\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/bjast\/2015\/14975","journal-title":"British Journal of Applied Science & Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"12982_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/21532974.2020.1716896","volume":"36","author":"CH Kimm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kimm, C. H., Kim, J., Baek, E. O., & Chen, P. (2020). Pre-service teachers\u2019 confidence in their ISTE technology-competency. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education,36(2), 96\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21532974.2020.1716896","journal-title":"Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education"},{"key":"12982_CR48","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications."},{"issue":"3","key":"12982_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2018.1552974","volume":"32","author":"S\u0130 Kuru G\u00f6nen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuru G\u00f6nen, S. \u0130. (2019). A qualitative study on a situated experience of technology integration: Reflections from pre-service teachers and students. Computer Assisted Language Learning,32(3), 163\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2018.1552974","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"12982_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s11516-020-0006-8","volume":"15","author":"B Lyu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lyu, B., & Qi, X. (2020). A review of research on technology-assisted teaching and learning of Chinese as a second or foreign language from 2008 to 2018. Frontiers of Education in China,15, 142\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11516-020-0006-8","journal-title":"Frontiers of Education in China"},{"issue":"4","key":"12982_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/07380569.2019.1674621","volume":"36","author":"F Martin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin, F., Gezer, T., & Wang, C. (2019). Educators\u2019 perceptions of student digital citizenship practices. Computers in the Schools,36(4), 238\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07380569.2019.1674621","journal-title":"Computers in the Schools"},{"issue":"4","key":"12982_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/13664530.2022.2074086","volume":"26","author":"S McCoy","year":"2022","unstructured":"McCoy, S., & Lynam, A. M. (2022). How field experience shapes pre-service primary teachers\u2019 technology integration knowledge and practice. Teacher Development,26(4), 567\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13664530.2022.2074086","journal-title":"Teacher Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"12982_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sheji.2019.12.002","volume":"6","author":"MW Meyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meyer, M. W., & Norman, D. (2020). Changing design education for the 21st century. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation,6(1), 13\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sheji.2019.12.002","journal-title":"She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation"},{"issue":"6","key":"12982_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x","volume":"108","author":"P Mishra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record,108(6), 1017\u20131054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x","journal-title":"Teachers College Record"},{"issue":"1","key":"12982_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-022-00257-5","volume":"11","author":"LAT Nguyen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nguyen, L. A. T., & Hab\u00f3k, A. (2024). Tools for assessing teacher digital literacy: A review. Journal of Computers in Education,11(1), 305\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40692-022-00257-5","journal-title":"Journal of Computers in Education"},{"key":"12982_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oubibi, M., Zhao, W., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., Jiang, Q., Li, Y., ... & Qiao, L. (2022). Advances in research on technological, pedagogical, didactical, and social competencies of preservice TCFL teachers. Sustainability, 14(4), 2045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14042045","DOI":"10.3390\/su14042045"},{"issue":"3","key":"12982_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2478\/jolace-2019-0025","volume":"7","author":"S Pokrivcakova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pokrivcakova, S. (2019). Preparing teachers for the application of AI-powered technologies in foreign language education. Journal of Language and Cultural Education,7(3), 135\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/jolace-2019-0025","journal-title":"Journal of Language and Cultural Education"},{"key":"12982_CR58","unstructured":"Puentedura, R. (2006). Transformation, technology, and education. Retrieved April 15, 2024, from http:\/\/hippasus.com\/resources\/tte\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"12982_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-10888-x","volume":"27","author":"CA Qiu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qiu, C. A., He, H. X., Chen, G. L., & Xiong, M. X. (2022). Pre-service teachers\u2019 perceptions of technological pedagogical content knowledge in mainland China: A survey of teachers of Chinese as a second language. Education and Information Technologies,27(5), 6367\u20136391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-10888-x","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"2","key":"12982_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4018\/IJT.20200701.oa1","volume":"11","author":"P Reddy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reddy, P., Sharma, B., & Chaudhary, K. (2020). Digital literacy: A review of literature. International Journal of Technoethics (IJT),11(2), 65\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/IJT.20200701.oa1","journal-title":"International Journal of Technoethics (IJT)"},{"key":"12982_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Redecker, C. (2017). European framework for the digital competence of educators: DigCompEdu (No. JRC107466). Joint Research Centre (Seville site). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2760\/159770","DOI":"10.2760\/159770"},{"issue":"4","key":"12982_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.4304\/jltr.4.4.684-692","volume":"4","author":"F Sabzian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sabzian, F., Pourhossein Gilakjani, A., & Sodouri, S. (2013). Use of technology in classroom for professional development. Journal of Language Teaching and Research,4(4), 684\u2013692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4304\/jltr.4.4.684-692","journal-title":"Journal of Language Teaching and Research"},{"key":"12982_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Psychology press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203851319","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203851319"},{"issue":"2","key":"12982_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12330","volume":"54","author":"DR Serrano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Serrano, D. R., Dea-Ayuela, M. A., Gonzalez-Burgos, E., Serrano-Gil, A., & Lalatsa, A. (2019). Technology-enhanced learning in higher education: How to enhance student engagement through blended learning. European Journal of Education,54(2), 273\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.12330","journal-title":"European Journal of Education"},{"key":"12982_CR65","unstructured":"Shi, Z., Liu, F., Lai, C., & Jin, T. (2022). Enhancing the use of evidence in argumentative writing through collaborative processing of content-based automated writing evaluation feedback. Language Learning & Technology, 26(2), 106\u2013128."},{"key":"12982_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-016-9486-x","volume":"65","author":"Y Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Strobel, J., & Newby, T. J. (2017). The impact of student teaching experience on pre-service teachers\u2019 readiness for technology integration: A mixed methods study with growth curve modeling. Educational Technology Research and Development,65, 597\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-016-9486-x","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"12982_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2017.08.003","volume":"69","author":"JJ Thoms","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thoms, J. J., Sung, K. Y., & Poole, F. (2017). Investigating the linguistic and pedagogical affordances of an L2 open reading environment via eComma: An exploratory study in a Chinese language course. System,69, 38\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2017.08.003","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"2","key":"12982_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4018\/ijicte.20210401.oa2","volume":"17","author":"C Tiba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tiba, C., & Condy, J. L. (2021). Identifying factors influencing pre-service teacher readiness to use technology during professional practice. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education (IJICTE),17(2), 149\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijicte.20210401.oa2","journal-title":"International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education (IJICTE)"},{"issue":"6","key":"12982_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6695","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11431-8","volume":"28","author":"S Timotheou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Timotheou, S., Miliou, O., Dimitriadis, Y., Sobrino, S. V., Giannoutsou, N., Cachia, R., Mon\u00e9s, A. M., & Ioannou, A. (2023). Impacts of digital technologies on education and factors influencing schools\u2019 digital capacity and transformation: A literature review. Education and Information Technologies,28(6), 6695\u20136726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11431-8","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"12982_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.10.009","volume":"59","author":"J Tondeur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tondeur, J., van Braak, J., Sang, G., Voogt, J., Fisser, P., & Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. (2012). Preparing pre-service teachers to integrate technology in education: A synthesis of qualitative evidence. Computers & Education,59(1), 134\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.10.009","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"12982_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.11.009","volume":"94","author":"J Tondeur","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tondeur, J., van Braak, J., Siddiq, F., & Scherer, R. (2016). Time for a new approach to prepare future teachers for educational technology use: Its meaning and measurement. Computers & Education,94, 134\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.11.009","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12982_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21532974.2017.1398980","volume":"34","author":"T Trust","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trust, T. (2018). 2017 ISTE standards for educators: From teaching with technology to using technology to empower learners. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education,34(1), 1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21532974.2017.1398980","journal-title":"Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12982_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2014.903978","volume":"29","author":"JJ Tseng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tseng, J. J., Lien, Y. J., & Chen, H. J. (2016). Using a teacher support group to develop teacher knowledge of Mandarin teaching via web conferencing technology. Computer Assisted Language Learning,29(1), 127\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2014.903978","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"12982_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2017.11.005","volume":"70","author":"D Uerz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uerz, D., Volman, M., & Kral, M. (2018). Teacher educators\u2019 competences in fostering student teachers\u2019 proficiency in teaching and learning with technology: An overview of relevant research literature. Teaching and Teacher Education,70, 12\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2017.11.005","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"12982_CR75","unstructured":"Ullman, J. B. (2001). Structural equation modeling. In B. G. Tabachnick & L. S. Fidell (Eds.), Using Multivariate Statistics (pp. 653\u2013771). Allyn & Bacon."},{"issue":"1","key":"12982_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2020.1840461","volume":"54","author":"I Vucaj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vucaj, I. (2020). Development and initial validation of Digital Age Teaching Scale (DATS) to assess application of ISTE Standards for Educators in K-12 education classrooms. Journal of Research on Technology in Education,54(1), 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15391523.2020.1840461","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"key":"12982_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, E. L., Matsumura, L. C., Correnti, R., Litman, D., Zhang, H., Howe, E., ... & Quintana, R. (2020). eRevis (ing): Students\u2019 revision of text evidence use in an automated writing evaluation system. Assessing Writing, 44, 100449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asw.2020.100449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asw.2020.100449"},{"key":"12982_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Q. (2020). A Study of Pre-service ICL Teachers\u2019 TPACK, Technology Attitude & Self-efficacy on Technology Integration. Journal of Northwest Normal University (Social Sciences), 57(5), 127\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16783\/j.cnki.nwnus.2020.05.014","DOI":"10.16783\/j.cnki.nwnus.2020.05.014"},{"key":"12982_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, I. K. H. (2022). Toward an ecological understanding of transnational Chinese language teachers\u2019 professional wellbeing in the United Kingdom. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 877289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.877289","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.877289"},{"key":"12982_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weng, X., & Chiu, T. K. (2023). Instructional design and learning outcomes of intelligent computer assisted language learning: Systematic review in the field. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 100117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100117"},{"key":"12982_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.05.021","volume":"68","author":"KK Wijekumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wijekumar, K. K., Meyer, B. J., & Lei, P. (2013). High-fidelity implementation of web-based intelligent tutoring system improves fourth and fifth graders content area reading comprehension. Computers & Education,68, 366\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.05.021","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"12982_CR82","first-page":"105","volume":"24","author":"SJ Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, S. J. (2021). Guest Editorial: Precision education-A New challenge for AI in education. Educational Technology & Society,24(1), 105\u2013108.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"12982_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100008","volume":"2","author":"SJ Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, S. J., Ogata, H., Matsui, T., & Chen, N. S. (2021). Human-centered artificial intelligence in education: Seeing the invisible through the visible. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence,2, 100008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100008","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"12982_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344021000239","volume":"34","author":"A Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, A., & Trainin, G. (2022). A meta-analysis examining technology-assisted L2 vocabulary learning. ReCALL,34(2), 235\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0958344021000239","journal-title":"ReCALL"},{"issue":"1","key":"12982_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2016.1256140","volume":"3","author":"YF Yuan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yuan, Y. F., & Shen, H. Z. (2016). Designing between pedagogies and cultures: Audio-visual Chinese language resources for Australian schools. Cogent Education,3(1), 125\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2331186X.2016.1256140","journal-title":"Cogent Education"},{"key":"12982_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang G. X., & Li L. M. (2020). Chinese language teaching and teaching in the UK. In C. Shei, M. E. M. Zikpi, & D. L. Chao (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Language Teaching (pp. 565\u2013580) Abingdon: Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315104652-35","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315104652-35"},{"key":"12982_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2020.102242","volume":"91","author":"H Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Wu, J., & Zhu, Y. (2020). Why do you choose to teach Chinese as a second language? A study of pre-service CSL teachers\u2019 motivations. System,91, 102242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2020.102242","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"3","key":"12982_CR88","first-page":"388","volume":"17","author":"D Zinger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zinger, D., Naranjo, A., Amador, I., Gilbertson, N., & Warschauer, M. (2017). A design-based research approach to improving professional development and teacher knowledge: The case of the Smithsonian learning lab. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education,17(3), 388\u2013410.","journal-title":"Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12982-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12982-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12982-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T16:04:02Z","timestamp":1742054642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12982-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["12982"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12982-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We confirm that this research has not been submitted to any other journal and that all data included were used in accordance with ethical guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}