{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T09:48:32Z","timestamp":1775555312311,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018258","name":"Southern Methodist University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018258","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Augmented Reality (AR) technologies allow for holograms to be layered over the real-world, \u201caugmenting\u201d human vision by adding technical information or illustrations onto 3D space. Although AR-based applications are showing positive effects in many systematic reviews and meta-analyses, well-designed, rigorous studies with strong control conditions are lacking. Further, many experimental studies lack process data to illuminate what is happening as students engage with AR. In this pre-registered study, we conducted an experiment where <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009120 high school students were assigned to reason about identical geometry simulations collaboratively either using tablets or AR head\u2010mounted displays (HMDs). We look at their learning and how it was impacted by the dimensionality (2D or 3D) of the shapes they explored, as well as how they engaged with virtual objects using gestures and epistemic actions. AR HMDs were more effective for students getting an initial sense of 3D shapes, but less effective for 2D shapes. For gaining insights into the workings of shapes and formulating justifications of conjectures, we see no evidence AR is more effective, and trends indicating AR may be detrimental to eliciting generalizations. Further, process data showed that students using tablets are more likely to manipulate the geometric shapes in the simulations, while students using the AR HMDs are more likely to use dynamic gestures that simulate these manipulations, which are less constrained by the objects\u2019 actual properties. Implications for the future design and use of AR in education are given.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13008-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T09:02:58Z","timestamp":1726218178000},"page":"5397-5426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comparing learning geometry using a tablet to head-mounted display augmented reality: How and when dimensionality matters"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2338-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Candace","family":"Walkington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mitchell J.","family":"Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julianna","family":"Washington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Hunnicutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Darwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"LeaAnne","family":"Daughrity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kelsey","family":"Schenck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"13008_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/10508406.2016.1143370","volume":"25","author":"D Abrahamson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abrahamson, D., & S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda, R. (2016). Learning is moving in new ways: The ecological dynamics of mathematics education. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 25(2), 203\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10508406.2016.1143370","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"13008_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2021.0120543","volume":"12","author":"FAROB Ahmad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmad, F. A. R. O. B. (2021). The effect of augmented reality in improving visual thinking in mathematics of 10th-grade students in Jordan. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 12(5), 352\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14569\/IJACSA.2021.0120543","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications"},{"key":"13008_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, N., & Junaini, S. (2020). Augmented reality for learning mathematics: A systematic literature review.\u00a0International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(16), 106\u2013122. Retrieved July 25, 2024 from\u00a0https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/p\/217969\/","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v15i16.14961"},{"issue":"2","key":"13008_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/10508406.2011.611446","volume":"21","author":"MW Alibali","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alibali, M. W., & Nathan, M. J. (2012). Embodiment in mathematics teaching and learning: Evidence from learners\u2019 and teachers\u2019 gestures. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 21(2), 247\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10508406.2011.611446","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"13008_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, B., Dias, D. R. C., Borges, S. D. S., Durelli, V. H., Bressan, P. A., Martins, V. F., & de Paiva Guimar\u00e3es, M. (2017). On capitalizing on augmented reality to impart solid geometry concepts: An experimental study. In Universal Access in Human\u2013Computer Interaction. Designing Novel Interactions: 11th International Conference, UAHCI 2017 Proceedings (pp. 105\u2013117). Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58703-5_8"},{"key":"13008_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andrea, R., Lailiyah, S., Agus, F., & Ramadiani, R. (2019). \u201cMagic Boosed\u201d an elementary school geometry textbook with marker-based augmented reality.\u00a0TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control),\u00a017(3), 1242\u20131249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12928\/telkomnika.v17i3.11559","DOI":"10.12928\/telkomnika.v17i3.11559"},{"issue":"6","key":"13008_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5003","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10210-7","volume":"25","author":"M Arvanitaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arvanitaki, M., & Zaranis, N. (2020). The use of ICT in teaching geometry in primary school. Education and Information Technologies, 25(6), 5003\u20135016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10210-7","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"13008_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"6","key":"13008_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-021-10066-9","volume":"69","author":"KK Bhagat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhagat, K. K., Yang, F. Y., Cheng, C. H., Zhang, Y., & Liou, W. K. (2021). Tracking the process and motivation of math learning with augmented reality. Educational Technology Research and Development, 69(6), 3153\u20133178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-021-10066-9","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"13008_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bieda, K. N., & Staples, M. (2020). Justification as an equity practice.\u00a0Mathematics Teacher: Learning and Teaching PK-12,\u00a0113(2), 102\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5951\/MTLT.2019.0148","DOI":"10.5951\/MTLT.2019.0148"},{"key":"13008_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s40751-020-00082-4","volume":"7","author":"CG Bock","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bock, C. G., & Dimmel, J. K. (2021). Digital representations without physical analogues: A study of body-based interactions with an apparently unbounded spatial diagram. Digital Experiences in Mathematics Education, 7, 193\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40751-020-00082-4","journal-title":"Digital Experiences in Mathematics Education"},{"key":"13008_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.02.017","volume":"68","author":"KR Bujak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bujak, K. R., Radu, I., Catrambone, R., MacIntyre, B., Zheng, R., & Golubski, G. (2013). A psychological perspective on augmented reality in the mathematics classroom. Computers & Education, 68, 536\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.02.017","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"13008_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1696839","volume":"28","author":"S Cai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cai, S., Liu, E., Shen, Y., Liu, C., Li, S., & Shen, Y. (2020). Probability learning in mathematics using augmented reality: Impact on student\u2019s learning gains and attitudes. Interactive Learning Environments, 28(5), 560\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2019.1696839","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"3","key":"13008_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2190\/EC.51.3","volume":"51","author":"KK Chan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chan, K. K., & Leung, S. W. (2014). Dynamic geometry software improves mathematical achievement: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 51(3), 311\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/EC.51.3","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"13008_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104641","volume":"191","author":"HY Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang, H. Y., Binali, T., Liang, J. C., Chiou, G. L., Cheng, K. H., Lee, S. W. Y., & Tsai, C. C. (2022). Ten years of augmented reality in education: A meta-analysis of (quasi-) experimental studies to investigate the impact. Computers & Education, 191, 104641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104641","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"12","key":"13008_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.14738\/assrj.512.5900","volume":"5","author":"WH Chao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chao, W. H., & Chang, R. C. (2018). Using augmented reality to enhance and engage students in learning mathematics. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(12), 455\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14738\/assrj.512.5900","journal-title":"Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"13008_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633119854036","volume":"57","author":"YC Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, Y. C. (2019). Effect of mobile augmented reality on learning performance, motivation, and math anxiety in a math course. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(7), 1695\u20131722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0735633119854036","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"13008_CR18","unstructured":"Cheng, C. H., Yang, F. Y., Bhagat, K. K., Liou, W. K., Chang, C. Y., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Investigating the learning performance toward geometry learning in an augmented reality system. In M. Rodrigo, J. Yang, L. Wong, & M. Chang (Eds.) Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Computers in Education (pp. 337\u2013339). Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education."},{"issue":"22","key":"13008_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258","volume":"19","author":"S Chinn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chinn, S. (2000). A simple method for converting an odds ratio to effect size for use in meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 19(22), 3127\u20133131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-0258","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"13008_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103895","volume":"153","author":"Q Conley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Conley, Q., Atkinson, R. K., Nguyen, F., & Nelson, B. C. (2020). MantarayAR: Leveraging augmented reality to teach probability and sampling. Computers & Education, 153, 103895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103895","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13008_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9641","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3384-4","volume":"75","author":"EG de Rav\u00e9","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Rav\u00e9, E. G., Jim\u00e9nez-Hornero, F. J., Ariza-Villaverde, A. B., & Taguas-Ruiz, J. (2016). DiedricAR: A mobile augmented reality system designed for the ubiquitous descriptive geometry learning. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 75, 9641\u20139663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-016-3384-4","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"issue":"4","key":"13008_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3390\/math9040369","volume":"9","author":"F del Cerro Vel\u00e1zquez","year":"2021","unstructured":"del Cerro Vel\u00e1zquez, F., & Morales M\u00e9ndez, G. (2021). Application in augmented reality for learning mathematical functions: A study for the development of spatial intelligence in secondary education students. Mathematics, 9(4), 369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/math9040369","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"13008_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-019-09973-5","volume":"25","author":"E Demitriadou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Demitriadou, E., Stavroulia, K. E., & Lanitis, A. (2020). Comparative evaluation of virtual and augmented reality for teaching mathematics in primary education. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 381\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-019-09973-5","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13008_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s40751-020-00078-0","volume":"7","author":"J Dimmel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dimmel, J., Pandiscio, E., & Bock, C. (2021). The Geometry of Movement: Encounters with Spatial Inscriptions for Making and Exploring Mathematical Figures. Digital Experiences in Mathematics Education, 7, 122\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40751-020-00078-0","journal-title":"Digital Experiences in Mathematics Education"},{"key":"13008_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dimmel, J., & Bock, C. (2019). Dynamic mathematical figures with immersive spatial displays: The case of Handwaver. In G. Aldon & J. Jana Trgalov\u00e1 (Eds.), Technology in Mathematics Teaching: Selected papers of the 13th ICTMT Conference\u00a0(pp. 99\u2013122). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-19741-4_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-19741-4_5"},{"issue":"8","key":"13008_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"em1991","DOI":"10.29333\/ejmste\/11069","volume":"17","author":"SA Elsayed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elsayed, S. A., & Al-Najrani, H. I. (2021). Effectiveness of the augmented reality on improving the visual thinking in mathematics and academic motivation for middle school students. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 17(8), em1991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/ejmste\/11069","journal-title":"Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13008_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci10010004","volume":"10","author":"M Flores-Bascu\u00f1ana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flores-Bascu\u00f1ana, M., Diago, P. D., Villena-Taranilla, R., & Y\u00e1\u00f1ez, D. F. (2019). On augmented reality for the learning of 3D-geometric contents: A preliminary exploratory study with 6-grade primary students. Education Sciences, 10(1), 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci10010004","journal-title":"Education Sciences"},{"key":"13008_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2019.04.001","volume":"27","author":"J Garz\u00f3n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garz\u00f3n, J., & Acevedo, J. (2019). Meta-analysis of the impact of Augmented Reality on students\u2019 learning gains. Educational Research Review, 27, 244\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2019.04.001","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"13008_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00379-9","volume":"23","author":"J Garz\u00f3n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garz\u00f3n, J., Pav\u00f3n, J., & Baldiris, S. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis of augmented reality in educational settings. Virtual Reality, 23(4), 447\u2013459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-019-00379-9","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"issue":"6","key":"13008_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3376","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12740","volume":"50","author":"Z Gecu-Parmaksiz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gecu-Parmaksiz, Z., & Delialioglu, O. (2019). Augmented reality-based virtual manipulatives versus physical manipulatives for teaching geometric shapes to preschool children. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(6), 3376\u20133390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12740","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"13008_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerofsky, S. (2011). Seeing the graph vs. being the graph. In G. Stam & M. Ishino (Eds.) Integrating Gestures: The Interdisciplinary Nature of Gesture (pp. 254\u2013265). John Benjamins.","DOI":"10.1075\/gs.4.22ger"},{"key":"13008_CR32","unstructured":"Hohenwater, M., & Fuchs, K. (2004). Combination of dynamic geometry, algebra and calculus in the software system GeoGebra. University of Salzburg."},{"issue":"2","key":"13008_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.2307\/30034955","volume":"38","author":"K Hollebrands","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hollebrands, K. (2007). The role of a dynamic software program for geometry in the strategies high school mathematics students employ. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 38(2), 164\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/30034955","journal-title":"Journal for Research in Mathematics Education"},{"key":"13008_CR34","unstructured":"Huang, W. (2020).\u00a0Investigating the Novelty Effect in Virtual Reality on STEM Learning\u00a0(Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University)."},{"key":"13008_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103734","volume":"145","author":"MB Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, M. B., Portillo, A. U., Cabada, R. Z., & Barr\u00f3n, M. L. (2020). Impact of augmented reality technology on academic achievement and motivation of students from public and private. Mexican schools A case study in a middle-school geometry course. Computers & Education, 145, 103734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103734","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"15","key":"13008_CR36","first-page":"183","volume":"22","author":"JM Jabar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jabar, J. M., Hidayat, R., Samat, N. A., Rohizan, M. F. H., Salim, N., & Norazhar, S. A. (2022). Augmented reality learning in mathematics education: A systematic literature review. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 22(15), 183\u2013202.","journal-title":"Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"13008_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4018\/jgcms.2011010102","volume":"3","author":"J Jacobson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jacobson, J. (2011). Digital dome versus desktop display in an educational game: Gates of Horus. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations (IJGCMS), 3(1), 13\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/jgcms.2011010102","journal-title":"International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations (IJGCMS)"},{"key":"13008_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00081","volume":"5","author":"MC Johnson-Glenberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnson-Glenberg, M. C. (2018). Immersive VR and education: Embodied design principles that include gesture and hand controls. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 5, 81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2018.00081","journal-title":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI"},{"key":"13008_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juandi, D., Kusumah, Y., Tamur, M., Perbowo, K., Siagian, M., Sulastri, R. & Negara, H. (2021).\u00a0The Effectiveness of Dynamic Geometry Software Applications in Learning Mathematics: A Meta-Analysis Study. International Association of Online Engineering.\u00a0Retrieved July 25, 2024 from\u00a0https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/p\/218921\/","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v15i02.18853"},{"issue":"4","key":"13008_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0364-0213(94)90007-8","volume":"18","author":"D Kirsh","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kirsh, D., & Maglio, P. (1994). On distinguishing epistemic from pragmatic action. Cognitive Science, 18(4), 513\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0364-0213(94)90007-8","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"13008_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"em0701","DOI":"10.29333\/iejme\/12269","volume":"17","author":"E Korkmaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Korkmaz, E., & Morali, H. S. (2022). A meta-synthesis of studies on the use of augmented reality in mathematics education. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 17(4), em0701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/iejme\/12269","journal-title":"International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education"},{"key":"13008_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2021.100065","volume":"3","author":"JM Kr\u00fcger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger, J. M., Palzer, K., & Bodemer, D. (2022). Learning with augmented reality: Impact of dimensionality and spatial abilities. Computers and Education Open, 3, 100065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeo.2021.100065","journal-title":"Computers and Education Open"},{"key":"13008_CR43","volume-title":"Where Mathematics Comes From","author":"G Lakoff","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lakoff, G., & N\u00fa\u00f1ez, R. (2000). Where Mathematics Comes From. Basic Books."},{"issue":"8","key":"13008_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X13511","volume":"42","author":"R Lindgren","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lindgren, R., & Johnson-Glenberg, M. (2013). Emboldened by embodiment: Six precepts for research on embodied learning and mixed reality. Educational Researcher, 42(8), 445\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0013189X13511","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"key":"13008_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164409355699","volume":"70","author":"L Linnenbrink-Garcia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Linnenbrink-Garcia, L., Durik, A. M., Conley, A. M., Barron, K. E., Tauer, J. M., Karabenick, S. A., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2010). Measuring situational interest in academic domains. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70, 647\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164409355699","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"13008_CR46","unstructured":"Masters, J. (2010). Diagnostic Geometry Assessment Project: Item Characteristics. Technology and Assessment Study Collaborative, Lynch School of Education, Boston College."},{"key":"13008_CR47","volume-title":"Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal About Thought","author":"D McNeill","year":"1992","unstructured":"McNeill, D. (1992). Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal About Thought. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"13008_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2014.07.001","volume":"33","author":"MJ Nathan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nathan, M. J., Walkington, C., Boncoddo, R., Pier, E., Williams, C. C., & Alibali, M. W. (2014). Actions speak louder with words: The roles of action and pedagogical language for grounding mathematical proof. Learning and Instruction, 33, 182\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2014.07.001","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"issue":"5","key":"13008_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000638","volume":"113","author":"MJ Nathan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nathan, M. J., Schenck, K. E., Vinsonhaler, R., Michaelis, J. E., Swart, M. I., & Walkington, C. (2021). Embodied geometric reasoning: Dynamic gestures during intuition, insight, and proof. Journal of Educational Psychology, 113(5), 929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/edu0000638","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"13008_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nathan, M. J. (2021).\u00a0Foundations of Embodied Learning: A Paradigm for Education. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429329098"},{"key":"13008_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-015-9325-3","volume":"27","author":"M Novack","year":"2015","unstructured":"Novack, M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2015). Learning from gesture: How our hands change our minds. Educational Psychology Review, 27, 405\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-015-9325-3","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"13008_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26803\/ijlter.22.5.1","volume":"22","author":"S Pahmi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pahmi, S., Hendriyanto, A., Sahara, S., Muhaimin, L. H., Kuncoro, K. S., & Usodo, B. (2023). Assessing the influence of augmented reality in mathematics education: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22(5), 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26803\/ijlter.22.5.1","journal-title":"International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"13008_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.31704\/ijocis.2021.005","volume":"11","author":"A Palanc\u0131","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palanc\u0131, A., & Turan, Z. (2021). How does the use of the augmented reality technology in mathematics education affect learning processes?: A systematic review. International Journal of Curriculum and Instructional Studies, 11(1), 89\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31704\/ijocis.2021.005","journal-title":"International Journal of Curriculum and Instructional Studies"},{"key":"13008_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2019.01.012","volume":"58","author":"EL Pier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pier, E. L., Walkington, C., Clinton, V., Boncoddo, R., Williams-Pierce, C., Alibali, M. W., & Nathan, M. J. (2019). Embodied truths: How dynamic gestures and speech contribute to mathematical proof practices. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 58, 44\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2019.01.012","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"13008_CR56","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for statistical computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/. Accessed 25 Apr 2024."},{"key":"13008_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-013-0747-y","volume":"18","author":"I Radu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Radu, I. (2014). Augmented reality in education: A meta-review and cross-media analysis. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 18, 1533\u20131543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00779-013-0747-y","journal-title":"Personal and Ubiquitous Computing"},{"issue":"7","key":"13008_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1177\/07342829166592","volume":"35","author":"A Ramful","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ramful, A., Lowrie, T., & Logan, T. (2017). Measurement of spatial ability: Construction and validation of the spatial reasoning instrument for middle school students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 35(7), 709\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07342829166592","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment"},{"issue":"11","key":"13008_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-021-10821-3","volume":"81","author":"C Rebollo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rebollo, C., Remolar, I., Rossano, V., & Lanzilotti, R. (2022). Multimedia augmented reality game for learning math. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 81(11), 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-021-10821-3","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"13008_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.5951\/jresemtheduc-2020-0005","volume":"51","author":"MF Sherman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sherman, M. F., Cayton, C., Walkington, C., & Funsch, A. (2020). An analysis of secondary mathematics textbooks with regard to technology integration. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 51(3), 361\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5951\/jresemtheduc-2020-0005","journal-title":"Journal for Research in Mathematics Education"},{"key":"13008_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmathb.2014.09.001","volume":"36","author":"CP Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith, C. P., King, B., & Hoyte, J. (2014). Learning angles through movement: Critical actions for developing understanding in an embodied activity. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 36, 95\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmathb.2014.09.001","journal-title":"The Journal of Mathematical Behavior"},{"key":"13008_CR62","volume-title":"Multilevel Analysis","author":"T Snijders","year":"1999","unstructured":"Snijders, T., & Bosker, R. (1999). Multilevel Analysis. Sage."},{"key":"13008_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.07.013","volume":"79","author":"P Sommerauer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sommerauer, P., & M\u00fcller, O. (2014). Augmented reality in informal learning environments: A field experiment in a mathematics exhibition. Computers & Education, 79, 59\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.07.013","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13008_CR64","unstructured":"Staples, M., Newton, J., Kosko, K., Conner, A., Cirillo, M., Bieda, K., Yopp, D., Zaslavasky, O., Hummer, J., Strachota, S., Singh, R., An, T., Going, T., & Zhuang, Y. (2017). Using Artifacts to Explore Conceptions and Consequences of Argumentation, Justification, and Proof. White Paper."},{"issue":"4","key":"13008_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4018\/IJDET.2019100103","volume":"17","author":"KT Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun, K. T., & Chen, M. H. (2019). Utilizing free augmented reality app for learning geometry at elementary school in Taiwan: Take volumetric measurement of compound body for example. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies (IJDET), 17(4), 36\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/IJDET.2019100103","journal-title":"International Journal of Distance Education Technologies (IJDET)"},{"issue":"2","key":"13008_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4018\/IJICTE.2020040102","volume":"16","author":"KT Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun, K. T., & Chen, M. H. (2020). Utilizing MAR for remedial teaching of compound-cube-surface area at elementary school in Taiwan. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education (IJICTE), 16(2), 18\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/IJICTE.2020040102","journal-title":"International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education (IJICTE)"},{"issue":"2","key":"13008_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3102\/0002831217737028","volume":"55","author":"C Walkington","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walkington, C., Clinton, V., & Shivraj, P. (2018). How readability factors are differentially associated with performance for students of different backgrounds when solving mathematics word problems. American Educational Research Journal, 55(2), 362\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0002831217737028","journal-title":"American Educational Research Journal"},{"key":"13008_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmathb.2018.12.002","volume":"55","author":"C Walkington","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walkington, C., Chelule, G., Woods, D., & Nathan, M. J. (2019). Collaborative gesture as a case of extended mathematical cognition. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 55, 100683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmathb.2018.12.002","journal-title":"The Journal of Mathematical Behavior"},{"issue":"9","key":"13008_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.13180","volume":"46","author":"C Walkington","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walkington, C., Nathan, M. J., Wang, M., & Schenck, K. (2022). The effect of cognitive relevance of directed actions on mathematical reasoning. Cognitive Science, 46(9), e13180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cogs.13180","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"13008_CR70","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Real Data Analysis","author":"AD Wu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wu, A. D., & Zumbo, B. D. (2007). Thinking about item response theory from a logistic regression perspective. In S. Sawilowsky (Ed.), Real Data Analysis (pp. 241\u2013269). Information Age Publishing."},{"key":"13008_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.10.024","volume":"62","author":"HK Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu, H. K., Lee, S. W. Y., Chang, H. Y., & Liang, J. C. (2013). Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education. Computers & Education, 62, 41\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.10.024","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13008_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu, S., Liu, C., Shi, H., & Cai, S. (2019). Using augmented reality technology to learn cube expansion diagram in spatial geometry of elementary mathematics. In\u00a02019 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Education (TALE)\u00a0(pp. 1\u20136). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TALE48000.2019.9225978","DOI":"10.1109\/TALE48000.2019.9225978"},{"key":"13008_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01195","volume":"7","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Lei, Y., & Li, H. (2016). Approaching the distinction between intuition and insight. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01195","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"15","key":"13008_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9725","DOI":"10.3390\/su14159725","volume":"14","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Li, G., Huang, Q., Feng, Q., & Luo, H. (2022). Augmented reality in K\u201312 education: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature from 2000 to 2020. Sustainability, 14(15), 9725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14159725","journal-title":"Sustainability"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13008-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13008-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13008-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T20:23:02Z","timestamp":1742070182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13008-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["13008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13008-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}