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This study explored whether teachers\u2019 self-reported\n                    <jats:italic>gains<\/jats:italic>\n                    in content knowledge for teaching aligned with those measured by direct assessments. Through quantitative analyses of data collected from 57 middle school mathematics teachers who participated in a fully asynchronous online PD program, we found no significant correlation between teachers\u2019 self-reported knowledge gains and those measured by direct assessments. Additionally, we examined the role of teachers\u2019 use of self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies, namely organization, elaboration, and monitoring, in their learning from the PD program by conducting linear regression analyses. Our results indicated that teachers who frequently monitored their understanding of the PD content demonstrated greater gains in their content knowledge as measured by direct assessments. However, none of the SRL strategies predicted the accuracy of teachers\u2019 self-assessments of knowledge gains from the asynchronous online PD program. These findings raise concerns about relying solely on self-reported instruments to capture teachers\u2019 learning in asynchronous online PD programs, and they emphasize the need for more robust and accurate outcome measures in the asynchronous online learning context.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13020-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T07:02:17Z","timestamp":1725260537000},"page":"4751-4776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Perceptions versus performance: Assessing teacher learning in asynchronous online professional development"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Jingxian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8819-3035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasemin","family":"Copur-Gencturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"13020_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agathangelou, S. 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