{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:31:13Z","timestamp":1782405073436,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13047-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T07:02:29Z","timestamp":1727334149000},"page":"6061-6090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Presence and motivation: Comparing synchronous and asynchronous learning environments for foreign language learners using path analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1941-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayoung","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3109-5140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2009.01029.x","volume":"42","author":"Z Akyol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Akyol, Z., & Garrison, D. R. (2011). Understanding cognitive presence in an online and blended community of inquiry: Assessing outcomes and processes for deep approaches to learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(2), 233\u2013250.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"13047_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5539\/elt.v12n6p87","volume":"12","author":"H Al Fadda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al Fadda, H. (2019). The Relationship between Self-Regulations and Online Learning in an ESL Blended Learning Context. English Language Teaching, 12(6), 87\u201393.","journal-title":"English Language Teaching"},{"key":"13047_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2021.102716","volume":"105","author":"M Alger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alger, M., & Eyckmans, J. (2022). \u201cI took physical lessons for granted\u201d: A case study exploring students\u2019 interpersonal interactions in online synchronous lessons during the outbreak of COVID-19. System, 105, 102716.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"13047_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Hoorie, A. H., Oga-Baldwin, W. Q., Hiver, P., & Vitta, J. P. (2022). Self-determination mini-theories in second language learning: A systematic review of three decades of research. Language Teaching Research, 13621688221102686.","DOI":"10.1177\/13621688221102686"},{"issue":"4","key":"13047_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.34190\/EJEL.20.18.4.005","volume":"18","author":"M Almasi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almasi, M., & Zhu, C. (2020). Investigating Students\u2019 Perceptions of Cognitive Presence in Relation to Learner Performance in Blended Learning Courses: A Mixed-Methods Approach. Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 18(4), 324\u2013336.","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of e-Learning"},{"key":"13047_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106505","volume":"113","author":"SA Andel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andel, S. A., de Vreede, T., Spector, P. E., Padmanabhan, B., Singh, V. K., & De Vreede, G.-J. (2020). Do social features help in video-centric online learning platforms? A social presence perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 113, 106505.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13047_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, T., Liam, R., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (2001). Assessing teaching presence in a computer conferencing context. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Network, 5(2).","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v5i2.1875"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"13047_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2008.06.003","volume":"11","author":"JB Arbaugh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arbaugh, J. B., Cleveland-Innes, M., Diaz, S. R., Garrison, D. R., Ice, P., Richardson, J. C., & Swan, K. P. (2008). Developing a community of inquiry instrument: Testing a measure of the Community of Inquiry framework using a multi-institutional sample. Internet and Higher Education, 11(3\u20134), 133\u2013136.","journal-title":"Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"13047_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2009.10.001","volume":"13","author":"D Archibald","year":"2010","unstructured":"Archibald, D. (2010). Fostering the development of cognitive presence: Initial findings using the community of inquiry survey instrument. The Internet and Higher Education, 13(1\u20132), 73\u201374.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"13047_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2021.102480","volume":"86","author":"C Ardington","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ardington, C., Wills, G., & Kotze, J. (2021). COVID-19 learning losses: Early grade reading in South Africa. International Journal of Educational Development, 86, 102480.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR11","first-page":"42","volume":"10","author":"N Arnold","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arnold, N., & Ducate, L. (2006). Future foreign language teachers\u2019 social and cognitive collaboration in an online environment. Language Learning and Technology, 10(1), 42.","journal-title":"Language Learning and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.33902\/JPR.2021269326","volume":"5","author":"A Aslan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aslan, A. (2021). The Evaluation of Collaborative Synchronous Learning Environment within the Framework of Interaction and Community of Inquiry: An Experimental Study. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 5(2), 72\u201387.","journal-title":"Journal of Pedagogical Research"},{"key":"13047_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02903-5","volume":"21","author":"T Baherimoghadam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baherimoghadam, T., Hamedani, S., Mehrabi, M., Naseri, N., & Marzban, N. (2021). The effect of learning style and general self-efficacy on satisfaction of e-Learning in dental students. BMC Medical Education, 21, 1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"13047_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10369-z","volume":"26","author":"D Bailey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bailey, D., Almusharraf, N., & Hatcher, R. (2021). Finding satisfaction: Intrinsic motivation for synchronous and asynchronous communication in the online language learning context. Education and Information Technologies, 26(3), 2563\u20132583.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-021-00204-w","volume":"9","author":"D Bailey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bailey, D. (2022). Interactivity during Covid-19: Mediation of learner interactions on social presence and expected learning outcome within videoconference EFL courses. Journal of Computers in Education, 9(2), 291\u2013313.","journal-title":"Journal of Computers in Education"},{"key":"13047_CR16","unstructured":"Battaglia, M. (2008). Convenience sampling. In P. J. Lavrakas (Ed.), Encyclopedia of survey research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."},{"key":"13047_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","volume":"107","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238\u2013246.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"13047_CR18","first-page":"529","volume":"41","author":"DU Bolliger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bolliger, D. U., & Martin, F. (2020). Instructor and student perceptions of online student engagement strategies. Distance Education, 41(4), 529\u2013545.","journal-title":"Distance Education"},{"key":"13047_CR19","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming","author":"BM Byrne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Taylor and Francis Group.","edition":"2"},{"key":"13047_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103966","volume":"157","author":"S Caskurlu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caskurlu, S., Maeda, Y., Richardson, J. C., & Lv, J. (2020). A meta-analysis addressing the relationship between teaching presence and students\u2019 satisfaction and learning. Computers & Education, 157, 103966.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1075\/aila.18.05cel","volume":"18","author":"MAA Celani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Celani, M. A. A., & Collins, H. (2005). Critical thinking in reflective sessions and in online interactions. AILA Review, 18(1), 41\u201357.","journal-title":"AILA Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"13047_CR22","first-page":"39","volume":"21","author":"P Celentin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Celentin, P. (2007). Online education: Analysis of interaction and knowledge building patterns among foreign language teachers. International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education\/revue Internationale Du e-Learning Et La Formation \u00e0 Distance, 21(3), 39\u201358.","journal-title":"International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education\/revue Internationale Du e-Learning Et La Formation \u00e0 Distance"},{"issue":"4","key":"13047_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.01.011","volume":"26","author":"K-C Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen, K.-C., & Jang, S.-J. (2010). Motivation in online learning: Testing a model of self-determination theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(4), 741\u2013752.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"13047_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031785","volume":"14","author":"RH Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, R. H. (2022). Effects of deliberate practice on blended learning sustainability: A community of inquiry perspective. Sustainability, 14(3), 1785.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"13047_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2021.1891998","volume":"54","author":"TK Chiu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chiu, T. K. (2022). Applying the self-determination theory (SDT) to explain student engagement in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(sup1), S14\u2013S30.","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"13047_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299-021-00566-w","volume":"30","author":"TK Chiu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiu, T. K., Lin, T.-J., & Lonka, K. (2021). Motivating online learning: The challenges of COVID-19 and beyond. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 30(3), 187\u2013190.","journal-title":"The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher"},{"key":"13047_CR27","unstructured":"Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage publications."},{"key":"13047_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahlstrom-Hakki, I., Alstad, Z., & Banerjee, M. (2020). Comparing synchronous and asynchronous online discussions for students with disabilities: The impact of social presence. Computers & Education, 150,\u00a0103842.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103842"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(85)90023-6","volume":"19","author":"EL Deci","year":"1985","unstructured":"Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109\u2013134.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"13047_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2021.102556","volume":"101","author":"A Derakhshan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Derakhshan, A., Kruk, M., Mehdizadeh, M., & Pawlak, M. (2021). Boredom in online classes in the Iranian EFL context: Sources and solutions. System, 101, 102556.","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/dsji.12097","volume":"14","author":"SB Eom","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eom, S. B., & Ashill, N. (2016). The determinants of students\u2019 perceived learning outcomes and satisfaction in university online education: An update. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 14(2), 185\u2013215.","journal-title":"Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR32","first-page":"11","volume":"4","author":"M Esra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Esra, M., & Sevilen, \u00c7. (2021). Factors influencing EFL students\u2019 motivation in online learning: A qualitative case study. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 4(1), 11\u201322.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/07908318.2017.1342653","volume":"31","author":"F Fang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fang, F. (2018). Repositioning of \u201cChinese learners\u201d cultural perceptions of active learner participation in a transnational university in China. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 31(1), 70\u201384.","journal-title":"Language, Culture and Curriculum"},{"key":"13047_CR34","unstructured":"Fayram, J. (2017). The nature and role of social presence in audiographic, synchronous online language learning contexts: Open University (United Kingdom)."},{"issue":"9","key":"13047_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3332","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.0c00635","volume":"97","author":"SL Gares","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gares, S. L., Kariuki, J. K., & Rempel, B. P. (2020). CommUnity matters: Student\u2013instructor relationships foster student motivation and engagement in an emergency remote teaching environment. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 3332\u20133335.","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Education"},{"key":"13047_CR36","unstructured":"Garrison, D. R. (2017). E-learning in the 21st century: A community of inquiry framework for research and practice. Taylor & Francis."},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"DR Garrison","year":"2000","unstructured":"Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 11(2), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"13047_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2007.04.001","volume":"10","author":"DR Garrison","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garrison, D. R., & Arbaugh, J. B. (2007). Researching the community of inquiry framework: Review, issues, and future directions. The Internet and Higher Education, 10(3), 157\u2013172.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"13047_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1207\/s15389286ajde1903_2","volume":"19","author":"DR Garrison","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garrison, D. R., & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2005). Facilitating cognitive presence in online learning: Interaction is not enough. The American Journal of Distance Education, 19(3), 133\u2013148.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Distance Education"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"13047_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2009.10.002","volume":"13","author":"DR Garrison","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garrison, D. R., Cleveland-Innes, M., & Fung, T. S. (2010). Exploring causal relationships among teaching, cognitive and social presence: Student perceptions of the community of inquiry framework. The Internet and Higher Education, 13(1\u20132), 31\u201336.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"13047_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12586","volume":"37","author":"P Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo, P., Saab, N., Wu, L., & Admiraal, W. (2021). The Community of Inquiry perspective on students\u2019 social presence, cognitive presence, and academic performance in online project-based learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37(5), 1479\u20131493.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.17718\/tojde.382798","volume":"19","author":"G Gyamfi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gyamfi, G., & Sukseemuang, P. (2018). EFL learners\u2019 satisfaction with the online learning program, Tell Me More. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(1), 183\u2013202.","journal-title":"Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v23i2.6016","volume":"23","author":"LM Hasani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasani, L. M., Santoso, H. B., & Junus, K. (2022). Designing asynchronous online discussion forum interface and interaction based on the community of inquiry framework. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 23(2), 191\u2013213.","journal-title":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"13047_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000097254001","volume":"25","author":"CE Hill","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., & Williams, E. N. (1997). A guide to conducting consensual qualitative research. The Counseling Psychologist, 25(4), 517\u2013572.","journal-title":"The Counseling Psychologist"},{"key":"13047_CR45","unstructured":"Hodges, C. B., Moore, S., Lockee, B. B., Trust, T., & Bond, M. A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning."},{"key":"13047_CR46","volume-title":"Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"RH Hoyle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoyle, R. H. (2012). Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford Press."},{"key":"13047_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"L-T Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1\u201355.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12610","volume":"38","author":"W Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, W., Hew, K. F., & Fryer, L. K. (2022). Chatbots for language learning\u2014Are they really useful? A systematic review of chatbot-supported language learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 38(1), 237\u2013257.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"13047_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2022.102720","volume":"105","author":"H Ji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ji, H., Park, S., & Shin, H. W. (2022). Investigating the link between engagement, readiness, and satisfaction in a synchronous online second language learning environment. System, 105, 102720.","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.02.008","volume":"57","author":"YJ Joo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Joo, Y. J., Lim, K. Y., & Kim, E. K. (2011). Online university students\u2019 satisfaction and persistence: Examining perceived level of presence, usefulness and ease of use as predictors in a structural model. Computers & Education, 57(2), 1654\u20131664.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10670-5","volume":"27","author":"K Junus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Junus, K., Santoso, H. B., & Ahmad, M. (2022). Experiencing the community of inquiry framework using asynchronous online role-playing in computer-aided instruction class. Education and Information Technologies, 27(2), 2283\u20132309.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR52","first-page":"230","volume":"16","author":"AL Kaban","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaban, A. L. (2021). The influence of online presence on learner satisfaction and learning in higher education. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 16(1), 230\u2013246.","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Distance Education"},{"key":"13047_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kallner, A. (2018). Formulas. In A. Kallner (Ed.), Laboratory statistics: Methods in chemistry and health science (2nd ed.). Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814348-3.00001-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/01587910802004860","volume":"29","author":"B Kehrwald","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kehrwald, B. (2008). Understanding social presence in text-based online learning environments. Distance Education, 29(1), 89\u2013106.","journal-title":"Distance Education"},{"key":"13047_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.06.032","volume":"126","author":"S Kilis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kilis, S., & Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Z. (2018). Investigation of community of inquiry framework in regard to self-regulation, metacognition and motivation. Computers & Education, 126, 53\u201364.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13047_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, G.-c., & Gurvitch, R. (2020). Online education research adopting the community of inquiry framework: A systematic review. Quest, 72(4), 395\u2013409. Kim, W. (2015). Learning flow, motivation, and community of inquiry in an online graduate degree program Purdue University]. U.S.A.","DOI":"10.1080\/00336297.2020.1761843"},{"key":"13047_CR57","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford Press."},{"key":"13047_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.03.010","volume":"122","author":"K Kozan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kozan, K., & Caskurlu, S. (2018). On the Nth presence for the Community of Inquiry framework. Computers & Education, 122, 104\u2013118.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR59","first-page":"81","volume":"20","author":"L Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, L. (2016). Autonomous learning through task-based instruction in fully online language courses. Language Learning & Technology, 20(2), 81\u201397.","journal-title":"Language Learning & Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR60","first-page":"51","volume":"8","author":"P Leong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leong, P., & Li, L. (2019). Cultural dimensions of e-learning in China. Journal of International and Comparative Education, 8(1), 51\u201365.","journal-title":"Journal of International and Comparative Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR61","first-page":"35","volume":"27","author":"J Lim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lim, J. (2024). Students\u2019 interaction, satisfaction and cognitive presence in online discussions. Educational Technology & Society, 27(1), 35\u201349.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"13047_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104063","volume":"161","author":"J Lim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lim, J., & Richardson, J. C. (2021). Predictive effects of undergraduate students\u2019 perceptions of social, cognitive, and teaching presence on affective learning outcomes according to disciplines. Computers & Education, 161, 104063.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/flan.12456","volume":"53","author":"L Lomicka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lomicka, L. (2020). Creating and sustaining virtual language communities. Foreign Language Annals, 53(2), 306\u2013313.","journal-title":"Foreign Language Annals"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2006.11.002","volume":"35","author":"L Lomicka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lomicka, L., & Lord, G. (2007). Social presence in virtual communities of foreign language (FL) teachers. System, 35(2), 208\u2013228.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"13047_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327906MBR3801_5","volume":"38","author":"RC MacCallum","year":"2003","unstructured":"MacCallum, R. C. (2003). Working with imperfect models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 38, 113\u2013139.","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"key":"13047_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maddrell, J. A., Morrison, G. R., & Watson, G. S. (2020). Presence and learning in a community of inquiry. In Social Presence and Identity in Online Learning (pp. 109\u2013122). Routledge. Martin, F., Wu, T., Wan, L., & Xie, K. (2022). A Meta-Analysis on the Community of Inquiry Presences and Learning Outcomes in Online and Blended Learning Environments. Online Learning, 26(1), 325\u2013359.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429294235-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v22i1.1092","volume":"22","author":"F Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin, F., & Bolliger, D. U. (2018). Engagement matters: Student perceptions on the importance of engagement strategies in the online learning environment. Online Learning, 22(1), 205\u2013222.","journal-title":"Online Learning"},{"key":"13047_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercer, S., & D\u00f6rnyei, Z. (2020). Engaging language learners in contemporary classrooms: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009024563"},{"issue":"5","key":"13047_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X013005020","volume":"13","author":"MB Miles","year":"1984","unstructured":"Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1984). Drawing valid meaning from qualitative data: Toward a shared craft. Educational Researcher, 13(5), 20\u201330.","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1207\/s15389286ajde1802_3","volume":"18","author":"DL Molinari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Molinari, D. L. (2004). The role of social comments in problem-solving groups in an online class. The American Journal of Distance Education, 18(2), 89\u2013101.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Distance Education"},{"key":"13047_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2020.102431","volume":"97","author":"KM Moser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moser, K. M., Wei, T., & Brenner, D. (2021). Remote teaching during COVID-19: Implications from a national survey of language educators. System, 97, 102431.","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"5","key":"13047_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052412","volume":"11","author":"S Mystakidis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mystakidis, S., Berki, E., & Valtanen, J.-P. (2021). Deep and meaningful e-learning with social virtual reality environments in higher education: A systematic literature review. Applied Sciences, 11(5), 2412.","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"13047_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2021.102469","volume":"98","author":"S Nakamura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakamura, S., Darasawang, P., & Reinders, H. (2021). The antecedents of boredom in L2 classroom learning. System, 98, 102469.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"13047_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.21832\/9781847691293-016","volume-title":"Motivation, language identity and the L2 self","author":"KA Noels","year":"2009","unstructured":"Noels, K. A. (2009). The internalisation of language learning into the self and social identity. In Z. Dornyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 295\u2013313). Multilingual Matters."},{"key":"13047_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2022.100894","volume":"56","author":"L-M Norz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Norz, L.-M., Dornauer, V., Hackl, W. O., & Ammenwerth, E. (2023). Measuring social presence in online-based learning: An exploratory path analysis using log data and social network analysis. The Internet and Higher Education, 56, 100894.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/21532974.2021.1890653","volume":"37","author":"B Oyarzun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oyarzun, B., Hancock, C., Salas, S., & Martin, F. (2021). Synchronous meetings, community of inquiry, COVID-19, and online graduate teacher education. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 37(2), 111\u2013127.","journal-title":"Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/dsji.12207","volume":"18","author":"C Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park, C., & Kim, D. G. (2020). Exploring the roles of social presence and gender difference in online learning. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 18(2), 291\u2013312.","journal-title":"Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education"},{"key":"13047_CR78","unstructured":"Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garc\u00eda, T., & McKeachie, W. J. (1991). A manual for the use of the motivated strategies questionnaire (MSLQ). University of Michigan (Ed.). Ann Arbor, MI."},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR79","first-page":"57","volume":"17","author":"N Polat","year":"2013","unstructured":"Polat, N., Mancilla, R., & Mahalingappa, L. (2013). Anonymity and Motivation in Asychronous Discussions and L2 Vocabulary Learning. Language Learning & Technology, 17(2), 57\u201374.","journal-title":"Language Learning & Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"13047_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12535","volume":"37","author":"MHA Rahman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahman, M. H. A., Uddin, M. S., & Dey, A. (2021). Investigating the mediating role of online learning motivation in the COVID-19 pandemic situation in Bangladesh. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37(6), 1513\u20131527.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"13047_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratan, R., Ucha, C., Lei, Y., Lim, C., Triwibowo, W., Yelon, S.,\u00a0... & Chen, V. H. H. (2022). How do social presence and active learning in synchronous and asynchronous online classes relate to students\u2019 perceived course gains? Computers & Education, 191, 104621.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104621"},{"key":"13047_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.02.001","volume":"71","author":"JC Richardson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Richardson, J. C., Maeda, Y., Lv, J., & Caskurlu, S. (2017). Social presence in relation to students\u2019 satisfaction and learning in the online environment: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 402\u2013417.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/flan.12461","volume":"53","author":"V Russell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Russell, V. (2020). Language anxiety and the online learner. Foreign Language Annals, 53(2), 338\u2013352.","journal-title":"Foreign Language Annals"},{"key":"13047_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sadaf, A., Wu, T., & Martin, F. (2021). Cognitive presence in online learning: A systematic review of empirical research from 2000 to 2019. Computers and Education Open, 2,\u00a0100050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeo.2021.100050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2021.100050"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1108\/JSIT-02-2020-0029","volume":"23","author":"MG Salimon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salimon, M. G., Sanuri, S. M. M., Aliyu, O. A., Perumal, S., & Yusr, M. M. (2021). E-learning satisfaction and retention: A concurrent perspective of cognitive absorption, perceived social presence and technology acceptance model. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 23(1), 109\u2013129.","journal-title":"Journal of Systems and Information Technology"},{"key":"13047_CR86","unstructured":"Satar, H. M., & Akcan, S. (2018). Pre-service EFL teachers\u2019 online participation, interaction, and social presence."},{"key":"13047_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3200\/JOER.99.6.323-338","volume":"99","author":"JB Schreiber","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99, 323\u2013338.","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"13047_CR88","first-page":"62","volume":"8","author":"MA Seven","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seven, M. A. (2020). Motivation in Language Learning and Teaching. African Educational Research Journal, 8, 62\u201371.","journal-title":"African Educational Research Journal"},{"key":"13047_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2022.100892","volume":"56","author":"F \u015eeyh","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u015eeyh, F., \u015een-Akbulut, M., & Umutlu, D. (2023). The impact of role assignment on social presence in online discussions: A mixed-method study. The Internet and Higher Education, 56, 100892.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR90","first-page":"61","volume":"7","author":"PJ Shea","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shea, P. J., Pickett, A. M., & Pelz, W. E. (2003). A follow-up investigation of \u201cteaching presence\u201d in the SUNY Learning Network. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 7(2), 61\u201380.","journal-title":"Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"13047_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.10.007","volume":"52","author":"P Shea","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shea, P., & Bidjerano, T. (2009). Community of inquiry as a theoretical framework to foster \u201cepistemic engagement\u201d and \u201ccognitive presence\u201d in online education. Computers & Education, 52(3), 543\u2013553.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13047_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shea, P., Hayes, S., Smith, S. U., Vickers, J., Bidjerano, T., Pickett, A.,\u00a0... & Jian, S. (2012). Learning presence: Additional research on a new conceptual element within the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework. The internet and higher education, 15(2), 89\u201395.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2011.08.002"},{"key":"13047_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2014.05.002","volume":"23","author":"P Shea","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shea, P., Hayes, S., Uzuner-Smith, S., Gozza-Cohen, M., Vickers, J., & Bidjerano, T. (2014). Reconceptualizing the community of inquiry framework: An exploratory analysis. The Internet and Higher Education, 23, 9\u201317.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2017.1299562","volume":"38","author":"BE Shelton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shelton, B. E., Hung, J.-L., & Lowenthal, P. R. (2017). Predicting student success by modeling student interaction in asynchronous online courses. Distance Education, 38(1), 59\u201369.","journal-title":"Distance Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"13047_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1177\/1362168820912355","volume":"26","author":"SJ Shelton-Strong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shelton-Strong, S. J. (2022). Advising in language learning and the support of learners\u2019 basic psychological needs: A self-determination theory perspective. Language Teaching Research, 26(5), 963\u2013985.","journal-title":"Language Teaching Research"},{"key":"13047_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on student motivation, community of inquiry and learning performance. Asian Education and Development Studies, 10(2), 308\u2013321 Thompson, T. L., & MacDonald, C. J. (2005). Community building, emergent design and expecting the unexpected: Creating a quality eLearning experience. The Internet and Higher Education, 8(3), 233\u2013249.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2005.06.004"},{"key":"13047_CR97","first-page":"21","volume":"64","author":"A Turula","year":"2017","unstructured":"Turula, A. (2017). Teaching presence in telecollaboration. Keeping an Open Mind. System, 64, 21\u201333.","journal-title":"Keeping an Open Mind. System"},{"key":"13047_CR98","unstructured":"UNESCO. (2020). Education: From disruption to recovery. https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/covid19\/educationresponse"},{"issue":"4","key":"13047_CR99","first-page":"139","volume":"10","author":"N Vaughan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vaughan, N., & Garrison, D. R. (2006). How blended learning can support a faculty development community of inquiry. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 10(4), 139\u2013152.","journal-title":"Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks"},{"issue":"4","key":"13047_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13129","volume":"52","author":"J Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, J., Yang, Y., Li, H., & van Aalst, J. (2021). Continuing to teach in a time of crisis: The Chinese rural educational system\u2019s response and student satisfaction and social and cognitive presence. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(4), 1494\u20131512.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.2010.531299","volume":"80","author":"TA Whittaker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Whittaker, T. A. (2012). Using the modification index and standardized expected parameter change for model modification. The Journal of Experimental Education, 80(1), 26\u201344.","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13047_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.17718\/tojde.906834","volume":"22","author":"D Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, D., & Seferoglu, S. S. (2021). Evaluation of the effectiveness of online courses based on the community of inquiry model. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 22(2), 147\u2013163.","journal-title":"Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education"},{"key":"13047_CR103","unstructured":"Yin, B., & Yuan, C.-H. (2022). Blended learning performance influence mechanism based on community of inquiry. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 1\u201316."},{"key":"13047_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.852360","volume":"13","author":"Q Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, Q. (2022). Factors influencing online learning satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 852360.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/0033688220973732","volume":"54","author":"J Zawodniak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zawodniak, J., Kruk, M., & Pawlak, M. (2023). Boredom as an aversive emotion experienced by English majors. RELC Journal, 54(1), 22\u201336.","journal-title":"RELC Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"13047_CR106","first-page":"38","volume":"24","author":"R Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, R. (2020). Exploring blended learning experiences through the community of inquiry framework. Language Learning & Technology, 24(1), 38\u201353.","journal-title":"Language Learning & Technology"},{"key":"13047_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman, B. J., & Campillo, M. (2003). Motivating self-regulated problem solvers. In J. E. Davidson & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The nature of problem solving. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511615771.009"},{"issue":"7","key":"13047_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2018.1438474","volume":"31","author":"B Zou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zou, B., Li, H., & Li, J. (2018). Exploring a curriculum app and a social communication app for EFL learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 31(7), 694\u2013713.","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13047-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13047-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13047-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T23:06:18Z","timestamp":1743807978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13047-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["13047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13047-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research (IRB-FY2020-279) was approved by Rice University Institutional Review Board on March, 24, 2020.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Participants were volunteers who filled an informed consent form. They had the right to withdraw from the study at any point. Finally, pseudonyms were used to anonymise the data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors state that the study was conducted without any conflicts of interest in business or financial relationships.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}