{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:04:38Z","timestamp":1791853478427,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13087-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T04:02:45Z","timestamp":1729051365000},"page":"6869-6897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["AI readiness scale for teachers: Development and validation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6860-0895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Ramazanoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5364-6102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tayfun","family":"Ak\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"13087_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.55774\/mikad.1500118","volume":"8","author":"HA Akbay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akbay, H. A. (2024). Social education: Theoretical foundations and applications: A critical tool for the development of individuals and societies. Milli K\u00fclt\u00fcr Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, 8(1), 87\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55774\/mikad.1500118","journal-title":"Milli K\u00fclt\u00fcr Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi"},{"issue":"1","key":"13087_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.33711\/yyuefd.938734","volume":"18","author":"M Akdeniz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akdeniz, M., & \u00d6zdin\u00e7, F. (2021). Examination of Turkey Addressing Studies Regarding Artificial Intelligence in Education. YYU Journal of Education Facult, 18(1), 912\u2013932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33711\/yyuefd.938734","journal-title":"YYU Journal of Education Facult"},{"issue":"2","key":"13087_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283282","DOI":"10.1080\/23311916.2023.2283282","volume":"10","author":"A Alam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alam, A., & Mohanty, A. (2023). Educational technology: Exploring the convergence of technology and pedagogy through mobility, interactivity, AI, and learning tools. Cogent Engineering, 10(2), 2283282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311916.2023.2283282","journal-title":"Cogent Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"13087_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.9734\/ajess\/2023\/v47i11013","volume":"47","author":"E Atteh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Atteh, E. (2023). The Recommended Instructional Approach in Ghanaian Basic Schools; A Review of Constructivist Approach of Teaching and Learning in the Mathematics Classroom. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 47(1), 15\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/ajess\/2023\/v47i11013","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies"},{"key":"13087_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511667350","volume-title":"Statistical analyses for language assessment book","author":"LF Bachman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bachman, L. F. (2004). Statistical analyses for language assessment book. Cambridge University."},{"key":"13087_CR6","volume-title":"Social learning theory","author":"A Bandura","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1). Prentice Hall."},{"issue":"2","key":"13087_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8116(95)00038-0","volume":"13","author":"H Baumgartner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-8116(95)00038-0","journal-title":"International Journal of Research in Marketing"},{"key":"13087_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2021.736697","volume":"4","author":"JC B\u00e9lisle-Pipon","year":"2021","unstructured":"B\u00e9lisle-Pipon, J. C., Couture, V., Roy, M. C., Ganache, I., Goetghebeur, M., & Cohen, I. G. (2021). What makes artificial intelligence exceptional in health technology assessment? Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 4, 736697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2021.736697","journal-title":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"13087_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.31.020180.002223","volume":"31","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bentler, P. M. (1980). Multivariate analysis with latent variables: Causal modeling. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 419\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.ps.31.020180.002223","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"13087_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","volume":"88","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"13087_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124187016001004","volume":"16","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C. P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16(1), 78\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0049124187016001004","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"},{"key":"13087_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bouhouita-Guermech, S., Gogognon, P., & B\u00e9lisle-Pipon, J. C. (2023). Specific challenges posed by artificial intelligence in research ethics.\u00a0Frontiers in artificial intelligence,\u00a06. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2023.1149082","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1149082"},{"key":"13087_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315248813","volume-title":"Mixing methods: Qualitative and quantitative research","author":"J Brannen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brannen, J. (2017). Mixing methods: Qualitative and quantitative research. Routledge."},{"key":"13087_CR14","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Testing structural equation models","author":"MW Browne","year":"1993","unstructured":"Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136\u2013162). Sage."},{"issue":"3","key":"13087_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.7827\/TurkishStudies.9497","volume":"11","author":"A \u00c7ak\u0131ro\u011flu","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u00c7ak\u0131ro\u011flu, A., & Kuruyer, H. G. (2016). Change of the concept of learning and teaching and its results; is it behavior changing or skill teaching? Journal of Turkish Studies, 11(3), 679\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7827\/TurkishStudies.9497","journal-title":"Journal of Turkish Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"13087_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr0102_10","volume":"1","author":"RB Cattell","year":"1966","unstructured":"Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1(2), 245\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327906mbr0102_10","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"13087_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.52911\/itall.1401740","volume":"4","author":"C \u00c7elebi","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00c7elebi, C., Y\u0131lmaz, F., Demir, U., & Karaku\u015f, F. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Literacy: An Adaptation Study. Instructional Technology and Lifelong Learning, 4(2), 291\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52911\/itall.1401740","journal-title":"Instructional Technology and Lifelong Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"13087_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-022-00985-0","volume":"14","author":"Z Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, Z. (2023). Artificial intelligence-virtual trainer: Innovative didactics aimed at personalized training needs. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14(2), 2007\u20132025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13132-022-00985-0","journal-title":"Journal of the Knowledge Economy"},{"key":"13087_CR19","volume-title":"A first course in factor analysis","author":"AL Comrey","year":"1992","unstructured":"Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Lawrence Eribaum Associates."},{"key":"13087_CR20","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence illuminated","author":"B Coppin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Coppin, B. (2004). Artificial intelligence illuminated. Sudbury, MA. United States: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"13087_CR21","volume-title":"Designing and conducting mixed methods research","author":"JW Creswell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2006). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. USA: SAGE."},{"key":"13087_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","volume":"16","author":"LJ Cronbach","year":"1951","unstructured":"Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02310555","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"13087_CR23","volume-title":"Surveys in social research","author":"D De Vaus","year":"2004","unstructured":"De Vaus, D. (2004). Surveys in social research (5th ed.). Routledge.","edition":"5"},{"key":"13087_CR24","unstructured":"DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). Sage."},{"issue":"3","key":"13087_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.52380\/mojet.2022.10.3.407","volume":"10","author":"D Feriko\u011flu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feriko\u011flu, D., & Akg\u00fcn, E. (2022). An Investigation of Teachers\u2019 Artificial Intelligence Awareness: A Scale Development Study. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 10(3), 215\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52380\/mojet.2022.10.3.407","journal-title":"Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"13087_CR26","volume-title":"Discovering statistics Using IBM SPSS statistics","author":"A Field","year":"2017","unstructured":"Field, A. (2017). Discovering statistics Using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.","edition":"5"},{"issue":"2133","key":"13087_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180081","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2018.0081","volume":"376","author":"L Floridi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (2018). Soft ethics, the governance of the digital and the General Data Protection Regulation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society a: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2133), 20180081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2018.0081","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society a: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"},{"issue":"2083","key":"13087_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160360","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2016.0360","volume":"374","author":"L Floridi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Floridi, L., & Taddeo, M. (2016). What is data ethics? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 374(2083), 20160360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2016.0360","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"13087_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510903203573","volume":"16","author":"GC Forero","year":"2009","unstructured":"Forero, G. C., Maydeu-Olivares, A., & Gallardo-Pujol, D. (2009). Factor analysis with ordinal \u0131ndicators: A Monte Carlo Study Comparing DWLS and ULS Estimation. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(4), 625\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705510903203573","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"13087_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","volume":"18","author":"C Fornell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002224378101800104","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"13087_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v38i2.2732","volume":"38","author":"AK Goel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goel, A. K., & Joyner, D. A. (2017). Using AI to teach AI: Lessons from an online AI class. Ai Magazine, 38(2), 48\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aimag.v38i2.2732","journal-title":"Ai Magazine"},{"issue":"1","key":"13087_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.17943\/etku.288492","volume":"7","author":"\u015e G\u00f6k\u00e7earslan","year":"2017","unstructured":"G\u00f6k\u00e7earslan, \u015e, Solmaz, E., & Kukul, V. (2017). Mobile learning readiness scale: An adaptation study. Educational Technology Theory and Practice., 7(1), 143\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17943\/etku.288492","journal-title":"Educational Technology Theory and Practice."},{"key":"13087_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289162","volume":"19","author":"L Guttman","year":"1954","unstructured":"Guttman, L. (1954). Some necessary conditions for common-factor analysis. Psychometrika, 19, 149\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02289162","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"13087_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hall, R., & Hall, M. (2010). Scoping the pedagogic relationship between self\u2010efficacy and Web 2.0 technologies. Learning, media and technology, 35(3), 255\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17439884.2010.485204","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2010.485204"},{"key":"13087_CR35","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for teaching and learning","author":"W Holmes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019a). Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for teaching and learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign."},{"key":"13087_CR36","volume-title":"Ethics in aied: Who cares?","author":"W Holmes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holmes, W., Iniesto, F., Sharples, M., & Scanlon, E. (2019b). Ethics in aied: Who cares? An ec-tel workshop."},{"issue":"3","key":"13087_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2021.03.006","volume":"65","author":"J Holmstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","unstructured":"Holmstr\u00f6m, J. (2022). From AI to digital transformation: The AI readiness framework. Business Horizons, 65(3), 329\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bushor.2021.03.006","journal-title":"Business Horizons"},{"issue":"1","key":"13087_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"L Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"13087_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.11.012","volume":"94","author":"ML Hung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hung, M. L. (2016). Teacher readiness for online learning: Scale development and teacher perceptions. Computers & Education, 94, 120\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.11.012","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"13087_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.3390\/math9060584","volume":"9","author":"GJ Hwang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hwang, G. J., & Tu, Y. F. (2021). Roles and research trends of artificial intelligence in mathematics education: A bibliometric mapping analysis and systematic review. Mathematics, 9(6), 584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/math9060584","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"issue":"1","key":"13087_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164460020001","volume":"20","author":"HF Kaiser","year":"1960","unstructured":"Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164460020001","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"13087_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02546-6","volume":"21","author":"O Karaca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karaca, O., \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan, S. A., & Demir, K. (2021). Medical artificial intelligence readiness scale for medical students (MAIRS-MS)\u2013development, validity and reliability study. BMC Medical Education, 21, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-021-02546-6","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13087_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.1979.11969385","volume":"11","author":"RA Kass","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kass, R. A., & Tinsley, H. E. A. (1979). Factor analysis. Journal of Leisure Research, 11(2), 120\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00222216.1979.11969385","journal-title":"Journal of Leisure Research"},{"key":"13087_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaya, F., Aydin, F., Schepman, A., Rodway, P., Yeti\u015fensoy, O., & Demir-Kaya, M. (2022). The roles of personality traits, al anxiety, and demographic factors in attitudes toward artificial intelligence.\u00a0International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction,\u00a01\u201318.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2022.2151730","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2151730"},{"key":"13087_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JARHE-03-2023-0108","author":"SY Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, S. Y., & Martin, F. (2023). Validation of the Faculty Readiness to Teaching Online (FRTO) scale. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JARHE-03-2023-0108","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education"},{"key":"13087_CR46","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press."},{"issue":"6","key":"13087_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820922653","volume":"63","author":"J Kraus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kraus, J., Scholz, D., & Baumann, M. (2021). What\u2019s driving me? Exploration and validation of a hierarchical personality model for trust in automated driving. Human Factors, 63(6), 1076\u20131105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720820922653","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"13087_CR48","unstructured":"Langran, E., Searson, M., Knezek, G. & Christensen, R. (2020). AI in Teacher Education. In D. Schmidt-Crawford (Ed.),\u00a0Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference\u00a0(pp. 751\u2013756). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).\u00a0https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/primary\/p\/215821\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"13087_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-10-2014-0241","volume":"26","author":"HH Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin, H. H., Lin, S., Yeh, C. H., et al. (2016). Measuring mobile learning readiness: Scale development and validation. Internet Research, 26(1), 265287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IntR-10-2014-0241","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"key":"13087_CR50","unstructured":"Luckin, R., & Holmes, W. (2016). Intelligence Unleashed: An Argument for AI in Education. Pearson: London, UK, 2016.\u00a0https:\/\/discovery.ucl.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/1475756\/"},{"key":"13087_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100076","volume":"3","author":"R Luckin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luckin, R., Cukurova, M., Kent, C., & du Boulay, B. (2022). Empowering educators to be AI-ready. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100076","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"13087_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.2.130","volume":"1","author":"RC MacCallum","year":"1996","unstructured":"MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.1.2.130","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"13087_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327574ijt0604_1","volume":"6","author":"HW Marsh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., Artelt, C., Baumert, J., & Peschar, J. L. (2006). OECD\u2019s brief self-report measure of educational psychology\u2019s most useful affective constructs: Cross-cultural, psychometric comparisons across 25 countries. International Journal of Testing, 6(4), 311\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327574ijt0604_1","journal-title":"International Journal of Testing"},{"key":"13087_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsunaga, M. (2010). How to Factor-Analyze Your Data Right: Do\u2019s, Don\u2019ts, and how-To\u2019s. International Journal of Psychological Research 3(1): 97\u2013110. https:\/\/www.redalyc.org\/articulo.oa?id=299023509007","DOI":"10.21500\/20112084.854"},{"key":"13087_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazaretsky, T., Cukurova, M., Ariely, M., & Alexandron, G. (2021). Confirmation bias and trust: human factors that influence teachers' attitudes towards AI-based educational technology. In\u00a0CEUR Workshop Proceedings\u00a0(3042). https:\/\/discovery.ucl.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/10141423\/","DOI":"10.35542\/osf.io\/dzqju"},{"key":"13087_CR56","volume-title":"Science and behavior: An introduction to methods of research","author":"MN Neale","year":"1980","unstructured":"Neale, M. N., & Liebert, R. M. (1980). Science and behavior: An introduction to methods of research. Prentice-Hall International Inc."},{"key":"13087_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985772","volume-title":"Scaling procedures: Issues and Applications","author":"RG Netemeyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and Applications. Sage Publications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781412985772"},{"key":"13087_CR58","volume-title":"Psychometric Theory","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1978","unstructured":"Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.","edition":"2"},{"key":"13087_CR59","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk Dilek, G. (2019). Yapay Zekan\u0131n Etik Ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi. Ankara Uluslararas\u0131 Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(4), 47\u201359. https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/en\/download\/article-file\/912769"},{"key":"13087_CR60","volume-title":"SPSS Survival Manual: A Step By Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS Program","author":"J Pallant","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step By Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS Program (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.","edition":"6"},{"issue":"4","key":"13087_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/109467050024001","volume":"2","author":"A Parasuraman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Parasuraman, A. (2000). Technology readiness index (TRI): A multiple-item scale to measure readiness to embrace new technology. Journal of Service Research, 2(4), 307\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/109467050024001","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"key":"13087_CR62","volume-title":"Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice","author":"MQ Patton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage Publications."},{"key":"13087_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203726389","volume-title":"Measurement, design and analysis: An Integrated Approach","author":"E Pedhazur","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pedhazur, E., & Schmelkin, L. P. (1991). Measurement, design and analysis: An Integrated Approach. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203726389"},{"key":"13087_CR64","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence in education: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable development","author":"F Pedro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pedro, F., Subosa, M., Rivas, A., & Valverde, P. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable development. UNESCO."},{"issue":"5","key":"13087_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12994","volume":"51","author":"F Qin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qin, F., Li, K., & Yan, J. (2020). Understanding user trust in artificial intelligence-based educational systems: Evidence from China. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(5), 1693\u20131710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12994","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"13087_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104468","volume":"182","author":"JE Raffaghelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raffaghelli, J. E., Rodr\u00edguez, M. E., Guerrero-Rold\u00e1n, A. E., & Baneres, D. (2022). Applying the UTAUT model to explain the students\u2019 acceptance of an early warning system in Higher Education. Computers & Education, 182, 104468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104468","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13087_CR67","unstructured":"Ribble, M. (2008). Passport to digital citizenship. Learning & leading with technology, 36(4), 14\u201317. https:\/\/elem.hcdsb.org\/stbernadette\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/30\/2019\/05\/Passport-to-Digital-Citizenship-article.pdf"},{"key":"13087_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2020.100014","volume":"1","author":"A Schepman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schepman, A., & Rodway, P. (2020). Initial validation of the general attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence Scale. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 1, 100014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbr.2020.100014","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior Reports"},{"issue":"13","key":"13087_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2085400","volume":"39","author":"A Schepman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schepman, A., & Rodway, P. (2023). The General Attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence Scale (GAAIS): Confirmatory Validation and Associations with Personality, Corporate Distrust, and General Trust. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 39(13), 2724\u20132741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2022.2085400","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"3","key":"13087_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1988.62.3.763","volume":"62","author":"RF Scherer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Scherer, R. F., Wiebe, F. A., Luther, D. C., & Adams, J. S. (1988). Dimensionality of coping: Factor stability using the Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 62(3), 763\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1988.62.3.763","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"13087_CR71","unstructured":"Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & M\u00fcller, H. (2003). Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures.\u00a0Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23\u201374. https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2003-08119-003"},{"key":"13087_CR72","unstructured":"Senemo\u011flu, N. (2009). Geli\u015fim, \u00f6\u011frenme ve \u00f6\u011fretim kuramdan uygulamaya (14. Bask\u0131). Pegem Akademi, Ankara."},{"key":"13087_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3693-2964-1.ch002","volume-title":"The Ethical Frontier of AI and Data Analysis","author":"G Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh, G., & Thakur, A. (2024). AI in Education: Ethical Challenges and Opportunities. In R. Kumar, A. Joshi, H. O. Sharan, S. Peng, & C. R. Dudhagara (Eds.), The Ethical Frontier of AI and Data Analysis (pp. 18\u201338). IGI Global."},{"issue":"1","key":"13087_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.25128\/2415-3605.23.1.6","volume":"1","author":"D Somenko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Somenko, D., Tryfonova, O., & Sadovyi, M. (2023). The use of artificial intelligence and neural networks in the educational process in professional disciplines by students majoring in professional education (digital technologies). The Scientific Issues of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University Series: Pedagogy, 1(1), 45\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25128\/2415-3605.23.1.6","journal-title":"The Scientific Issues of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University Series: Pedagogy"},{"issue":"4","key":"13087_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/00405841.2014.947221","volume":"53","author":"SM Swearer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Swearer, S. M., Wang, C., Berry, B., & Myers, Z. R. (2014). Reducing bullying: Application of social cognitive theory. Theory into Practice, 53(4), 271\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00405841.2014.947221","journal-title":"Theory into Practice"},{"key":"13087_CR76","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"B Tabachnick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Education Inc."},{"key":"13087_CR77","volume-title":"Measurement and evaluation in psychology and education","author":"RM Thorndike","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thorndike, R. M. (2005). Measurement and evaluation in psychology and education. Upper Pearson Prentice Hall."},{"key":"13087_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Leeuwen, A., & Rummel, N. (2020, March). Comparing teachers' use of mirroring and advising dashboards. In\u00a0Proceedings of the tenth international conference on learning analytics & knowledge\u00a0(pp. 26\u201334). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3375462.3375471","DOI":"10.1145\/3375462.3375471"},{"key":"13087_CR79","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge: Harvard Un\u0131versity Press. https:\/\/www.unilibre.edu.co\/bogota\/pdfs\/2016\/mc16.pdf"},{"issue":"9","key":"13087_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2072768","volume":"42","author":"B Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, B., Rau, P., & Yuan, T. (2023a). Measuring User Competence in Using Artificial Intelligence: Validity and Reliability of Artificial Intelligence Literacy Scale. Behaviour & Information Technology, 42(9), 1324\u20131337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2072768","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"key":"13087_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107798","volume":"146","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, X., Li, L., Tan, S. C., Yang, L., & Lei, J. (2023b). Preparing for AI-enhanced education: Conceptualizing and empirically examining teachers\u2019 AI readiness. Computers in Human Ehavior, 146, 107798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107798","journal-title":"Computers in Human Ehavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"13087_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4785","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12015-w","volume":"29","author":"YY Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Y. Y., & Chuang, Y. W. (2024). Artificial intelligence self-efficacy: Scale development and validation. Education and Information Technologies, 29(4), 4785\u20134808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12015-w","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"13087_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1674887","volume":"30","author":"YY Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, Y. Y., & Wang, Y. S. (2019). Development and validation of an artificial intelligence anxiety scale: An initial application in predicting motivated learning behavior. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(4), 619\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2019.1674887","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"13087_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yilmaz, F. G. K., Yilmaz, R., & Ceylan, M. (2023). Generative Artificial Intelligence Acceptance Scale: A Validity and Reliability Study.\u00a0International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction, 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2023.2288730","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2288730"},{"key":"13087_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Youhasan, P., Chen, Y., Lyndon, M., & Henning, M. A. (2020). Development and validation of a measurement scale to assess nursing students\u2019 readiness for the flipped classroom in Sri Lanka.\u00a0Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions,\u00a017, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3352\/jeehp.2020.17.41","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2020.17.41"},{"key":"13087_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yurdug\u00fcl, H., & Demir, \u00d6. (2017). An investigation of pre-service teachers' readiness for e-learning at undergraduate level teacher training programs: The case of Hacettepe University.\u00a0Hacettepe Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi-Hacettepe University Journal of Education,\u00a032(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16986\/huje.2016022763","DOI":"10.16986\/huje.2016022763"},{"key":"13087_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.105884","volume":"128","author":"L Zhong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhong, L., Wang, X., Yang, W., & Feng, X. (2023). Reliability and validity assessment of the Chinese version of the online learning readiness scale (OLRS) for nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 128, 105884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.105884","journal-title":"Nurse Education Today"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13087-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13087-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13087-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T06:50:57Z","timestamp":1744786257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13087-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["13087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13087-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The design of the study and the data collection procedures are approved by Siirt University Directorate of Ethics Committee (2023\u20136042). The study followed all protocols required to research in an ethical manner.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}