{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:37:21Z","timestamp":1786981041979,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13104-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T10:01:42Z","timestamp":1729072902000},"page":"583-606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The influence of scaffolding for computational thinking on cognitive load and problem-solving skills in collaborative programming"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Yoonhee","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2282-0379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaewon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seohyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bokmoon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"13104_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agbo, F. J., Oyelere, S. S., Suhonen, J., & Adewumi, S. (2019, November). A systematic review of computational thinking approach for programming education in higher education institutions. In Proceedings of the 19th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research (pp. 1\u201310). Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3364510.3364521","DOI":"10.1145\/3364510.3364521"},{"key":"13104_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alexandron, G., Armoni, M., Gordon, M., & Harel, D. (2014, May). Scenario-based programming: Reducing the cognitive load, fostering abstract thinking. In Companion Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering (pp. 311\u2013320). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2591062.2591167","DOI":"10.1145\/2591062.2591167"},{"key":"13104_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.03.018","volume":"105","author":"C Angeli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Angeli, C., & Valanides, N. (2020). Developing young children\u2019s computational thinking with educational robotics: An interaction effect between gender and scaffolding strategy. Computers in Human Behavior, 105, 105954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2019.03.018","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13104_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bakar, M. A., Mukhtar, M., & Khalid, F. (2019). The development of a visual output approach for programming via the application of cognitive load theory and constructivism.\u00a0International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,\u00a010(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14569\/ijacsa.2019.0101142","DOI":"10.14569\/ijacsa.2019.0101142"},{"key":"13104_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11062-2_11","volume-title":"Metacognition: Fundaments, Applications, and Trends. Intelligent Systems\u00a0Reference Library","author":"M Bernard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bernard, M., & Bachu, E. (2015). Enhancing the Metacognitive Skill of Novice Programmers Through Collaborative Learning. In A. Pe\u00f1a-Ayala (Ed.), Metacognition: Fundaments, Applications, and Trends. Intelligent Systems\u00a0Reference Library.  (Vol. 76). Cham: Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-11062-2_11"},{"issue":"5","key":"13104_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2007.09.007","volume":"17","author":"K Berthold","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berthold, K., N\u00fcckles, M., & Renkl, A. (2007). Do learning protocols support learning strategies and outcomes? The role of cognitive and metacognitive prompts. Learning and Instruction, 17(5), 564\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2007.09.007","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"13104_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bevan, J., Werner, L., & McDowell, C. (2002, February). Guidelines for the use of pair programming in a freshman programming class. In Proceedings 15th Conference on Software Engineering Education and Training (CSEE&T 2002) (pp. 100\u2013107). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/csee.2002.995202","DOI":"10.1109\/csee.2002.995202"},{"issue":"6","key":"13104_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-10921-z","volume":"27","author":"KD Boom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boom, K. D., Bower, M., Siemon, J., & Arguel, A. (2022). Relationships between computational thinking and the quality of computer programs. Education and Information Technologies, 27(6), 8289\u20138310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-10921-z","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13104_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Breed, B., & Bailey, R. (2018). The influence of a metacognitive approach to cooperative pair problem-solving on self-direction in learning. TD: The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 14(1), 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/td.v14i1.516","DOI":"10.4102\/td.v14i1.516"},{"key":"13104_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carter, A. S., Hundhausen, C. D., & Adesope, O. (2015, August). The normalized programming state model: Predicting student performance in computing courses based on programming behavior. In Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual International Conference on International Computing Education Research (pp. 141\u2013150). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2787622.2787710","DOI":"10.1145\/2787622.2787710"},{"issue":"3","key":"13104_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2021.1983894","volume":"55","author":"CH Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, C. H., Liu, T. K., & Huang, K. (2023). Scaffolding vocational high school students\u2019 computational thinking with cognitive and metacognitive prompts in learning about programmable logic controllers. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 55(3), 527\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15391523.2021.1983894","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"key":"13104_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, G. M. (2017, December). Programming language teaching model based on computational thinking and problem-based learning. In 2017 2nd International Seminar on Education Innovation and Economic Management (SEIEM 2017) (pp. 128\u2013131). Atlantis Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/seiem-17.2018.31","DOI":"10.2991\/seiem-17.2018.31"},{"key":"13104_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104431","volume":"180","author":"M Chevalier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chevalier, M., Giang, C., El-Hamamsy, L., Bonnet, E., Papaspyros, V., Pellet, J. P., Audrin, C., Romero, M., Baumberger, B., & Mondada, F. (2022). The role of feedback and guidance as intervention methods to foster computational thinking in educational robotics learning activities for primary school. Computers & Education, 180, 104431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104431","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13104_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1302_1","volume":"13","author":"MTH Chi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chi, M. T. H., Bassok, M., Lewis, M. W., Reimann, P., & Glaser, R. (1989). Self-explanations: How students study and use examples in learning to solve problems. Cognitive Science, 13(2), 145\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1302_1","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"13104_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.79.4.347","volume":"79","author":"G Cooper","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cooper, G., & Sweller, J. (1987). Effects of schema acquisition and rule automation on mathematical problem-solving transfer. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(4), 347\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.79.4.347","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"13104_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633120949788","volume":"58","author":"\u00d6 Demir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Demir, \u00d6., & Seferoglu, S. S. (2021). A comparison of solo and pair programming in terms of flow experience, coding quality, and coding achievement. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(8), 1448\u20131466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0735633120949788","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"13104_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dolgopolovas, V., Jevsikova, T., Savulionien\u0117, L., & Dagien\u0117, V. (2015). On evaluation of computational thinking of software engineering novice students. In Proceedings of the IFIP TC3 Working Conference \u201cA New Culture of Learning: Computing and Next Generations (pp. 90\u201399). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.1.2855.9206","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.1.2855.9206"},{"issue":"5","key":"13104_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331221133560","volume":"61","author":"X Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, X., & Hew, K. F. (2023). A flipped systematic debugging approach to enhance elementary students\u2019 program debugging performance and optimize cognitive load. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 61(5), 1064\u20131095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07356331221133560","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"13104_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goel, S., & Kathuria, V. (2010). A novel approach for collaborative pair programming. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 9(1), 183\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28945\/1290","DOI":"10.28945\/1290"},{"issue":"3","key":"13104_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12650","volume":"38","author":"L Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo, L. (2022). Using metacognitive prompts to enhance self-regulated learning and learning outcomes: A meta-analysis of experimental studies in computer-based learning environments. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 38(3), 811\u2013832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12650","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"7","key":"13104_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2009.02.001","volume":"51","author":"JE Hannay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hannay, J. E., Dyb\u00e5, T., Arisholm, E., & Sj\u00f8berg, D. I. (2009). The effectiveness of pair programming: A meta-analysis. Information and Software Technology, 51(7), 1110\u20131122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infsof.2009.02.001","journal-title":"Information and Software Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"13104_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2022.2039504","volume":"33","author":"A Hawlitschek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hawlitschek, A., Berndt, S., & Schulz, S. (2023). Empirical research on pair programming in higher education: A literature review. Computer Science Education, 33(3), 400\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08993408.2022.2039504","journal-title":"Computer Science Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13104_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2006.10.008","volume":"18","author":"TS Hilbert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hilbert, T. S., Renkl, A., Kessler, S., & Reiss, K. (2008). Learning to prove in geometry: Learning from heuristic examples and how it can be supported. Learning and Instruction, 18(1), 54\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2006.10.008","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"issue":"2","key":"13104_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-020-00197-0","volume":"30","author":"R Hosseini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hosseini, R., Akhuseyinoglu, K., Brusilovsky, P., Malmi, L., Pollari-Malmi, K., Schunn, C., & Sirki\u00e4, T. (2020). Improving engagement in program construction examples for learning Python programming. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 30(2), 299\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-020-00197-0","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"13104_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.07.004","volume":"126","author":"TC Hsu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hsu, T. C., Chang, S. C., & Hung, Y. T. (2018). How to learn and how to teach computational thinking: Suggestions based on a review of the literature. Computers & Education, 126, 296\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.07.004","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13104_CR26","first-page":"125","volume":"9","author":"MN Ismail","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ismail, M. N., Ngah, N. A., & Umar, I. N. (2010). Instructional strategy in the teaching of computer programming: A need assessment analyses. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 9(2), 125\u2013131.","journal-title":"The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"13104_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jacob, S. R., & Warschauer, M. (2018). Computational thinking and literacy. Journal of Computer Science Integration, 1(1), 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26716\/jcsi.2018.01.1.1","DOI":"10.26716\/jcsi.2018.01.1.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"13104_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-019-0159-9","volume":"16","author":"MG Jamil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jamil, M. G., & Isiaq, S. O. (2019). Teaching technology with technology: Approaches to bridging learning and teaching gaps in simulation-based programming education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 25.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"13104_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jung, J., Hong, J., & Shin, Y. (2019). The effect of faded information based on learners\u2019 prior knowledge in problem-solving learning. Korean Association for Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction, 19(15), 799\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22251\/jlcci.2019.19.15.799","DOI":"10.22251\/jlcci.2019.19.15.799"},{"issue":"1","key":"13104_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22374","volume":"29","author":"CM Kandemir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kandemir, C. M., Kalelio\u011flu, F., & G\u00fclbahar, Y. (2021). Pedagogy of teaching introductory text-based programming in terms of computational thinking concepts and practices. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 29(1), 29\u201345.","journal-title":"Computer Applications in Engineering Education"},{"key":"13104_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107749","volume":"145","author":"SC Kong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kong, S. C., & Wang, Y. Q. (2023). Monitoring cognitive development through the assessment of computational thinking practices: A longitudinal intervention on primary school students. Computers in Human Behavior, 145, 107749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107749","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13104_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.01.005","volume":"72","author":"\u00d6 Korkmaz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Korkmaz, \u00d6., \u00c7akir, R., & \u00d6zden, M. Y. (2017). A validity and reliability study of the computational thinking scales (CTS). Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 558\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.01.005","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13104_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kusuma, I. A., & Retnowati, E. (2021, January). Faded-example effects in individual or group work settings. In 2021 10th International Conference on Educational and Information Technology (ICEIT) (pp. 204\u2013208). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/iceit51700.2021.9375528","DOI":"10.1109\/iceit51700.2021.9375528"},{"key":"13104_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). An application of hierarchical kappa-type statistics in the assessment of majority agreement among multiple observers.\u00a0Biometrics, 363\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2529786","DOI":"10.2307\/2529786"},{"key":"13104_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0334-1","volume":"45","author":"J Leppink","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leppink, J., Paas, F., Van der Vleuten, C. P., Van Gog, T., & Van Merri\u00ebnboer, J. J. (2013). Development of an instrument for measuring different types of cognitive load. Behavior Research Methods, 45, 1058\u20131072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-013-0334-1","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"13104_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, W., Liu, C. Y., & Tseng, J. C. (2023). Effects of the interaction between metacognition teaching and students\u2019 learning achievement on students\u2019 computational thinking, critical thinking, and metacognition in collaborative programming learning. Education and Information Technologies, 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11671-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11671-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"13104_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13358","volume":"55","author":"W Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, W., Liu, C. Y., & Tseng, J. C. (2024). Development of a metacognitive regulation-based collaborative programming system and its effects on students\u2019 learning achievements, computational thinking tendency and group metacognition. British Journal of Educational Technology, 55(1), 318\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13358","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"13104_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Loksa, D., & Ko, A. J. (2016, August). The role of self-regulation in programming problem solving process and success. In\u00a0Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research\u00a0(pp. 83\u201391). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2960310.2960334","DOI":"10.1145\/2960310.2960334"},{"key":"13104_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loksa, D., Xie, B., Kwik, H., & Ko, A. J. (2020). Investigating novices\u2019 In situ reflections on their programming process. In Proceedings of the 51st ACM technical symposium on computer science education (pp. 149\u2013155).","DOI":"10.1145\/3328778.3366846"},{"issue":"5","key":"13104_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22295","volume":"28","author":"JA Lyon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lyon, J. A., & Magana, A. J. (2020). Computational thinking in higher education: A review of the literature. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 28(5), 1174\u20131189.","journal-title":"Computer Applications in Engineering Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13104_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/jee.20264","volume":"108","author":"AJ Magana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Magana, A. J., Fennell, H. W., Vieira, C., & Falk, M. L. (2019). Characterizing the interplay of cognitive and metacognitive knowledge in computational modeling and simulation practices. Journal of Engineering Education, 108(2), 276\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jee.20264","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Education"},{"key":"13104_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maguire, P., Maguire, R., Hyland, P., & Marshall, P. (2014). Enhancing collaborative learning using pair programming: Who benefits? AISHE-J: The All Ireland Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 6(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1113378.1113381","DOI":"10.1145\/1113378.1113381"},{"issue":"1","key":"13104_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1145\/563340.563353","volume":"34","author":"C McDowell","year":"2002","unstructured":"McDowell, C., Werner, L., Bullock, H., & Fernald, J. (2002). The effects of pair-programming on performance in an introductory programming course. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 34(1), 38\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/563340.563353","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"13104_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331221133822","volume":"61","author":"A Melro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Melro, A., Tarling, G., Fujita, T., & Kleine Staarman, J. (2023). What else can be learned when coding? A configurative literature review of learning opportunities through computational thinking. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 61(4), 901\u2013924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07356331221133822","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"13104_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-012-0594-0","volume":"57","author":"Mishra, P., Yadav, A., & Deep-Play Research Group","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mishra, P., Yadav, A., & Deep-Play Research Group. (2013). Rethinking technology & creativity in the 21st century. TechTrends, 57(3), 10\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11528-012-0594-0","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"key":"13104_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moon, H., Cheon, J., & Kwon, K. (2022). Difficult concepts and practices of computational thinking using block-based programming. International Journal of Computer Science Education in Schools, 5(3), 3\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21585\/ijcses.v5i3.129","DOI":"10.21585\/ijcses.v5i3.129"},{"issue":"1","key":"13104_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-022-00361-z","volume":"9","author":"F Ouyang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ouyang, F., Dai, X., & Chen, S. (2022). Applying multimodal learning analytics to examine the immediate and delayed effects of instructor scaffoldings on small groups\u2019 collaborative programming. International Journal of STEM Education, 9(1), 45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40594-022-00361-z","journal-title":"International Journal of STEM Education"},{"key":"13104_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Philip, M., Renumol, V. G., & Gopeekrishnan, R. (2013, December). A pragmatic approach to develop computational thinking skills in novices in computing education. In 2013 IEEE International Conference in MOOC, Innovation and Technology in Education (MITE) (pp. 199\u2013204). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mite.2013.6756334","DOI":"10.1109\/mite.2013.6756334"},{"key":"13104_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prather, J., Pettit, R., Becker, B. A., Denny, P., Loksa, D., Peters, A., Albrecht, Z., & Masci, K. (2019). First things first: Providing metacognitive scaffolding for interpreting problem prompts. In Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE \u201819). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3287324.3287374","DOI":"10.1145\/3287324.3287374"},{"issue":"5","key":"13104_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000167","volume":"109","author":"E Retnowati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Retnowati, E., Ayres, P., & Sweller, J. (2017). Can collaborative learning improve the effectiveness of worked examples in learning mathematics? Journal of Educational Psychology, 109(5), 666.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"13104_CR51","first-page":"170","volume":"20","author":"SNM Rum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rum, S. N. M., & Ismail, M. A. (2017). Metocognitive support accelerates computer assisted learning for novice programmers. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 20(3), 170\u2013181.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology & Society"},{"issue":"7","key":"13104_CR52","first-page":"77","volume":"118","author":"SM Salleh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salleh, S. M., Shukur, Z., & Judi, H. M. (2018). Scaffolding model for efficient programming learning based on cognitive load theory. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 118(7), 77\u201383.","journal-title":"International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics"},{"key":"13104_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sankaranarayanan, S., Kandimalla, S. R., Bogart, C., Murray, R. C., Hilton, M., Sakr, M., & Ros\u00e9, C. (2021, June). Combining collaborative reflection based on worked-out examples with problem-solving practice: Designing collaborative programming projects for learning at scale. In Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Learning@ Scale (pp. 255\u2013258).","DOI":"10.1145\/3430895.3460152"},{"issue":"1","key":"13104_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299-019-00480-2","volume":"29","author":"M Saritepeci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saritepeci, M. (2020). Developing computational thinking skills of high school students: Design-based learning activities and programming tasks. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 29(1), 35\u201354.","journal-title":"The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher"},{"key":"13104_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shin, Y., Jung J., & Lee, H. (2023a). Exploring the impact of concept\u2011oriented faded WOE and metacognitive scaffolding on learners\u2019 transfer performance and motivation in programming education. Metacognition and Learning, 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11409-023-09362-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-023-09362-x"},{"issue":"6","key":"13104_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331231174454","volume":"61","author":"Y Shin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shin, Y., Jung, J., Zumbach, J., & Yi, E. (2023b). The effects of worked-out example and metacognitive scaffolding on problem-solving programming. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 61(6), 1312\u20131331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07356331231174454","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"13104_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3233\/jid-2013-0004","volume":"17","author":"J Stachel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stachel, J., Marghitu, D., Brahim, T. B., Sims, R., Reynolds, L., & Czelusniak, V. (2013). Managing cognitive load in introductory programming courses: A cognitive aware scaffolding tool. Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science, 17(1), 37\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jid-2013-0004","journal-title":"Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"13104_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-023-10328-8","volume":"72","author":"D Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, D., Looi, C. K., Li, Y., Zhu, C., Zhu, C., & Cheng, M. (2024). Block-based versus text-based programming: A comparison of learners\u2019 programming behaviors, computational thinking skills and attitudes toward programming. Educational Technology Research and Development, 72(2), 1067\u20131089.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"13104_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022193728205","volume":"10","author":"J Sweller","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sweller, J., Van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychology Review, 10(3), 251\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022193728205","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"13104_CR60","first-page":"219","volume":"4","author":"SM Tabatabaee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tabatabaee, S. M., Rajabpour, M., Abdoos, F., Malekirad, A., & Samadi, F. (2013). The impacts of individual and collaborative learning of worked out examples on problem-solving transference and cognitive load. Advances in Applied Science Research, 4(6), 219\u2013224.","journal-title":"Advances in Applied Science Research"},{"key":"13104_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2016.11.007","volume":"50","author":"J ter Vrugte","year":"2017","unstructured":"ter Vrugte, J., de Jong, T., Vandercruysse, S., Wouters, P., van Oostendorp, H., & Elen, J. (2017). Computer game-based mathematics education: Embedded faded worked examples facilitate knowledge acquisition. Learning and Instruction, 50, 44\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2016.11.007","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"13104_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104425","volume":"179","author":"K Tsarava","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsarava, K., Moeller, K., & Roma \u0301n-Gonza \u0301lez, M., Golle, J., Leifheit, L., Butz, M. V., & Ninaus, M. (2022). A cognitive definition of computational thinking in primary education. Computers & Education, 179, 104425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104425","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13104_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-010-9127-6","volume":"22","author":"J Van de Pol","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van de Pol, J., Volman, M., & Beishuizen, J. (2010). Scaffolding in teacher\u2013student interaction: A decade of research. Educational Psychology Review, 22, 271\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-010-9127-6","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"13104_CR64","unstructured":"van Rossum, G. &\u00a0Python Development Team. (2018).\u00a0The Python Language Reference: Release 3.6.4.\u00a0https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.5555\/3217583"},{"key":"13104_CR65","unstructured":"Voskoglou, M. G., & Buckley, S. (2012). Problem solving and computational thinking in a learning environment. arXiv preprint arXiv:1212.0750."},{"issue":"5","key":"13104_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12022-x","volume":"29","author":"CY Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, C. Y., Gao, B. L., & Chen, S. J. (2024). The effects of metacognitive scaffolding of project-based learning environments on students\u2019 metacognitive ability and computational thinking. Education and Information Technologies, 29(5), 5485\u20135508.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13104_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104023","volume":"160","author":"X Wei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wei, X., Lin, L., Meng, N., Tan, W., & Kong, S. C. (2021). The effectiveness of partial pair programming on elementary school students\u2019 computational thinking skills and self-efficacy. Computers & Education, 160, 104023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104023","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13104_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1145\/366413.364614","volume":"33","author":"L Williams","year":"2001","unstructured":"Williams, L., & Upchurch, R. L. (2001). In support of student pair-programming. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 33(1), 327\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/366413.364614","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"13104_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1145\/1118178.1118215","volume":"49","author":"JM Wing","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wing, J. M. (2006). Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, 49(3), 33\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1118178.1118215","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"13104_CR70","unstructured":"Wing, J. M. (2010). Computational thinking: What and why? Center for Computational Thinking. https:\/\/www.cs.cmu.edu\/%7ECompThink\/resources\/TheLinkWing.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"13104_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-023-01508-1","volume":"10","author":"E Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, E., Wang, W., & Wang, Q. (2023). The effectiveness of collaborative problem solving in promoting students\u2019 critical thinking: A meta-analysis based on empirical literature. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1\u201311.","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"13104_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-022-00695-z","volume":"66","author":"A Yadav","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yadav, A., Ocak, C., & Oliver, A. (2022). Computational thinking and metacognition. TechTrends, 66(3), 405\u2013411.","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"key":"13104_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ying, L., & Pingping, L. (2017, December). Research on the teaching of programming language based on computational thinking. In 2017 International Conference on Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ICSEHR 2017) (pp. 69\u201372). Atlantis Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/icsehr-17.2017.17","DOI":"10.2991\/icsehr-17.2017.17"},{"issue":"12","key":"13104_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.1328518","volume":"1","author":"M Yousoof","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yousoof, M., Sapiyan, M., & Kamaluddin, K. (2007). Reducing cognitive load in learning computer programming. International Journal of Computer and Information Engineering, 1(12), 4100\u20134103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.1328518","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer and Information Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"13104_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3390\/knowledge3020019","volume":"3","author":"I Zeitlhofer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zeitlhofer, I., H\u00f6rmann, S., Mann, B., Hallinger, K., & Zumbach, J. (2023). Effects of cognitive and metacognitive prompts on learning performance in digital learning environments. Knowledge, 3(2), 277\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/knowledge3020019","journal-title":"Knowledge"},{"issue":"3","key":"13104_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/09500693.2014.996796","volume":"37","author":"WX Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, W. X., Hsu, Y. S., Wang, C. Y., & Ho, Y. T. (2015). Exploring the impacts of cognitive and metacognitive prompting on students\u2019 scientific inquiry practices within an e-learning environment. International Journal of Science Education, 37(3), 529\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09500693.2014.996796","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13104_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-021-09307-w","volume":"34","author":"L Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Zhen, Y., Niu, J., & Zhong, L. (2022). An exploratory study on fade-in versus fade-out scaffolding for novice programmers in online collaborative programming settings. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 34(2), 489\u2013516.","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13131-x","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000}}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13104-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13104-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13104-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T03:56:53Z","timestamp":1737086213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13104-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["13104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13104-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2024","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13131-x","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13131-x","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}