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As our study did not involve animal or human clinical trials, formal ethics approval was not required. However, in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, informed consent was obtained from all participants via email prior to the experiment. The anonymity and confidentiality of participants were ensured, and participation was entirely voluntary.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Zi-Gang Ge is an associate professor at Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. His research interests include computer-assisted language teaching methodologies, distance teaching methodologies, and online course design. Qing Li is a professor at Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. His research interests include mobile learning, learning system development and learning technology standardization.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 information"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}