{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T09:19:38Z","timestamp":1776503978528,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13198-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T08:48:25Z","timestamp":1736498905000},"page":"12321-12343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Privacy fatigue and its effects on ChatGPT acceptance among undergraduate students: is privacy dead?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4668-320X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiwon","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3311-3285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hun-yeong","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"13198_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.1541.v1","author":"M Abdaljaleel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdaljaleel, M., Barakat, M., Alsanafi, M., Salim, N. A., Abazid, H., Malaeb, D., Mohammed, A. H., Hassan, B. A. R., Wayyes, A. M., Farhan, S. S., El Khatib, S., Rahal, M., Sahban, A., Abdelaziz, D. H., Mansour, N. O., AlZayer, R., Khalil, R., Fekih-Romdhane, F., Hallit, R., & Sallam, M. (2023). Factors influencing attitudes of university students towards ChatGPT and its usage: A multinational study validating the TAME-ChatGPT survey instrument. Preprints org. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20944\/preprints202309.1541.v1","journal-title":"Preprints org"},{"key":"13198_CR2","unstructured":"Afifi-Sabet, K. (2024, February 23). AI chatbots need to be much better at remembering things. Have scientists just cracked their terrible memory problem? Live Science. https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/technology\/artificial-intelligence\/ai-chatbots-chatgpt-bad-at-remembering-things-have-scientists-just-cracked-their-terrible-memory-problem"},{"issue":"8","key":"13198_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19996","DOI":"10.2196\/19996","volume":"22","author":"H Al-Dmour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Dmour, H., Masa\u2019deh, R., Salman, A., Abuhashesh, M., & Al-Dmour, R. (2020). Influence of social media platforms on public health protection against the COVID-19 pandemic via the mediating effects of public health awareness and behavioral changes: Integrated model. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), e19996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/19996","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"13198_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-023-04124-5","volume":"26","author":"M Al-Hawawreh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Hawawreh, M., Aljuhani, A., & Jararweh, Y. (2023). ChatGPT for cybersecurity: Practical applications, challenges, and future directions. Cluster Computing, 26(6), 3421\u20133436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-023-04124-5","journal-title":"Cluster Computing"},{"issue":"3","key":"13198_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.11591\/ijeecs.v20.i3.pp1173-1184","volume":"20","author":"MAS Alrawi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alrawi, M. A. S., Samy, G. N., Yusoff, R. C. M., Shanmugam, B., Lakshmiganthan, R., Maarop, N., & Kamaruddin, N. (2020). Examining factors that effect on the acceptance of mobile commerce in Malaysia based on revised UTAUT. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 20(3), 1173\u20131184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11591\/ijeecs.v20.i3.pp1173-1184","journal-title":"Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science"},{"key":"13198_CR6","unstructured":"Baik, R. (2023, March 30). ChatGPT in university education demands more creativity. University News Network. https:\/\/news.unn.net\/news\/articleView.html?idxno=544146"},{"key":"13198_CR7","unstructured":"Balu, N., & Sriram, A. (2023, February 7). Explainer: Bard vs ChatGPT: What do we know about Google\u2019s AI chatbot? Reuters. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/bard-vs-chatgpt-what-do-we-know-about-googles-ai-chatbot-2023-02-07"},{"issue":"8","key":"13198_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12194-6","volume":"29","author":"A Bayaga","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bayaga, A., & Du Plessis, A. (2024). Ramifications of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) among developing countries\u2019 higher education staffs. Education and Information Technologies, 29(8), 9689\u20139714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12194-6","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"3","key":"13198_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","volume":"88","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"13198_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/mc.2018.2381135","volume":"51","author":"H Berghel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berghel, H. (2018). Malice domestic: The Cambridge Analytica dystopia. Computer, 51(5), 84\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mc.2018.2381135","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"13198_CR11","unstructured":"Browne, R. (2018, April 9). Facebook now lets you know if your data was shared with Cambridge Analytica. CNBC. https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2018\/04\/09\/facebook-to-notify-users-if-data-was-shared-with-cambridge-analytica.html"},{"issue":"11","key":"13198_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.04.048","volume":"69","author":"SE Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang, S. E., Shen, W. C., & Liu, A. Y. (2016). Why mobile users trust smartphone social networking services? A PLS-SEM approach. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 4890\u20134895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.04.048","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"13198_CR13","unstructured":"Charlish, A. (2023, September 21). Poland investigates OpenAI over privacy concerns. Reuters. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/poland-investigates-openai-over-privacy-concerns-2023-09-21"},{"key":"13198_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.12.001","volume":"81","author":"H Choi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choi, H., Park, J., & Jung, Y. (2018). The role of privacy fatigue in online privacy behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 81, 42\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.12.001","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"13198_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4335905","volume":"71","author":"JH Choi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choi, J. H., Hickman, K. E., Monahan, A. B., & Schwarcz, D. B. (2023). ChatGPT goes to law school. Journal of Legal Education, 71(3), 387\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4335905","journal-title":"Journal of Legal Education"},{"key":"13198_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47184","DOI":"10.2196\/47184","volume":"25","author":"A Choudhury","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choudhury, A., & Shamszare, H. (2023). Investigating the impact of user trust on the adoption and use of ChatGPT: Survey analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e47184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/47184","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"13198_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M. M., Rifat, N., Ahsan, M., Latif, S., Gomes, R., & Rahman, M. S. (2023). ChatGPT: A threat against the CIA triad of cyber security. In 2023 IEEE International conference on electro information technology (eIT) (pp. 1\u20136). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/eIT57321.2023.10187355","DOI":"10.1109\/eIT57321.2023.10187355"},{"issue":"2","key":"13198_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2023.2190148","volume":"61","author":"DRE Cotton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cotton, D. R. E., Cotton, P. A., & Shipway, J. R. (2023). Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 61(2), 228\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14703297.2023.2190148","journal-title":"Innovations in Education and Teaching International"},{"issue":"9","key":"13198_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2021.0043","volume":"24","author":"SM Debb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Debb, S. M., & McClellan, M. K. (2021). Perceived vulnerability as a determinant of increased risk for cybersecurity risk behavior. Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking, 24(9), 605\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2021.0043","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking"},{"issue":"1","key":"13198_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1060.0080","volume":"17","author":"T Dinev","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dinev, T., & Hart, P. (2006). An extended privacy calculus model for e-commerce transactions. Information Systems Research, 17(1), 61\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/isre.1060.0080","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"13198_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1108\/itse-05-2023-0096","volume":"21","author":"CD Duong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duong, C. D., Bui, D. T., Pham, H. T., Vu, A. T., & Nguyen, V. H. (2024). How effort expectancy and performance expectancy interact to trigger higher education students\u2019 uses of ChatGPT for learning. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 21(3), 356\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/itse-05-2023-0096","journal-title":"Interactive Technology and Smart Education"},{"key":"13198_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Emami-Naeini, P., Dheenadhayalan, J., Agarwal, Y., & Cranor, L. F. (2021). Which privacy and security attributes most impact consumers\u2019 risk perception and willingness to purchase IoT devices? In 2021 IEEE symposium on security and privacy (SP) (pp. 519\u2013536). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SP40001.2021.00112","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40001.2021.00112"},{"issue":"10","key":"13198_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2014.914547","volume":"69","author":"JSBT Evans","year":"2016","unstructured":"Evans, J. S. B. T. (2016). Reasoning, biases and dual processes: The lasting impact of Wason (1960). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69(10), 2076\u20132092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470218.2014.914547","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"13198_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2023.2195846","volume":"61","author":"M Farrokhnia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farrokhnia, M., Banihashem, S. K., Noroozi, O., & Wals, A. (2023). A SWOT analysis of ChatGPT: Implications for educational practice and research. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 61(3), 460\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14703297.2023.2195846","journal-title":"Innovations in Education and Teaching International"},{"issue":"1","key":"13198_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.37074\/jalt.2023.6.1.22","volume":"6","author":"M Firat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Firat, M. (2023). What ChatGPT means for universities: Perceptions of scholars and students. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching, 6(1), 57\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37074\/jalt.2023.6.1.22","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching"},{"issue":"1","key":"13198_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1099-1727(199921)15:1<3::aid-sdr159>3.0.co;2-p","volume":"15","author":"DN Ford","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ford, D. N. (1999). A behavioral approach to feedback loop dominance analysis. System Dynamics Review, 15(1), 3\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1099-1727(199921)15:1<3::aid-sdr159>3.0.co;2-p","journal-title":"System Dynamics Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"13198_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","volume":"18","author":"C Fornell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002224378101800104","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"17","key":"13198_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2226495","volume":"40","author":"B Foroughi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Foroughi, B., Senali, M. G., Iranmanesh, M., Khanfar, A., Ghobakhloo, M., Annamalai, N., & Naghmeh-Abbaspour, B. (2023). Determinants of intention to use ChatGPT for educational purposes: Findings from PLS-SEM and fsQCA. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 40(17), 4501\u20134520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2023.2226495","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"13198_CR29","unstructured":"Fortra (2023, January 17). Is your personal data safe on Meta\u2019s social media platforms? https:\/\/www.terranovasecurity.com\/blog\/data-privacy-scandal-facebook"},{"issue":"3","key":"13198_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1108\/intr-12-2017-0515","volume":"29","author":"G Franke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Franke, G., & Sarstedt, M. (2019). Heuristics versus statistics in discriminant validity testing: A comparison of four procedures. Internet Research, 29(3), 430\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/intr-12-2017-0515","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"key":"13198_CR31","unstructured":"Ha, J. H. (2023). March 16). Korea University, first domestic university to establish guidelines for utilizing ChatGPT. Daily Chosun. https:\/\/m.monthly.chosun.com\/client\/mdaily\/daily_view.asp?idx=17276&Newsnumb=20230317276"},{"issue":"1","key":"13198_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/ebr-11-2018-0203","volume":"31","author":"JF Hair","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ebr-11-2018-0203","journal-title":"European Business Review"},{"key":"13198_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80519-7"},{"key":"13198_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han, H., Kim, S., Hailu, T. B., Al-Ansi, A., Loureiro, S. M. C., & Kim, J. J. (2024). Determinants of approach behavior for ChatGPT and their configurational influence in the hospitality and tourism sector: a cumulative prospect theory. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJCHM-07-2023-1072","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-07-2023-1072"},{"issue":"1","key":"13198_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","volume":"43","author":"J Henseler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"key":"13198_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102498","volume":"143","author":"J Hinds","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hinds, J., Williams, E. J., & Joinson, A. N. (2020). It wouldn\u2019t happen to me\u2019: Privacy concerns and perspectives following the Cambridge Analytica scandal. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 143, 102498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102498","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"13198_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"LT Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"13198_CR38","unstructured":"Hunter, T. (2023, April 27). Why you shouldn\u2019t tell ChatGPT your secrets. The Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2023\/04\/27\/chatgpt-messages-privacy"},{"issue":"23","key":"13198_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.5539\/ijbm.v8n23p102","volume":"8","author":"MIRM Jaradat","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jaradat, M. I. R. M., & Al Rababaa, M. S. (2013). Assessing key factor that influence on the acceptance of mobile commerce based on modified UTAUT. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(23), 102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/ijbm.v8n23p102","journal-title":"International Journal of Business and Management"},{"issue":"8","key":"13198_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929x.2021.1892192","volume":"41","author":"CY Joa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Joa, C. Y., & Magsamen-Conrad, K. (2021). Social influence and UTAUT in predicting digital immigrants\u2019 technology use. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(8), 1620\u20131638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929x.2021.1892192","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"issue":"8","key":"13198_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23069","volume":"65","author":"B Kaba","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaba, B., & Tour\u00e9, B. (2014). Understanding information and communication technology behavioral intention to use: Applying the UTAUT model to social networking site adoption by young people in a least developed country. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 65(8), 1662\u20131674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.23069","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"13198_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107638","volume":"142","author":"MI Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan, M. I., Loh, J., Hossain, A., & Talukder, M. J. H. (2023). Cynicism as strength: Privacy cynicism, satisfaction and trust among social media users. Computers in Human Behavior, 142, 107638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107638","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13198_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.11.022","volume":"92","author":"D Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, D., Park, K., Park, Y., & Ahn, J. H. (2019). Willingness to provide personal information: Perspective of privacy calculus in IoT services. Computers in Human Behavior, 92, 273\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.11.022","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13198_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315788135","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315788135"},{"key":"13198_CR46","unstructured":"Lee, J. H. (2023, May 11). Chung-Ang University, special lecture on ChatGPT operating principles and utilization strategies. University News Network. https:\/\/news.unn.net\/news\/articleView.html?idxno=546508"},{"issue":"4","key":"13198_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.06.014","volume":"53","author":"BC Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee, B. C., Yoon, J. O., & Lee, I. (2009). Learners\u2019 acceptance of e-learning in South Korea: Theories and results. Computers & Education, 53(4), 1320\u20131329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.06.014","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13198_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.47989\/ir291647","volume":"29","author":"S Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee, S., Jones-Jang, S. M., Chung, M., Kim, N., & Choi, J. (2024). Who is using ChatGPT and why? Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model. Information Research: An International Electronic Journal, 29(1), 54\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47989\/ir291647","journal-title":"Information Research: An International Electronic Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"13198_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03232-y","volume":"51","author":"W Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, W., Zhang, Y., & Chen, F. (2023). ChatGPT in colorectal surgery: A promising tool or a passing fad? Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 51(9), 1892\u20131897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-023-03232-y","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"13198_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2023.0313","volume":"30","author":"L Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, L., Peng, W., & Rheu, M. M. J. (2024). Factors predicting intentions of adoption and continued use of artificial intelligence chatbots for mental health: Examining the role of UTAUT model, stigma, privacy concerns, and artificial intelligence hesitancy. Telemedicine and e-Health, 30(3), 722\u2013730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/tmj.2023.0313","journal-title":"Telemedicine and e-Health"},{"key":"13198_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luzsa, R., & Mayr, S. (2022). Links between online privacy fatigue, technology attitudes and sociodemographic factors in a German population sample. In Proceedings of Mensch und computer 2022 (pp. 360\u2013364). Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3543758.3547540","DOI":"10.1145\/3543758.3547540"},{"issue":"2","key":"13198_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/10496491.2018.1443310","volume":"25","author":"M Mathur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mathur, M. (2018). Where is the security blanket? Developing social media marketing capability as a shield from perceived cybersecurity risk. Journal of Promotion Management, 25(2), 200\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10496491.2018.1443310","journal-title":"Journal of Promotion Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"13198_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-011-9349-0","volume":"19","author":"DR May","year":"2013","unstructured":"May, D. R., & Luth, M. T. (2013). The effectiveness of ethics education: A quasi-experimental field study. Science and Engineering Ethics, 19(2), 545\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-011-9349-0","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"13198_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23197145231169900","author":"S Mehrolia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mehrolia, S., Alagarsamy, S., Moorthy, V., & Jeevananda, S. (2023). Will users continue using banking chatbots? The moderating role of perceived risk. FIIB Business Review. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23197145231169900","journal-title":"FIIB Business Review"},{"issue":"11","key":"13198_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20962","volume":"9","author":"D Menon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Menon, D., & Shilpa, K. (2023). Chatting with ChatGPT\u2019: Analyzing the factors influencing users\u2019 intention to use the open AI\u2019s ChatGPT using the UTAUT model. Heliyon, 9(11), e20962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20962","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"13198_CR55","first-page":"33","volume":"9","author":"M Momany","year":"2016","unstructured":"Momany, M., & Alshboul, A. (2016). Social media marketing: Utilizing social media to advance brand awareness and increase online sales. International Journal of Business Marketing & Decision Science, 9(1), 33\u201354. https:\/\/link.gale.com\/apps\/doc\/A478641045\/AONE","journal-title":"International Journal of Business Marketing & Decision Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"13198_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1108\/tqm-01-2022-0010","volume":"35","author":"G Murtarelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murtarelli, G., Collina, C., & Romenti, S. (2023). Hi! How can I help you today?\u2019: Investigating the quality of chatbots\u2013millennials relationship within the fashion industry. The TQM Journal, 35(3), 719\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/tqm-01-2022-0010","journal-title":"The TQM Journal"},{"key":"13198_CR57","unstructured":"Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (2023, May 25). OPC to investigate ChatGPT jointly with provincial privacy authorities. https:\/\/www.priv.gc.ca\/en\/opc-news\/news-and-announcements\/2023\/an_230525-2"},{"key":"13198_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2023.106244","volume":"167","author":"O Oviedo-Trespalacios","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oviedo-Trespalacios, O., Peden, A. E., Cole-Hunter, T., Costantini, A., Haghani, M., Rod, J. E., Kelly, S., Torkamaan, H., Tariq, A., Newton, J. D. A., Gallagher, T., Steinert, S., Filtness, A. J., & Reniers, G. (2023). The risks of using ChatGPT to obtain common safety-related information and advice. Safety Science, 167, 106244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssci.2023.106244","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"13198_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oyza, I., & Edwin, A. (2015). Effectiveness of social media networks as a strategic tool for organizational marketing management. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 01(s2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/1204-5357.S2-006","DOI":"10.4172\/1204-5357.S2-006"},{"issue":"4","key":"13198_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcs.12928","volume":"47","author":"J Paul","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paul, J., Ueno, A., & Dennis, C. (2023). ChatGPT and consumers: Benefits, pitfalls and future research agenda. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 47(4), 1213\u20131225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijcs.12928","journal-title":"International Journal of Consumer Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"13198_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2307\/25148783","volume":"31","author":"PA Pavlou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pavlou, P. A., Liang, H., & Xue, Y. (2007). Understanding and mitigating uncertainty in online exchange relationships: A principal-agent perspective. MIS Quarterly, 31(1), 105\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/25148783","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"13198_CR64","unstructured":"Personal Information Protection Commission (2022). 2022 Annual privacy protection report. https:\/\/www.pipc.go.kr\/np\/cop\/bbs\/selectBoardArticle.do?bbsId=BS079&mCode=D070020000&nttId=8268"},{"key":"13198_CR62","unstructured":"Personal Information Protection Commission (2020). 2020 Annual privacy protection report. https:\/\/www.pipc.go.kr\/np\/cop\/bbs\/selectBoardArticle.do?bbsId=BS079&mCode=D070020000&nttId=7291"},{"key":"13198_CR63","unstructured":"Personal Information Protection Commission (2021). 2021 Annual privacy protection report. https:\/\/www.pipc.go.kr\/np\/cop\/bbs\/selectBoardArticle.do?bbsId=BS079&mCode=D070020000&nttId=7515"},{"issue":"3","key":"13198_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2307\/3478805","volume":"48","author":"WL Prosser","year":"1960","unstructured":"Prosser, W. L. (1960). Privacy. California Law Review, 48(3), 383\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3478805","journal-title":"California Law Review"},{"key":"13198_CR66","unstructured":"Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J. M. (2022). SmartPLS 4. http:\/\/www.smartpls.com"},{"issue":"3","key":"13198_CR67","first-page":"6808","volume":"6","author":"MN Sahu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sahu, M. N. (2022). Peer pressure among undergraduate students: A study on Tezpur University. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3), 6808\u20136814.","journal-title":"Journal of Positive School Psychology"},{"key":"13198_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.48254","author":"M Sallam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sallam, M., Salim, N., Barakat, M., Al-Mahzoum, K., Al-Tammemi, A. B., Malaeb, D., Hallit, R., & Hallit, S. (2023). Validation of a technology acceptance model-based scale TAME-ChatGPT on health students attitudes and usage of ChatGPT in Jordan. JMIR Preprints. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/preprints.48254","journal-title":"JMIR Preprints"},{"key":"13198_CR69","unstructured":"Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1996). The Maslach burnout inventory: General survey. In C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), MBI manual (3rd ed.). Consulting Psychologists."},{"issue":"13","key":"13198_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2021.1994211","volume":"38","author":"EM Schomakers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schomakers, E. M., Lidynia, C., & Ziefle, M. (2021). The role of privacy in the acceptance of smart technologies: Applying the privacy calculus to technology acceptance. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 38(13), 1276\u20131289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2021.1994211","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"13198_CR71","unstructured":"Schubert, C. (2023, May 1). What Italy\u2019s ban on ChatGPT has brought. Frankfurter Allgemeine. https:\/\/www.faz.net\/aktuell\/wirtschaft\/chatgpt-in-italien-wieder-online-was-die-sperrung-gebracht-hat-18860877.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"13198_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/ijsppc.320225","volume":"15","author":"G Sebastian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sebastian, G. (2023a). Do ChatGPT and other AI chatbots pose a cybersecurity risk? An exploratory study. International Journal of Security and Privacy in Pervasive Computing, 15(1), 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijsppc.320225","journal-title":"International Journal of Security and Privacy in Pervasive Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"13198_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/ijsppc.325475","volume":"15","author":"G Sebastian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sebastian, G. (2023b). Privacy and data protection in ChatGPT and other AI chatbots: Strategies for securing user information. International Journal of Security and Privacy in Pervasive Computing, 15(1), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijsppc.325475","journal-title":"International Journal of Security and Privacy in Pervasive Computing"},{"key":"13198_CR74","unstructured":"Seth, M. J. (2002). Education fever: Society, politics, and the pursuit of schooling in South Korea. University of Hawaii."},{"key":"13198_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47564","DOI":"10.2196\/47564","volume":"10","author":"Y Shahsavar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shahsavar, Y., & Choudhury, A. (2023). User intentions to use ChatGPT for self-diagnosis and health-related purposes: Cross-sectional survey study. JMIR Human Factors, 10, e47564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/47564","journal-title":"JMIR Human Factors"},{"key":"13198_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shao, H., Li, X., & Wang, G. (2022). Are you tired? I am: Trying to understand privacy fatigue of social media users. In S. Barbosa, C. Lampe, C. Appert, & D. A. Shamma (Eds.), Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts (pp. 1\u20137). Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3491101.3519778","DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3519778"},{"issue":"2","key":"13198_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-7347.2012.02.007","volume":"37","author":"J Shi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shi, J., Mo, X., & Sun, Z. (2012). Content validity index in scale development. Journal of Central South University (Medical Sciences), 37(2), 152\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1672-7347.2012.02.007","journal-title":"Journal of Central South University (Medical Sciences)"},{"key":"13198_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Strzelecki, A. (2023). To use or not to use ChatGPT in higher education? A study of students\u2019 acceptance and use of technology. Interactive Learning Environments, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2023.2209881","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2209881"},{"key":"13198_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Surya Bahadur, G. C., Bhandari, P., Gurung, S. K., Srivastava, E., Ojha, D., & Dhungana, B. R. (2024). Examining the role of social influence, learning value, and habit on students\u2019 intention to use ChatGPT: The moderating effect of information accuracy in the UTAUT2 model. Cogent Education, 11(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2331186X.2024.2403287. Article 2403287.","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2024.2403287"},{"issue":"6","key":"13198_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-016-9602-2","volume":"48","author":"KS Taber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach\u2019s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273\u20131296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11165-016-9602-2","journal-title":"Research in Science Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"13198_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1108\/jeim-03-2020-0088","volume":"34","author":"J Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang, J., Akram, U., & Shi, W. (2021). Why people need privacy? The role of privacy fatigue in app users\u2019 intention to disclose privacy: Based on personality traits. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 34(4), 1097\u20131120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jeim-03-2020-0088","journal-title":"Journal of Enterprise Information Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"13198_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1108\/itse-04-2023-0061","volume":"21","author":"CK Tiwari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tiwari, C. K., Bhat, M. A., Khan, S. T., Subramaniam, R., & Khan, M. A. I. (2024). What drives students toward ChatGPT? An investigation of the factors influencing adoption and usage of ChatGPT. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 21(3), 333\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/itse-04-2023-0061","journal-title":"Interactive Technology and Smart Education"},{"key":"13198_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.05.038","volume":"75","author":"P Van Schaik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Schaik, P., Jeske, D., Onibokun, J., Coventry, L., Jansen, J., & Kusev, P. (2017). Risk perceptions of cyber-security and precautionary behaviour. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 547\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.05.038","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13198_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.101651","volume":"90","author":"P Van Schaik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Schaik, P., Renaud, K., Wilson, C., Jansen, J., & Onibokun, J. (2020). Risk as affect: The affect heuristic in cybersecurity. Computers & Security, 90, 101651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2019.101651","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"issue":"3","key":"13198_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","volume":"27","author":"V Venkatesh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/30036540","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"13198_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.15678\/eber.2023.110201","volume":"11","author":"K Wach","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wach, K., Duong, C. D., Ejdys, J., Kazlauskait\u0117, R., Korzynski, P., Mazurek, G., Paliszkiewicz, J., & Ziemba, E. (2023). The dark side of generative artificial intelligence: A critical analysis of controversies and risks of ChatGPT. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 11(2), 7\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15678\/eber.2023.110201","journal-title":"Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review"},{"key":"13198_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1109\/ojcs.2023.3300321","volume":"4","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Pan, Y., Yan, M., Su, Z., & Luan, T. H. (2023). A survey on ChatGPT: AI-generated contents, challenges, and solutions. IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, 4, 280\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ojcs.2023.3300321","journal-title":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society"},{"key":"13198_CR88","unstructured":"Wylie, C. (2019). Mindf* ck: Cambridge Analytica and the plot to break America. Random House."},{"issue":"3","key":"13198_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2753\/mis0742-1222260305","volume":"26","author":"H Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, H., Teo, H. H., Tan, B. C. Y., & Agarwal, R. (2014). The role of push-pull technology in privacy calculus: The case of location-based services. Journal of Management Information Systems, 26(3), 135\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2753\/mis0742-1222260305","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"13198_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2023.101827","volume":"40","author":"X Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, X., Mei, H., & Zheng, Y. (2023). Understanding the antecedents of privacy fatigue in facial recognition-based m-Gov services: An empirical study from China. Government Information Quarterly, 40(3), 101827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.giq.2023.101827","journal-title":"Government Information Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"13198_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.58693\/ier.114","volume":"1","author":"H Yilmaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yilmaz, H., Maxutov, S., Baitekov, A., & Balta, N. (2023). Student attitudes towards Chat GPT: A technology acceptance model survey. International Educational Review, 1(1), 57\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58693\/ier.114","journal-title":"International Educational Review"},{"key":"13198_CR92","unstructured":"Yoo, I. Y. (2023, July 26). U.S. education market meets Artificial Intelligence (AI). Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency (KOTRA) Overseas Market News. https:\/\/dream.kotra.or.kr\/kotranews\/cms\/news\/actionKotraBoardDetail.do?SITE_NO=3&MENU_ID=180&CONTENTS_NO=1&bbsGbn=243&bbsSn=243&pNttSn=204521"},{"key":"13198_CR93","unstructured":"Zakrzewski, C. (2023). July 13). FTC investigates OpenAI over data leak and ChatGPT\u2019s inaccuracy. The Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2023\/07\/13\/ftc-openai-chatgpt-sam-altman-lina-khan"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13198-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13198-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13198-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T07:07:13Z","timestamp":1750403233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13198-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["13198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13198-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the IRB at Korea University (approval number KUIRB-2023-0386-01).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Survey participants gave their informed consent before participation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}