{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:34:58Z","timestamp":1782401698507,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>This study investigated the affordances, constraints, and implications of ChatGPT in education using the affordance theory and social-ecological systems theory. We employed a data mining approach that blends social media analytics including sentiment analysis and topic modelling and qualitative analysis to extract viewpoints from a collection of datasets consisting of 33,456 tweets. Key findings indicate that 42.1% of analysed tweets conveyed a positive sentiment, 39.6% were neutral, and only 18.3% conveyed a negative sentiment. We also identified five categories of ChatGPT properties (e.g., text and data analysis, AI and machine learning) and an array of affordances of ChatGPT in education (e.g., facilitating student personalised learning, classroom instruction, provision of educational resources, curriculum changes, and assessment). Meanwhile, the findings revealed key concerns, including academic dishonesty, bias, and ethics that warrant attention. This study contributes to a real-time understanding of the impact of ChatGPT on education and informs researchers, educators, and policymakers to take a holistic approach to evaluating ChatGPT in educational practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13237-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T15:57:16Z","timestamp":1740671836000},"page":"16407-16440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Affordances, constraints, and implications of ChatGPT in education from a social-ecological perspective: A data mining approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2019-7870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchun","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2351-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9801-5929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1114-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"13237_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.103978","volume":"132","author":"AA Abd-alrazaq","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abd-alrazaq, A. A., Alajlani, M., Alalwan, A. A., Bewick, B. M., Gardner, P., & Househ, M. (2019). An overview of the features of chatbots in mental health: A scoping review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 132, 103978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.103978","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Informatics"},{"key":"13237_CR2","unstructured":"About GitHub Copilot Individual. (n.d.). GitHub Docs. Retrieved 12 December 2023, from https:\/\/ghdocs-prod.azurewebsites.net\/en\/copilot\/overview-of-github-copilot\/about-github-copilot-individual"},{"key":"13237_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adeshola, I., & Adepoju, A. P. (2023). The opportunities and challenges of ChatGPT in education. Interactive Learning Environments, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2023.2253858","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2253858"},{"key":"13237_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahuja, S., & Dubey, G. (2017). Clustering and sentiment analysis on Twitter data. 2017 2nd International Conference on Telecommunication and Networks (TEL-NET), 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TEL-NET.2017.8343568","DOI":"10.1109\/TEL-NET.2017.8343568"},{"issue":"6","key":"13237_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5539\/elt.v14n6p135","volume":"14","author":"R Alsadoon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alsadoon, R. (2021). Chatting with AI Bot: Vocabulary Learning Assistant for Saudi EFL learners. English Language Teaching, 14(6), 135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/elt.v14n6p135","journal-title":"English Language Teaching"},{"key":"13237_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.106185","volume":"105","author":"C Angeli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Angeli, C., & Giannakos, M. (2020). Computational thinking education: Issues and challenges. Computers in Human Behavior, 105, 106185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2019.106185","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"13237_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0072.2011.00428.x","volume":"39","author":"MR Auer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Auer, M. R. (2011). The policy sciences of social media. Policy Studies Journal, 39(4), 709\u2013736.","journal-title":"Policy Studies Journal"},{"key":"13237_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4337484","author":"D Baidoo-Anu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baidoo-Anu, D., & Owusu Ansah, L. (2023). Education in the era of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI): Understanding the potential benefits of ChatGPT in promoting teaching and learning. SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4337484","journal-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal"},{"key":"13237_CR9","unstructured":"BART (n.d.). Retrieved 28 May 2024, from https:\/\/huggingface.co\/docs\/transformers\/en\/model_doc\/bart"},{"key":"13237_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2019.101827","volume":"60","author":"ML Bernacki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernacki, M. L., Greene, J. A., & Crompton, H. (2020). Mobile technology, learning, and achievement: Advances in understanding and measuring the role of mobile technology in education. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 60, 101827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2019.101827","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"13237_CR11","first-page":"218","volume":"4","author":"P Bii","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bii, P. (2013). Chatbot technology: A possible means of unlocking student potential to learn how to learn. Educational Research, 4(2), 218\u2013221.","journal-title":"Educational Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"13237_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.1961.4322215","volume":"4","author":"D Bitzer","year":"1961","unstructured":"Bitzer, D., Braunfeld, P., & Lichtenberger, W. (1961). PLATO: An automatic teaching device. IRE Transactions on Education, 4(4), 157\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TE.1961.4322215","journal-title":"IRE Transactions on Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13237_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12435","volume":"48","author":"M Bower","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bower, M., Lee, M. J. W., & Dalgarno, B. (2017). Collaborative learning across physical and virtual worlds: Factors supporting and constraining learners in a blended reality environment. British Journal of Educational Technology, 48(2), 407\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12435","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"13237_CR14","unstructured":"Bo\u017ei\u0107, V., & Poola, I. (2023). Chat GPT and education. Preprint."},{"key":"13237_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bozkurt, A. (2023). Generative artificial intelligence (AI) powered conversational educational agents: The inevitable paradigm shift. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.7716416","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.7716416"},{"key":"13237_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). Contexts of child rearing: Problems and prospects. American psychologist, 34(10), 844.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0003-066X.34.10.844"},{"issue":"2","key":"13237_CR17","first-page":"37","volume":"3","author":"U Bronfenbrenner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. International Encyclopedia of Education, 3(2), 37\u201343.","journal-title":"International Encyclopedia of Education"},{"key":"13237_CR18","unstructured":"Brown, T., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J. D., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A., Agarwal, S., Herbert-Voss, A., Krueger, G., Henighan, T., Child, R., Ramesh, A., Ziegler, D., Wu, J., Winter, C., & Amodei, D. (2020). Language Models are Few-Shot Learners. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 33, 1877\u20131901. https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2020\/hash\/1457c0d6bfcb4967418bfb8ac142f64a-Abstract.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"13237_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1109\/TMMS.1970.299942","volume":"11","author":"J Carbonell","year":"1970","unstructured":"Carbonell, J. (1970). AI in CAI: An Artificial-Intelligence Approach to Computer-assisted instruction. IEEE Transactions on Man Machine Systems, 11(4), 190\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMMS.1970.299942","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Man Machine Systems"},{"key":"13237_CR20","unstructured":"Carnegie Learning (Director) (2016, September 27). Using the Cognitive Tutor Overview. https:\/\/vimeo.com\/184562367"},{"issue":"9","key":"13237_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11662-3","volume":"28","author":"B Celik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Celik, B., & Cagiltay, K. (2023). The undervalued variable in massive Open Online Course (MOOC) research: An analysis and conceptualization of readiness for online learning in MOOCs. Education and Information Technologies, 28(9), 11569\u201311588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11662-3","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13158","volume":"53","author":"C Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang, C., Hwang, G., & Gau, M. (2022). Promoting students\u2019 learning achievement and self-efficacy: A mobile chatbot approach for nursing training. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(1), 171\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13158","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"13237_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103855","volume":"151","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, X., Zou, D., Cheng, G., & Xie, H. (2020). Detecting latent topics and trends in educational technologies over four decades using structural topic modeling: A retrospective of all volumes of computers & Education. Computers & Education, 151, 103855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103855","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13237_CR24","volume-title":"Applications-oriented AI research: Education","author":"WJ Clancey","year":"1979","unstructured":"Clancey, W. J., Bennett, J., & Cohen, P. R. (1979). Applications-oriented AI research: Education. Computer Science Department, Stanford University."},{"issue":"6","key":"13237_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1080\/0046760X.2022.2141353","volume":"52","author":"B Cope","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cope, B., & Kalantzis, M. (2023). A little history of e-learning: Finding new ways to learn in the PLATO computer education system, 1959\u20131976. History of Education, 52(6), 905\u2013936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0046760X.2022.2141353","journal-title":"History of Education"},{"key":"13237_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cotton, D. R. E., Cotton, P. A., & Shipway, J. R. (2023). Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14703297.2023.2190148","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2023.2190148"},{"key":"13237_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Couper, M. P. (2013). Is the Sky Falling? New Technology, changing media, and the future of surveys. Survey Research Methods, 7, 145\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18148\/SRM\/2013.V7I3.5751","DOI":"10.18148\/SRM\/2013.V7I3.5751"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"010142","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.010142","volume":"19","author":"MN Dahlkemper","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dahlkemper, M. N., Lahme, S. Z., & Klein, P. (2023). How do physics students evaluate artificial intelligence responses on comprehension questions? A study on the perceived scientific accuracy and linguistic quality of ChatGPT. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 19(1), 010142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.010142","journal-title":"Physical Review Physics Education Research"},{"key":"13237_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106455","volume":"112","author":"HM Dai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dai, H. M., Teo, T., & Rappa, N. A. (2020). Understanding continuance intention among MOOC participants: The role of habit and MOOC performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 112, 106455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106455","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13237_CR30","unstructured":"DALL\u00b7E 2. (2023, December 12). https:\/\/openai.com\/dall-e-2"},{"key":"13237_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104967","volume":"210","author":"A Darvishi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Darvishi, A., Khosravi, H., Sadiq, S., Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D., & Siemens, G. (2024). Impact of AI assistance on student agency. Computers & Education, 210, 104967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104967","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13237_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Nieva, J. O., Joaquin, J. A., Tan, C. B., Te, M., R. K., & Ong, E. (2020). Investigating students\u2019 use of a mental health chatbot to alleviate academic stress. 6th International ACM In-Cooperation HCI and UX Conference, 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1145\/3431656.3431657"},{"issue":"5","key":"13237_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.3390\/app13053056","volume":"13","author":"ME Dogan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dogan, M. E., Dogan, G., & Bozkurt, A. (2023). The Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in online learning and Distance Education processes: A systematic review of empirical studies. Applied Sciences, 13(5), 3056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13053056","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"13237_CR34","unstructured":"Dorsey, D. (2023, April 5). What are the benefits and concerns of artificial intelligence? Bay Area experts weigh in. ABC7 San Francisco. https:\/\/abc7news.com\/artificial-intelligence-chat-gpt-open-ai-benefits\/13059435\/"},{"key":"13237_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103829","volume":"150","author":"KA Douglas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Douglas, K. A., Merzdorf, H. E., Hicks, N. M., Sarfraz, M. I., & Bermel, P. (2020). Challenges to assessing motivation in MOOC learners: An application of an argument-based approach. Computers & Education, 150, 103829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103829","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13237_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642","volume":"71","author":"YK Dwivedi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Slade, E. L., Jeyaraj, A., Kar, A. K., Baabdullah, A. M., Koohang, A., Raghavan, V., Ahuja, M., Albanna, H., Albashrawi, M. A., Al-Busaidi, A. S., Balakrishnan, J., Barlette, Y., Basu, S., Bose, I., Brooks, L., Buhalis, D., & Wright, R. (2023). So what if ChatGPT wrote it? Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 71, 102642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1475939X.2016.1152291","volume":"26","author":"S Edwards","year":"2017","unstructured":"Edwards, S., Henderson, M., Gronn, D., Scott, A., & Mirkhil, M. (2017). Digital disconnect or digital difference? A socio-ecological perspective on young children\u2019s technology use in the home and the early childhood centre. Technology Pedagogy and Education, 26(1), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1475939X.2016.1152291","journal-title":"Technology Pedagogy and Education"},{"key":"13237_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104700","volume":"194","author":"CC Ekin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ekin, C. C., Polat, E., & Hopcan, S. (2023). Drawing the big picture of games in education: A topic modeling-based review of past 55 years. Computers & Education, 194, 104700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104700","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-022-00362-6","volume":"19","author":"HB Essel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Essel, H. B., Vlachopoulos, D., Tachie-Menson, A., Johnson, E. E., & Baah, P. K. (2022). The impact of a virtual teaching assistant (chatbot) on students\u2019 learning in Ghanaian higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(1), 57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-022-00362-6","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"13237_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Y., Vanam, S., Cherukupally, M., Zheng, W., Qiu, M., & Chen, H. (2023). Investigating Code Generation Performance of Chat-GPT with Crowdsourcing Social Data. Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Computer Software and Applications Conference, 1\u201310. https:\/\/yunhefeng.me\/material\/ChatGPT-Coding-CompSac-23.pdf","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC57700.2023.00117"},{"issue":"7","key":"13237_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331221077901","volume":"60","author":"M Fidan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fidan, M., & Gencel, N. (2022). Supporting the instructional videos with chatbot and peer feedback mechanisms in Online Learning: The effects on learning performance and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 60(7), 1716\u20131741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07356331221077901","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"13237_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fija\u010dko, N., Gosak, L., \u0160tiglic, G., Picard, C. T., & Douma, J. (2023). M. Can ChatGPT pass the life support exams without entering the American heart association course? Resuscitation, 185, 109732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.109732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.109732"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.15294\/elt.v12i1.64069","volume":"12","author":"TN Fitria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fitria, T. N. (2023). Artificial intelligence (AI) technology in OpenAI ChatGPT application: A review of ChatGPT in writing English essay. ELT Forum: Journal of English Language Teaching, 12(1), 44\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15294\/elt.v12i1.64069","journal-title":"ELT Forum: Journal of English Language Teaching"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1960.6.1.11","volume":"6","author":"E Fry","year":"1960","unstructured":"Fry, E. (1960). Teaching machine dichotomy: Skinner vs. Pressey. Psychological Reports, 6(1), 11\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1960.6.1.11","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"13237_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.05.045","volume":"75","author":"LK Fryer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fryer, L. K., Ainley, M., Thompson, A., Gibson, A., & Sherlock, Z. (2017). Stimulating and sustaining interest in a language course: An experimental comparison of Chatbot and Human task partners. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 461\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.05.045","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13237_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.12.023","volume":"93","author":"LK Fryer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fryer, L. K., Nakao, K., & Thompson, A. (2019). Chatbot learning partners: Connecting learning experiences, interest and competence. Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 279\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.12.023","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"13237_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12995","volume":"51","author":"S Fu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu, S., Gu, H., & Yang, B. (2020). The affordances of AI-enabled automatic scoring applications on learners\u2019 continuous learning intention: An empirical study in China. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(5), 1674\u20131692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12995","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"13237_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31279","DOI":"10.14201\/eks.31279","volume":"24","author":"FJ Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo, F. J. (2023). La percepci\u00f3n De La Inteligencia Artificial en contextos educativos tras El lanzamiento de ChatGPT: Disrupci\u00f3n o p\u00e1nico. Education in the Knowledge Society (EKS), 24, e31279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14201\/eks.31279","journal-title":"Education in the Knowledge Society (EKS)"},{"issue":"3","key":"13237_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2307\/1574154","volume":"11","author":"JJ Gibson","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gibson, J. J. (1978). The ecological approach to the visual perception of pictures. Leonardo, 11(3), 227\u2013235.","journal-title":"Leonardo"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326969ECO1201_5","volume":"12","author":"EJ Gibson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gibson, E. J. (2000). Where is the information for Affordances? Ecological Psychology, 12(1), 53\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15326969ECO1201_5","journal-title":"Ecological Psychology"},{"key":"13237_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315740218","volume-title":"The ecological approach to visual perception: Classic edition","author":"JJ Gibson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gibson, J. J. (2014). The ecological approach to visual perception: Classic edition. Psychology."},{"key":"13237_CR52","unstructured":"Gillani, N., Eynon, R., Chiabaut, C., & Finkel, K. (2023). Unpacking the Black Box of AI in education. Educational Technology & Society, 26(1), 99\u2013111. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/48707970?casa_token=WR2YwOrgU7YAAAAA:DS0qjQs3cX1JXSC-ZKWmQxJSiz--qQGSfESh2AJYNAtmh21mjMxiDZcWleagDZ_w80-kL1B6woGDBYbdepIignO-3W9p00icwFPMvZfkcuezYXcRj_ny"},{"key":"13237_CR53","unstructured":"Google (2018). Open Sourcing BERT: State-of-the-Art Pre-training for Natural Language Processin. http:\/\/research.google\/blog\/open-sourcing-bert-state-of-the-art-pre-training-for-natural-language-processing\/"},{"issue":"10","key":"13237_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15018","DOI":"10.2196\/15018","volume":"7","author":"S Greer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Greer, S., Ramo, D., Chang, Y. J., Fu, M., Moskowitz, J., & Haritatos, J. (2019). Use of the Chatbot Vivibot to deliver positive psychology skills and promote well-being among Young people after Cancer Treatment: Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 7(10), e15018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/15018","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth and uHealth"},{"key":"13237_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grootendorst, M. (2022). BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedure. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2203.05794","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2203.05794"},{"key":"13237_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104862","volume":"203","author":"K Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, K., Zhong, Y., Li, D., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023). Effects of chatbot-assisted in-class debates on students\u2019 argumentation skills and task motivation. Computers & Education, 203, 104862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104862","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13237_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, K., Zhong, Y., Li, D., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023b). Investigating students\u2019 engagement in chatbot-supported classroom debates. Interactive Learning Environments, 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2207181"},{"key":"13237_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han, X., Wang, J., Zhang, M., & Wang, X. (2020). Using Social Media to mine and analyze public Opinion related to COVID-19 in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17082788","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082788"},{"key":"13237_CR59","unstructured":"Haque, M. U., Dharmadasa, I., Sworna, Z. T., Rajapakse, R. N., & Ahmad, H. (2022). \u2018I think this is the most disruptive technology\u2019: Exploring Sentiments of ChatGPT Early Adopters using Twitter Data (arXiv:2212.05856). arXiv. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2212.05856"},{"key":"13237_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harati, H., Sujo-Montes, L., Tu, C. H., Armfield, S., & Yen, C. J. (2021). Assessment and Learning in Knowledge spaces (ALEKS) adaptive system impact on students\u2019 perception and self-regulated learning skills. Education Sciences, 11(10), 603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci11100603","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11100603"},{"key":"13237_CR61","unstructured":"H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen, U. (2007). The Bronfenbrenner ecological systems theory of human development. In Scientific Articles of V International Conference PERSON.COLOR.NATURE.MUSIC (pp. 1\u201319). Daugavpils University, Saule, Latvia."},{"key":"13237_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2022.102788","volume":"161","author":"IKF Haugeland","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haugeland, I. K. F., F\u00f8lstad, A., Taylor, C., & Bj\u00f8rkli, C. A. (2022). Understanding the user experience of customer service chatbots: An experimental study of chatbot interaction design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 161, 102788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2022.102788","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"13237_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-022-00557-9","volume":"35","author":"JC Heilinger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heilinger, J. C. (2022). The Ethics of AI Ethics. A constructive critique. Philosophy & Technology, 35(3), 61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-022-00557-9","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"key":"13237_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heimerl, F., Lohmann, S., Lange, S., & Ertl, T. (2014). Word Cloud Explorer: Text Analytics Based on Word Clouds. 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1833\u20131842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HICSS.2014.231","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2014.231"},{"key":"13237_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103724","volume":"145","author":"KF Hew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hew, K. F., Hu, X., Qiao, C., & Tang, Y. (2020). What predicts student satisfaction with MOOCs: A gradient boosting trees supervised machine learning and sentiment analysis approach. Computers & Education, 145, 103724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103724","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13237_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence in education. Globethics Publications","DOI":"10.58863\/20.500.12424\/4276068"},{"key":"13237_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, W. C. H. (2023). The impact of ChatGPT on foreign language teaching and learning: Opportunities in education and research. Journal of Educational Technology and Innovation, 5(1)","DOI":"10.61414\/jeti.v5i1.103"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12610","volume":"38","author":"W Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, W., Hew, K. F., & Fryer, L. K. (2022). Chatbots for language learning\u2014are they really useful? A systematic review of chatbot-supported language learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 38(1), 237\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12610","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"13237_CR69","unstructured":"Hugging Face. (2020). Hugging Face. Retrieved 17 (Dec 2024). from https:\/\/huggingface.co\/sentence-transformers\/all-MiniLM-L6-v2"},{"key":"13237_CR70","unstructured":"Hugging Face. (2021). Hugging Face. Retrieved 17 (Dec 2024). from https:\/\/huggingface.co\/cardiffnlp\/twitter-roberta-base-sentiment"},{"issue":"2","key":"13237_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1177\/S0038038501000219","volume":"35","author":"I Hutchby","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hutchby, I. (2001). Technologies, texts and affordances. Sociology, 35(2), 441\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/S0038038501000219","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"key":"13237_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imran, M., & Almusharraf, N. (2023). Analyzing the role of ChatGPT as a writing assistant at higher education level: A systematic review of the literature. Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(4), ep464.","DOI":"10.30935\/cedtech\/13605"},{"key":"13237_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jalil, S., Rafi, S., LaToza, T. D., Moran, K., & Lam, W. (2023). ChatGPT and Software Testing Education: Promises & perils. 2023 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW), 4130, 4137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSTW58534.2023.00078","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSTW58534.2023.00078"},{"key":"13237_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104054","volume":"161","author":"K Julia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Julia, K., Peter, V. R., & Marco, K. (2021). Educational scalability in MOOCs: Analysing instructional designs to find best practices. Computers & Education, 161, 104054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104054","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13237_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102274","volume":"103","author":"E Kasneci","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kasneci, E., Sessler, K., K\u00fcchemann, S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., Gasser, U., Groh, G., G\u00fcnnemann, S., H\u00fcllermeier, E., Krusche, S., Kutyniok, G., Michaeli, T., Nerdel, C., Pfeffer, J., Poquet, O., Sailer, M., Schmidt, A., Seidel, T., & Kasneci, G. (2023). ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education. Learning and Individual Differences, 103, 102274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102274","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"13237_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kechaou, Z., Ammar, M. B., & Alimi, A. M. (2011, April). Improving e-learning with sentiment analysis of users\u2019 opinions. In 2011 IEEE global engineering education conference (EDUCON) (pp. 1032\u20131038). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EDUCON.2011.5773275","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON.2011.5773275"},{"issue":"2","key":"13237_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.22554\/ijtel.v7i2.124","volume":"7","author":"F Kehoe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kehoe, F. (2023). Leveraging generative AI tools for enhanced lesson planning in initial teacher education at Post Primary. Irish Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 7(2), 172\u2013182.","journal-title":"Irish Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning"},{"key":"13237_CR78","unstructured":"Kellar, B. (2023). (n.d.). History of Honey Bees Across America. Los Angeles County Beekeepers Association. Retrieved 7 June from https:\/\/www.losangelescountybeekeepers.com\/history-of-honey-bees-in-ameri"},{"key":"13237_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly, D. P., & Rutherford, T. (2017). Khan Academy as supplemental instruction: A controlled study of a computer-based mathematics intervention. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 18(4)","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v18i4.2984"},{"key":"13237_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koco\u0144, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szyd\u0142o, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., Koco\u0144, A., Koptyra, B., Mieleszczenko-Kowszewicz, W., Mi\u0142kowski, P., Oleksy, M., Piasecki, M., Radli\u0144ski, \u0141, Wojtasik, K., Wo\u017aniak, S., & Kazienko, P. (2023). ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 99, 101861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.101861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.101861"},{"key":"13237_CR81","unstructured":"Koraishi, O. (2023). Teaching English in the age of AI: Embracing ChatGPT to optimize EFL materials and assessment. Language Education and Technology, 3(1)"},{"key":"13237_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kulik, J. A., & Fletcher, J. D. (2016). Effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring systems: A Meta-Analytic Review. Review of Educational Research, 86(1), 42\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0034654315581420","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654315581420"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-021-00302-w","volume":"18","author":"JA Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar, J. A. (2021). Educational chatbots for project-based learning: Investigating learning outcomes for a team-based design course. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-021-00302-w","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"13237_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Lim, W. M., Sivarajah, U., & Kaur, J. (2022). Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Integration in Business: Trends from a bibliometric-content analysis. Information Systems Frontiers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10796-022-10279-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-022-10279-0"},{"key":"13237_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landa-Blanco, M., Flores, M. A., & Mercado, M. (2023). Human vs. AI authorship: Does it matter in evaluating creative writing. A pilot study using ChatGPT.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/wjsm3"},{"key":"13237_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.05.006","volume":"139","author":"E Langbeheim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Langbeheim, E., & Levy, S. T. (2019). Diving into the particle model: Examining the affordances of a single user participatory simulation. Computers & Education, 139, 65\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.05.006","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13237_CR87","volume-title":"Reagregando o social: Uma introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 teoria do ator-rede","author":"B Latour","year":"2012","unstructured":"Latour, B. (2012). Reagregando o social: Uma introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 teoria do ator-rede. Edufba Salvador."},{"key":"13237_CR88","unstructured":"Lechler, R., Stoeckli, E., Rietsche, R., & Uebernickel, F. (2019). Looking beneath the tip of the iceberg: The two-sided nature of chatbots and their roles for digital feedback exchange. In: Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Stockholm & Uppsala, Sweden. Retrieved from https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/ecis2019_rp\/119"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2307\/23043493","volume":"35","author":"Leonardi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leonardi. (2011). When Flexible routines Meet Flexible technologies: Affordance, Constraint, and the imbrication of Human and Material agencies. MIS Quarterly, 35(1), 147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/23043493","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"13237_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, L., Ma, Z., Fan, L., Lee, S., Yu, H., & Hemphill, L. (2023). ChatGPT in education: A discourse analysis of worries and concerns on social media. Education and Information Technologies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12256-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12256-9"},{"issue":"7","key":"13237_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2021.1958348","volume":"31","author":"JC Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang, J. C., Hwang, G. J., Chen, M. R. A., & Darmawansah, D. (2023). Roles and research foci of artificial intelligence in language education: An integrated bibliographic analysis and systematic review approach. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(7), 4270\u20134296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2021.1958348","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"13237_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, C. C., Hsieh, I. C., Wen, C. T., Chang, M. H., Chiang, F., Tsai, S. H., Chang, M. J., & Hwang, F. K. (2021). The affordances and limitations of collaborative science simulations: The analysis from multiple evidences. Computers & Education, 160, 104029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104029"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v26i1.8353","volume":"26","author":"KL Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, K. L., Li, W. J., & Guo, M. (2021). Emoticon Smoothed Language Models for Twitter Sentiment Analysis. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 26(1), 1678\u20131684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aaai.v26i1.8353","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"13237_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Loureiro, D., Barbieri, F., Neves, L., Anke, L. E., & Camacho-Collados, J. (2022). TimeLMs: Diachronic Language Models from Twitter. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2202.03829","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2202.03829"},{"key":"13237_CR95","unstructured":"Lumsdaine, A. A., & Glaser, R. E. (1960). Teaching machines and programmed learning: A source book. https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/1963-07136-000"},{"key":"13237_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Madni, H. A., Anwar, Z., & Shah, M. A. (2017). Data mining techniques and applications\u2014A decade review. 2017 23rd International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC), 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/IConAC.2017.8082090","DOI":"10.23919\/IConAC.2017.8082090"},{"key":"13237_CR97","unstructured":"Martindale, J. (2023, April 12). These are the countries where ChatGPT is currently banned. Digital Trends. https:\/\/www.digitaltrends.com\/computing\/these-countries-chatgpt-banned\/"},{"key":"13237_CR98","unstructured":"McCallum, S. (2023). March 31). ChatGPT banned in Italy over privacy concerns. BBC News"},{"key":"13237_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McInnes, L., Healy, J., & Astels, S. (2017). Hdbscan: Hierarchical density based clustering. The Journal of Open Source Software, 2(11), 205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.00205","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00205"},{"key":"13237_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4354422","author":"D Mhlanga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mhlanga, D. (2023). Open AI in Education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4354422","journal-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal"},{"key":"13237_CR101","unstructured":"Midjourney (2023, December 12). Midjourney. https:\/\/www.midjourney.com\/home?callbackUrl=%2Fexplore"},{"key":"13237_CR102","unstructured":"Mimno, D., Wallach, H., Talley, E., Leenders, M., & McCallum, A. (2011). Optimizing semantic coherence in topic models. Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 262\u2013272."},{"key":"13237_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104596","volume":"190","author":"RL Moore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moore, R. L., & Blackmon, S. J. (2022). From the learner\u2019s perspective: A systematic review of MOOC learner experiences (2008\u20132021). Computers & Education, 190, 104596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104596","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"18","key":"13237_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8438","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188438","volume":"11","author":"M Mujahid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mujahid, M., Lee, E., Rustam, F., Washington, P. B., Ullah, S., Reshi, A. A., & Ashraf, I. (2021). Sentiment analysis and topic modeling on tweets about Online Education during COVID-19. Applied Sciences, 11(18), 8438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11188438","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"13237_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murphy, J., Link, M. W., Childs, J. H., Tesfaye, C. L., Dean, E., Stern, M., Pasek, J., Cohen, J., Callegaro, M., & Harwood, P. (2014). Social Media in Public Opinion Research: Executive summary of the Aapor Task Force on Emerging Technologies in Public Opinion Research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 78(4), 788\u2013794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/poq\/nfu053","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfu053"},{"key":"13237_CR106","volume-title":"Social media in public opinion research: Report of the AAPOR task force on emerging technologies in public opinion research","author":"J Murphy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murphy, J., Link, M. W., Childs, J. H., Tesfaye, C. L., Dean, E., Stern, M., Pasek, J., Cohen, J., Callegaro, M., & Harwood, P. (2014). Social media in public opinion research: Report of the AAPOR task force on emerging technologies in public opinion research. American Association for Public Opinion Research."},{"issue":"28\u201329","key":"13237_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10082-6","volume":"80","author":"U Naseem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naseem, U., Razzak, I., & Eklund, P. W. (2021). A survey of pre-processing techniques to improve short-text quality: A case study on hate speech detection on twitter. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 80(28\u201329), 35239\u201335266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-020-10082-6","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"issue":"4","key":"13237_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/03043797.2023.2213169","volume":"48","author":"S Nikolic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nikolic, S., Daniel, S., Haque, R., Belkina, M., Hassan, G. M., Grundy, S., Lyden, S., Neal, P., & Sandison, C. (2023). ChatGPT versus engineering education assessment: A multidisciplinary and multi-institutional benchmarking and analysis of this generative artificial intelligence tool to investigate assessment integrity. European Journal of Engineering Education, 48(4), 559\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03043797.2023.2213169","journal-title":"European Journal of Engineering Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"13237_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-020-00402-x","volume":"33","author":"SS \u00d3h\u00c9igeartaigh","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00d3h\u00c9igeartaigh, S. S., Whittlestone, J., Liu, Y., Zeng, Y., & Liu, Z. (2020). Overcoming barriers to cross-cultural Cooperation in AI Ethics and Governance. Philosophy & Technology, 33(4), 571\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-020-00402-x","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"key":"13237_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103476","volume":"135","author":"OD Okey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Okey, O. D., Udo, E. U., Rosa, R. L., Rodr\u00edguez, D. Z., & Kleinschmidt, J. H. (2023). Investigating ChatGPT and cybersecurity: A perspective on topic modeling and sentiment analysis. Computers & Security, 135, 103476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103476","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"issue":"3","key":"13237_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/00472395231196532","volume":"52","author":"S Onal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Onal, S., & Kulavuz-Onal, D. (2024). A cross-disciplinary examination of the Instructional uses of ChatGPT in Higher Education. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 52(3), 301\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00472395231196532","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology Systems"},{"key":"13237_CR112","unstructured":"OpenAI. (n.d.). OpenAI. Retrieved 28 (May 2024). from https:\/\/openai.com\/"},{"key":"13237_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2024.104696","volume":"148","author":"MF \u00d6zmantar","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u00d6zmantar, M. F., G\u00f6kda\u011f, K., Hang\u00fcl, T., & Aga\u00e7, G. (2024). Research themes and trends in the field of teacher educators: A topic modelling study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 148, 104696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2024.104696","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"13237_CR114","unstructured":"Pascual, F. (2022, February 22). Getting Started with Sentiment Analysis using Python. https:\/\/huggingface.co\/blog\/sentiment-analysis-python"},{"key":"13237_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pask, G. (1963). Learning Machines. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 1(2), 393\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-6670(17)69712-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-6670(17)69712-X"},{"key":"13237_CR116","unstructured":"Pelton, T., & Pelton, L. F. (2023). Adapting ChatGPT to Support Teacher Education in Mathematics. Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference, 1662\u20131670. https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/p\/222047\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"13237_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22326","volume":"28","author":"JQ P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, J. Q., Daradoumis, T., & Puig, J. M. M. (2020). Rediscovering the use of chatbots in education: A systematic literature review. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 28(6), 1549\u20131565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cae.22326","journal-title":"Computer Applications in Engineering Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13237_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2021.09.004","volume":"38","author":"J Petch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petch, J., Di, S., & Nelson, W. (2022). Opening the black box: The promise and limitations of explainable machine learning in cardiology. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 38(2), 204\u2013213.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"13237_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrina, S. (2004). Sidney Pressey and the automation of education, 1924\u20131934. Technology and Culture, 45(2), 305\u2013330. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40060743?casa_token=owuh2bPIn5QAAAAA:oIqRyFLGbq2olKXX6SoxA3bbRZif52gghatcZyJZhykNE5R5_yv2qZNFUPjFalGH2_J1mi_pe8gYgx0xoDWxPsjQzWQqeysrK3bNx87pJvtelOuW7ByV","DOI":"10.1353\/tech.2004.0085"},{"key":"13237_CR120","first-page":"373","volume":"23","author":"SL Pressey","year":"1926","unstructured":"Pressey, S. L. (1926). A simple device for teaching, testing, and research in learning. School and Society, 23, 373\u2013376.","journal-title":"School and Society"},{"key":"13237_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e261","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X22002849","volume":"46","author":"J Quilty-Dunn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quilty-Dunn, J., Porot, N., & Mandelbaum, E. (2023). The best game in town: The reemergence of the language-of-thought hypothesis across the cognitive sciences. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 46, e261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0140525X22002849","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"13237_CR122","unstructured":"Radford, A., Narasimhan, K., Salimans, T., & Sutskever, I. (2019). Improving language understanding by generative. https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Improving%20language%20understanding%20by%20generative%20pre-training&publication_year=2018&author=A.%20Radford&author=K.%20Narasimhan&author=T.%20Salimans&author=I.%20Sutskever"},{"issue":"9","key":"13237_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5783","DOI":"10.3390\/app13095783","volume":"13","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahman, M. M., & Watanobe, Y. (2023). ChatGPT for Education and Research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences, 13(9), 5783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13095783","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/0840470419869032","volume":"33","author":"GK Randhawa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Randhawa, G. K., & Jackson, M. (2020). The role of artificial intelligence in learning and professional development for healthcare professionals. Healthcare Management Forum, 33(1), 19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0840470419869032","journal-title":"Healthcare Management Forum"},{"key":"13237_CR125","unstructured":"Meta Platforms, Inc. (n.d.). React. Retrieved December 17, 2024, from https:\/\/react.dev\/"},{"key":"13237_CR126","unstructured":"Reiser, B. J., Kimberg, D. Y., Lovett, M. C., & Ranney, M. (2021). An Intelligent Tutor for Programming. Computer Assisted Instruction and Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Shared Goals and Complementary Approaches, 111. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=28XADwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA111&dq=GUIDON-WATCH:+A+Graphic+Interface+for+Viewing+A+Knowledge-Based+System&ots=cc26R8ltKD&sig=CDZjZXkO2G9aJzdI20v-dF4ES5s"},{"key":"13237_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106423","volume":"111","author":"C Reparaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reparaz, C., Azn\u00e1rez-Sanado, M., & Mendoza, G. (2020). Self-regulation of learning and MOOC retention. Computers in Human Behavior, 111, 106423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106423","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13237_CR128","unstructured":"Resources for Developers. (2023, December 12). https:\/\/developer.mozilla.org"},{"key":"13237_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Resyanto, F., Sibaroni, Y., & Romadhony, A. (2019). Choosing The Most Optimum Text Preprocessing Method for Sentiment Analysis: Case:iPhone Tweets. 2019 Fourth International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC), 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICIC47613.2019.8985943","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIC47613.2019.8985943"},{"issue":"7","key":"13237_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-12101-0","volume":"81","author":"M Reveilhac","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reveilhac, M., Steinmetz, S., & Morselli, D. (2022). A systematic literature review of how and whether social media data can complement traditional survey data to study public opinion. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 81(7), 10107\u201310142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-022-12101-0","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"key":"13237_CR131","volume-title":"GUIDON-WATCH: A graphic interface for viewing a knowledge-based system","author":"MH Richer","year":"1985","unstructured":"Richer, M. H., & Clancey, W. J. (1985). GUIDON-WATCH: A graphic interface for viewing a knowledge-based system. Department of Computer Science."},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2006.04.005","volume":"33","author":"C Romero","year":"2007","unstructured":"Romero, C., & Ventura, S. (2007). Educational data mining: A survey from 1995 to 2005. Expert Systems with Applications, 33(1), 135\u2013146.","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"13237_CR133","unstructured":"Roose, K. (2023, January 12). Don\u2019t Ban ChatGPT in Schools. Teach With It. The New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/01\/12\/technology\/chatgpt-schools-teachers.html"},{"key":"13237_CR134","unstructured":"Saarinen, P., Ruoppila, I., & Korkiakangas, M. (1994). Problems in educational psychology. University of Helsinki: Lahti\u2019s Centrum of Education and Research."},{"key":"13237_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sandhiya, R., Boopika, A. M., Akshatha, M., Swetha, S. V., & Hariharan, N. M. (2022). A Review of Topic Modeling and Its Application. In M. S. Manshahia, V. Kharchenko, E. Munapo, J. J. Thomas, & P. Vasant (Eds.), Handbook of Intelligent Computing and Optimization for Sustainable Development (1st ed., pp. 305\u2013322). Wiley. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119792642.ch15","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119792642.ch15"},{"issue":"5","key":"13237_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2023.02.008","volume":"154","author":"D Sardana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sardana, D., Fagan, T. R., & Wright, J. T. (2023). ChatGPT. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 154(5), 361\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adaj.2023.02.008","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Dental Association"},{"key":"13237_CR137","unstructured":"Social Media in Public Opinion Research: Report of\u2026 Google Scholar. (n.d.). Retrieved 16 (May 2023). from https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Social+Media+in+Public+Opinion+Research%3A+Report+of+the+AAPOR+Task+Force+on+Emerging+Technologies+in+Public+Opinion+Research&btnG=."},{"key":"13237_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Strauss, L. M., Hoppen, N. A, FRAMEWORK TO ANALYZE AFFORDANCES, & WHEN USING BIG DATA AND ANALYTICS IN ORGANIZATIONS. (2019). : A PROPOSAL. RAM. Revista de Administra\u00e7\u00e3o Mackenzie, 20(4), eRAMR190182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678-6971\/eramr190182","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-6971\/eramr190182"},{"key":"13237_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100072","volume":"3","author":"J Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su, J., & Zhong, Y. (2022). Artificial Intelligence (AI) in early childhood education: Curriculum design and future directions. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100072","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"13237_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asw.2023.100752","volume":"57","author":"Y Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su, Y., Lin, Y., & Lai, C. (2023). Collaborating with ChatGPT in argumentative writing classrooms. Assessing Writing, 57, 100752.","journal-title":"Assessing Writing"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc7010035","volume":"7","author":"V Taecharungroj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taecharungroj, V. (2023). What can ChatGPT do? Analyzing early reactions to the innovative AI chatbot on twitter. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 7(1), 35.","journal-title":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing"},{"key":"13237_CR142","unstructured":"The React Framework for the Web. (2023, December 12). https:\/\/nextjs.org\/"},{"key":"13237_CR143","unstructured":"The Grainger College of Engineering (2020). PLATO. https:\/\/grainger.illinois.edu\/news\/magazine\/plato"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-023-00237-x","volume":"10","author":"A Tlili","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M. A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D. T., Huang, R., & Agyemang, B. (2023). What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments, 10(1), 15.","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"},{"key":"13237_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2009.06.011","volume":"103","author":"D VanEngelsdorp","year":"2010","unstructured":"vanEngelsdorp, D., & Meixner, M. D. (2010). A historical review of managed honey bee populations in Europe and the United States and the factors that may affect them. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, S80\u2013S95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jip.2009.06.011","journal-title":"Journal of Invertebrate Pathology"},{"key":"13237_CR146","unstructured":"W3Schools Online Web Tutorials. (2023, December 12). https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/"},{"key":"13237_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103683","volume":"143","author":"C Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, C., Fang, T., & Gu, Y. (2020). Learning performance and behavioral patterns of online collaborative learning: Impact of cognitive load and affordances of different multimedia. Computers & Education, 143, 103683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103683","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13237_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCS.2023.3300321","volume":"4","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Pan, Y., Yan, M., Su, Z., & Luan, T. H. (2023). A Survey on ChatGPT: AI\u2013Generated contents, challenges, and solutions. IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, 4, 280\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/OJCS.2023.3300321","journal-title":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society"},{"key":"13237_CR149","unstructured":"Watters, A. (2015, March 28). Gordon Pask\u2019s Adaptive Teaching Machines. Hack Education. http:\/\/hackeducation.com\/2015\/03\/28\/pask"},{"key":"13237_CR150","unstructured":"Watters, A. (2023). Teaching machines: The history of personalized learning. mit Press."},{"key":"13237_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654924","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2021.654924","volume":"4","author":"S Wollny","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wollny, S., Schneider, J., Di Mitri, D., Weidlich, J., Rittberger, M., & Drachsler, H. (2021). Are we there yet? - a Systematic Literature Review on Chatbots in Education. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 4, 654924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2021.654924","journal-title":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"13237_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2023.100005","volume":"1","author":"R Yilmaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yilmaz, R., & Karaoglan Yilmaz, F. G. (2023). Augmented intelligence in programming learning: Examining student views on the use of ChatGPT for programming learning. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, 1(2), 100005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbah.2023.100005","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans"},{"key":"13237_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181712","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1181712","volume":"14","author":"H Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu, H. (2023). Reflection on whether Chat GPT should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1181712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1181712","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"13237_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183162","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1183162","volume":"8","author":"H Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu, H., & Guo, Y. (2023). Generative artificial intelligence empowers educational reform: Current status, issues, and prospects. Frontiers in Education, 8, 1183162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2023.1183162","journal-title":"Frontiers in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13237_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-019-0171-0","volume":"16","author":"O Zawacki-Richter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zawacki-Richter, O., Mar\u00edn, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education \u2013 where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-019-0171-0","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"13237_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., & Frank, K. A. (2003). Factors affecting technology uses in schools: An ecological perspective. American educational research journal, 40(4), 807\u2013840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00028312040004807","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312040004807"},{"key":"13237_CR157","unstructured":"Zhong, Y., Ng, D. T. K., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023, December). Exploring the Social Media Discourse: The Impact of ChatGPT on Teachers\u2019 Roles and Identity. Proceedings Ofthe 31st International Conference on Computers in Education.Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Yuchun-Zhong-2\/publication\/379257528_Exploring_the_Social_Media_Discourse_the_lmpact_of_ChatGPT_on_Teachers\u2019_Roles_and_ldentity\/links\/66019309f3b56b5b2d2e57d9\/Exploring-the-Social-Media-Discourse-the-lmpact-of-ChatGPT-on-Teachers-Roles-and-ldentity.pdf"},{"key":"13237_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhong, Y., Guo, K. & Chu, S. K. W. (2024) Affordances and constraints of integrating esports into higher education from the perspectives of students and teachers: An ecological systems approach. Education and Information Technologies, 29, 16777\u201316811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12482-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12482-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"13237_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-021-09301-2","volume":"34","author":"M Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu, M., & Doo, M. Y. (2022). The relationship among motivation, self-monitoring, self-management, and learning strategies of MOOC learners. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 34(2), 321\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-021-09301-2","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13237-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13237-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13237-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T06:36:11Z","timestamp":1757140571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13237-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["13237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13237-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Conflict of interest","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We declare that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}