{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T05:31:18Z","timestamp":1774675878468,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GG-2022-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GG-2022-018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13401-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T13:10:19Z","timestamp":1738329019000},"page":"14629-14660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Supporting english speaking practice in higher education: the impact of AI chatbot-integrated mobile-assisted blended learning framework"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6765-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8817-427X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harwati","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6212-7494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur Ainil","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"13401_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12166-w","volume":"29","author":"T Ait Baha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ait Baha, T., Hajji, E., Es-Saady, M., Y., & Fadili, H. (2024). The impact of educational chatbot on student learning experience. Education and Information Technologies, 29(8), 10153\u201310176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12166-w","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"3","key":"13401_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-021-00096-7","volume":"2","author":"S Akg\u00fcn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akg\u00fcn, S., & Greenhow, C. (2021). Artificial intelligence in education: Addressing ethical challenges in k-12 settings. AI and Ethics, 2(3), 431\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-021-00096-7","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"issue":"11","key":"13401_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.4236\/ce.2022.1311235","volume":"13","author":"AN Amiruddin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amiruddin, A. N., Huzaimi, N. H. A., Mohamad, M., & Ani, M. F. (2022). Challenges and benefits of blended learning on Tertiary Education ESL classrooms: A Literature Review. Creative Education, 13(11), 3715\u20133730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ce.2022.1311235","journal-title":"Creative Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13401_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.52462\/jlls.4","volume":"17","author":"S Amoah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amoah, S., & Yeboah, J. (2021). The speaking difficulties of Chinese EFL learners and their motivation towards speaking the English language. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(1), 56\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52462\/jlls.4","journal-title":"Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies"},{"key":"13401_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Annamalai, N., Eltahir, M. E., Zyoud, S. H., Soundrarajan, D., Zakarneh, B., & Al Salhi, N. R. (2023). Exploring English language learning via Chabot: A case study from a self determination theory perspective. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 5, 100148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100148"},{"issue":"2","key":"13401_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.30574\/gscarr.2024.18.2.0062","volume":"18","author":"OO Ayeni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ayeni, O. O., Al Hamad, N. M., Chisom, O. N., Osawaru, B., & Adewusi, O. E. (2024). AI in education: A review of personalized learning and educational technology. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 18(2), 261\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30574\/gscarr.2024.18.2.0062","journal-title":"GSC Advanced Research and Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"13401_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.18823\/asiatefl.2021.18.4.12.1266","volume":"18","author":"JS Baek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baek, J. S., & Lee, C. H. (2021). Effects of Mobile-assisted blended learning on University Students\u2019 English speaking proficiency in Korea. Journal of Asia Tefl, 18(4), 1266\u20131284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18823\/asiatefl.2021.18.4.12.1266","journal-title":"Journal of Asia Tefl"},{"issue":"8","key":"13401_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2018.1535508","volume":"32","author":"S Bibauw","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bibauw, S., Fran\u00e7ois, T., & Desmet, P. (2019). Discussing with a computer to practice a foreign language: Research synthesis and conceptual framework of dialogue-based CALL. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32(8), 827\u2013877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2018.1535508","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"13401_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bo, L., Ding, X., & Wang, S. (2022). A Comparative Analysis of Traditional Teaching and PBL Model. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/assehr.k.220504.306","DOI":"10.2991\/assehr.k.220504.306"},{"key":"13401_CR9","unstructured":"Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods (5th ed.).). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"13401_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107468","volume":"138","author":"I Celik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Celik, I. (2023). Towards Intelligent-TPACK: An empirical study on teachers\u2019 professional knowledge to ethically integrate artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools into education. Computers in Human Behavior, 138, 107468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107468","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"13401_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00408-3","volume":"20","author":"CKY Chan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan, C. K. Y. (2023). A comprehensive AI policy education framework for university teaching and learning. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-023-00408-3","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"issue":"10","key":"13401_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6187","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2253861","volume":"32","author":"TKF Chiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chiu, T. K. F. (2023). The impact of generative AI (GenAI) on practices, policies and research direction in education: A case of ChatGPT and Midjourney. Interactive Learning Environments, 32(10), 6187\u20136203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2023.2253861","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"3","key":"13401_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-021-00243-5","volume":"32","author":"IA Chounta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chounta, I. A., Bardone, E., Raudsep, A., & Pedaste, M. (2022). Exploring teachers\u2019 perceptions of Artificial Intelligence as a Tool to support their practice in Estonian K-12 education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(3), 725\u2013755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-021-00243-5","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13401_CR14","first-page":"340","volume":"19","author":"SMG Chwo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chwo, S. M. G., Marek, M. W., & Wu, W. C. V. (2016). Curriculum integration of MALL in L1\/L2 pedagogy: Perspectives on research. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 19(2), 340\u2013354. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/jeductechsoci.19.2.340","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"13401_CR15","unstructured":"Cook, T. D., Campbell, D. T., & Shadish, W. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference (Vol. 1195). Houghton Mifflin."},{"key":"13401_CR16","unstructured":"Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc."},{"key":"13401_CR17","unstructured":"Dearden, J. (2014). English as a medium of instruction - a growing global phenomenon. British Council. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.teachingenglish.org.uk\/publications\/case-studies-insights-and-research\/english-medium-instruction-growing-global"},{"key":"13401_CR18","unstructured":"DeKeyser, R. (2007). Skill Acquisition Theory. In B. VanPatten, & J. Williams (Eds.), Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction (pp. 97\u2013113). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"issue":"4","key":"13401_CR19","first-page":"2001","volume":"10","author":"A Delice","year":"2010","unstructured":"Delice, A. (2010). The Sampling issues in quantitative research. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 10(4), 2001\u20132018. http:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ919871.pdf","journal-title":"Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice"},{"key":"13401_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dong, X. Q., Yuan, Y., & Xu, Q. (2023). Action Research on Audiovisual-Based Speaking Continuation Task via Mobile-Assisted Language Learning. Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, (1), 84\u201395\u2009+\u2009147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13458\/j.cnki.flatt.004915","DOI":"10.13458\/j.cnki.flatt.004915"},{"issue":"1","key":"13401_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-017-0087-5","volume":"15","author":"C Dziuban","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dziuban, C., Graham, C. R., Moskal, P. D., Norberg, A., & Sicilia, N. (2018). Blended learning: The new normal and emerging technologies. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 15(1), 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-017-0087-5","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"13401_CR22","unstructured":"Galloway, N., Kriukow, J., & Numajiri, T. (2017). Internationalisation, Higher Education and the Growing Demand for English: an Investigation into the English Medium of Instruction (EMI) Movement in China and Japan. British Council. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.teachingenglish.org.uk\/sites\/teacheng\/files\/H035%20ELTRA%20Internationalisation_HE_and%20the%20growing%20demand%20for%20English%20A4_FINAL_WEB.pdf"},{"key":"13401_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao, L. X., & Zhang, L. J. (2020). Teacher learning in difficult times: Examining Foreign Language teachers\u2019 cognitions about Online Teaching to Tide over COVID-19 [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.549653","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.549653"},{"issue":"8","key":"13401_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.33495\/jerr_v9i8.21.145","volume":"9","author":"S Ge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ge, S. (2021). Application of mobile-assisted blended learning to College English teaching. J Edu Res Rev, 9(8), 230\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33495\/jerr_v9i8.21.145","journal-title":"J Edu Res Rev"},{"key":"13401_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.4236\/ce.2016.78119","volume":"7","author":"H Hashim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hashim, H., Yunus, M., & Embi, M. (2016). Pre-university English as Second Language (ESL) Learners\u2019 attitude towards Mobile Learning. Creative Education, 7, 1147\u20131153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ce.2016.78119","journal-title":"Creative Education"},{"key":"13401_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hew, K. F., Huang, W., Du, J., & Jia, C. (2021). Using chatbots in flipped Learning Online Sessions: Perceived usefulness and ease of Use. In R. Li, S. K. S. Cheung, C. Iwasaki, L. F. Kwok, & M. Kageto (Eds.), Blended Learning: Re-thinking and re-defining the Learning Proces. ICBL 2021 (Vol. 12830). Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Sciencehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-80504-3_14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80504-3_14"},{"key":"13401_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.26803\/ijlter.21.4.9","volume":"21","author":"H Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu, H., Mohd Said, N. E., & Hashim, H. (2022). Killing two birds with One Stone? A study on achievement levels and affective factors in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research, 21, 150\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26803\/ijlter.21.4.9","journal-title":"International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research"},{"key":"13401_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18178\/ijmerr.8.5.813-818","author":"W Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, W., Hew, K. F., & Gonda, D. E. (2019). Designing and evaluating three chatbot-enhanced activities for a flipped graduate course. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18178\/ijmerr.8.5.813-818","journal-title":"International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"13401_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3390\/info14090492","volume":"14","author":"G Ilieva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ilieva, G. (2023). Effects of generative chatbots in higher education. Information, 14(9), 492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info14090492","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"1","key":"13401_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.31295\/ijpm.v1n1.42","volume":"4","author":"MR Islam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Islam, M. R. (2018). Sample size and its role in Central Limit Theorem (CLT). Computational and Applied Mathematics Journal, 4(1), 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31295\/ijpm.v1n1.42","journal-title":"Computational and Applied Mathematics Journal"},{"key":"13401_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jafarkhani, F., Jamebozorg, Z., & Brahman, M. (2017). Application of social networks to support students\u2019 language learning skills in a blended approach. World Family Medicine Journal\/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine, 15(8), 89\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5742\/mewfm.2017.93061","DOI":"10.5742\/mewfm.2017.93061"},{"key":"13401_CR32","unstructured":"Juhaida, A. A. (2015). Development and evaluation of a web-based fun reading English resource for primary pupils. Thesis PhD. National University of Malaysia."},{"issue":"1","key":"13401_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.5539\/elt.v12n1p134","volume":"12","author":"HM Kassem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kassem, H. M. (2019). The impact of student-centered instruction on EFL Learners\u2019 affect and achievement. English Language Teaching, 12(1), 134\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/elt.v12n1p134","journal-title":"English Language Teaching"},{"key":"13401_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kl\u00edmov\u00e1, B., Ibna Seraj, & M., P. (2023). The use of chatbots in university EFL settings: Research trends and pedagogical implications. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1131506. Mini Review.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1131506"},{"issue":"6","key":"13401_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.18178\/ijiet.2024.14.6.2105","volume":"14","author":"A Kobicheva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kobicheva, A., & Baranova, T. (2024). Students\u2019 intention to learn and academic performance in the blended learning environment: The role of artificial intelligence chatbots. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 14(6), 807\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18178\/ijiet.2024.14.6.2105","journal-title":"International Journal of Information and Education Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"13401_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.37134\/jsml.vol8.2.7.2020","volume":"8","author":"KL Koh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koh, K. L., & Ahad, N. A. (2020). Normality for non-normal distributions. Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters, 8(2), 51\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37134\/jsml.vol8.2.7.2020","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters"},{"key":"13401_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kooli, C. (2023). Chatbots in education and research: A critical examination of ethical implications and solutions. Sustainability, 15(7), 5614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15075614","DOI":"10.3390\/su15075614"},{"key":"13401_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kovtun, L., Lazareva, A., & Polyanskaya, E. (2021). Telegram Chatbot as an Educational Tool in Blended Learning Environment. EDULEARN21 Proceedings, 9189\u20139193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21125\/edulearn.2021.1851","DOI":"10.21125\/edulearn.2021.1851"},{"key":"13401_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2023). Mobile-Assisted Language Learning. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, C.A. Chapelle (Ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781405198431.wbeal0768.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/9781405198431.wbeal0768.pub2"},{"key":"13401_CR39","unstructured":"Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Chen, Y. (2018). Rethinking distance education in China: Mobile-assisted language learning designs in a blended foreign language curriculum. In A. Palalas (Ed.), Blended Language Learning: International perspectives on innovative practices. China Central Radio and Television University Press Co., Ltd."},{"issue":"3","key":"13401_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344008000335","volume":"20","author":"A Kukulska-Hulme","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Shield, L. (2008). An overview of mobile assisted language learning: From content delivery to supported collaboration and interaction. ReCALL, 20(3), 271\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0958344008000335","journal-title":"ReCALL"},{"issue":"1","key":"13401_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-018-9783-6","volume":"24","author":"BA Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar, B. A., & Chand, S. S. (2019). Mobile learning adoption: A systematic review. Educ Inf Technol, 24(1), 471\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-018-9783-6","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13401_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2017.70.2.144","volume":"70","author":"SG Kwak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kwak, S. G., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Central limit theorem: The cornerstone of modern statistics. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 70(2), 144\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4097\/kjae.2017.70.2.144","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Anesthesiology"},{"key":"13401_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Labadze, L., Grigolia, M., & Machaidze, L. (2023). Role of AI chatbots in education: Systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-023-00426-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00426-1"},{"key":"13401_CR44","unstructured":"Landell, K. (1997). Management by Menu. Wiley & Sons Inc."},{"issue":"4","key":"13401_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.15702\/mall.2018.21.4.11","volume":"21","author":"CH Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, C. H., & Baek, J. (2018). University students\u2019 perceptions and engagement in mobile-assisted blended learning in English speaking classes. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 21(4), 11\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15702\/mall.2018.21.4.11","journal-title":"Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"13401_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, F. Y., & Chan, T. J. (2023). Establishing credibility in Ai chatbots: The importance of customization, communication competency and user satisfaction. Advances in Social Science Education and Humanities Research, 88\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/978-2-38476-196-8_9","DOI":"10.2991\/978-2-38476-196-8_9"},{"key":"13401_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3430895.346013","author":"J Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, J., Ling, L., & Tan, C. W. (2021). Blending peer instruction with just-in-time teaching: Jointly optimal task scheduling with feedback for classroom flipping. Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Learning@ Scale. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3430895.346013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Learning@ Scale"},{"key":"13401_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., & Chocksathaporn, P. (2023). The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching, 6(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37074\/jalt.2023.6.1.32","DOI":"10.37074\/jalt.2023.6.1.32"},{"issue":"4","key":"13401_CR48","first-page":"16","volume":"24","author":"CJ Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin, C. J., & Mubarok, H. (2021). Learning analytics for investigating the mind map-guided AI Chatbot Approach in an EFL flipped speaking Classroom. Educational Technology & Society, 24(4), 16\u201335. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/48629242","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"13401_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, G. L., Darvin, R., & Ma, C. (2024). Exploring AI-mediated informal digital learning of English (AI-IDLE): A mixed-method investigation of Chinese EFL learners\u2019 AI adoption and experiences. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2024.2310288","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2024.2310288"},{"key":"13401_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lo, C. K., & Hew, K. F. (2023). A review of integrating AI-based chatbots into flipped learning: New possibilities and challenges. Frontiers in Education, 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2023.1175715. Mini Review.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1175715"},{"key":"13401_CR52","unstructured":"Luckin, R., & Holmes, W. (2016). Intelligence Unleashed: An argument for AI in Education. UCL Knowledge Lab: London, UK. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.pearson.com\/content\/dam\/corporate\/global\/pearson-dot-com\/files\/innovation\/Intelligence-Unleashed-Publication.pdf"},{"key":"13401_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma, J., Cheng, J., & Han, X. (2017). Initial development process of a student engagement scale in blended learning environment. In 2017 International Conference of Educational Innovation through Technology (EITT) (pp. 234\u2013237). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EITT.2017.63","DOI":"10.1109\/EITT.2017.63"},{"key":"13401_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1911791\/v1","author":"RH Mahmoud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahmoud, R. H. (2022). Implementing AI-based conversational chatbots in EFL speaking classes: An evolutionary perspective. Res Square. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1911791\/v1","journal-title":"Res Square"},{"key":"13401_CR55","unstructured":"Ministry of Education of the PR. China (2007). Teaching Requirements for College English Courses. Retrieved from. http:\/\/www.moe.gov.cn\/srcsite\/A08\/s7056\/200707\/t20070710_110825.html"},{"key":"13401_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mo, Y. Y., & Chang, F. (2017). Exploring Spoken English flipped Classroom based on the SPOC Teaching Model. Academic Degrees & Graduate Education, (12), 39\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16750\/j.adge.2017.12.009","DOI":"10.16750\/j.adge.2017.12.009"},{"key":"13401_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moussalli, S., & Cardoso, W. (2016). Are commercial \u2018personal robots\u2019 ready for language learning? Focus on second language speech. In (pp. 325\u2013329). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14705\/rpnet.2016.eurocall2016.583","DOI":"10.14705\/rpnet.2016.eurocall2016.583"},{"key":"13401_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01447394241230152","author":"J Muniandy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Muniandy, J., & Selvanathan, M. (2024). ChatGPT, a partnering tool to improve ESL learners\u2019 speaking skills: Case study in a public university, Malaysia. Teaching Public Administration. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01447394241230152","journal-title":"Teaching Public Administration"},{"key":"13401_CR59","unstructured":"Nurul, I., & Md., F. (2019). Design, development and evaluation of english speaking skills web-based resource for ESL pupils. PhD Thesis. Faculty of Education, National University of Malaysia."},{"key":"13401_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ono, Y., Ishihara, M., & Yamashiro, M. (2015). Blended instruction utilizing mobile tools in English teaching at colleges of technology. Electrical Engineering in Japan, 192(2), 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eej.22717","DOI":"10.1002\/eej.22717"},{"key":"13401_CR60","unstructured":"OpenAI (2023). ChatGPT can now see, hear, and speak. OpenAI. https:\/\/openai.com\/blog\/chatgpt-can-now-see-hear-and-speak. Retrieved November 15, 2023."},{"key":"13401_CR61","unstructured":"Price, P. C., Jhangiani, R., & Chiang, I. C. A. (2015). Research methods in psychology. BCcampus."},{"key":"13401_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Quan, Z., Grant, L., Hocking, D., & Connor, A. (2022). Distinctive mobile learning: Where it is different and how it can make a difference. Interactive Learning Environments, 32(1), 257\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2022.2086267","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2022.2086267"},{"issue":"2","key":"13401_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1558\/cj.27623","volume":"34","author":"F Rosell-Aguilar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosell-Aguilar, F. (2017). State of the app: A taxonomy and Framework for evaluating Language Learning Mobile Applications. CALICO Journal, 34(2), 243\u2013258. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/90014690","journal-title":"CALICO Journal"},{"key":"13401_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saed, H. A., Haider, A. S., Al-Salman, S., & Hussein, R. F. (2021). The use of YouTube in developing the speaking skills of Jordanian EFL university students. Heliyon, 7(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07543"},{"key":"13401_CR64","unstructured":"Samantha, L. (2022). What is AI chatbot phenomenon ChatGPT and could it replace humans? The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2022\/dec\/05\/what-is-ai-chatbot-phenomenon-chatgpt-and-could-it-replace-humans. Retrieved November 15, 2023."},{"issue":"8","key":"13401_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14080922","volume":"14","author":"OM Schei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schei, O. M., M\u00f8gelvang, A., & Ludvigsen, K. (2024). Perceptions and use of AI chatbots among students in higher education: A scoping review of empirical studies. Education Sciences, 14(8), 922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci14080922","journal-title":"Education Sciences"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"13401_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2017.1308383","volume":"30","author":"R Shadiev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shadiev, R., Hwang, W. Y., & Huang, Y. M. (2017). Review of research on mobile language learning in authentic environments. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 30(3\u20134), 284\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2017.1308383","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"13401_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skehan, P. (1998). A cognitive approach to language learning. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1177\/003368829802900209"},{"key":"13401_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suartama, I. K., Setyosari, P., Sulthoni, S., & Ulfa, S. (2019). Development of an instructional design model for mobile blended learning in higher education. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 14(16), 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijet.v14i16.10633","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v14i16.10633"},{"key":"13401_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210187","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1210187","volume":"14","author":"W Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun, W. (2023). The impact of automatic speech recognition technology on second language pronunciation and speaking skills of EFL learners: A mixed methods investigation. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1210187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1210187","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"13401_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.24815\/siele.v11i2.37472","volume":"11","author":"P Taylor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Taylor, P. (2024). Blended learning challenges of EFL undergraduate students: Student learning experience in an AI-integrated ESP course. Studies in English Language and Education, 11(3), 1431\u20131449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24815\/siele.v11i2.37472","journal-title":"Studies in English Language and Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"13401_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2017.12.026","volume":"15","author":"JH Thrall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thrall, J. H., Li, X., Li, Q., Cruz, C., Do, S., Dreyer, K., & Brink, J. (2018). Artificial intelligence and machine learning in radiology: Opportunities, challenges, pitfalls, and criteria for success. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 15(3), 504\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacr.2017.12.026","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13401_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2989\/SALALS.2008.26.1.11.426","volume":"26","author":"C Van der Walt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van der Walt, C., de Wet, F., & Niesler, T. (2008). Oral proficiency assessment: The use of automatic speech recognition systems. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 26(1), 135\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2989\/SALALS.2008.26.1.11.426","journal-title":"Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies"},{"key":"13401_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TELE55498.2022.9801001","author":"A Varnavsky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Varnavsky, A. (2022). Chatbot to increase the effectiveness of the flipped classroom technology. 2022 2nd International Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning in Higher Education (TELE). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TELE55498.2022.9801001","journal-title":"2022 2nd International Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning in Higher Education (TELE)"},{"key":"13401_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wan, Y., & Moorhouse, B. L. (2024). Using call Annie as a Generative Artificial Intelligence Speaking Partner for Language Learners. RELC Journal, 0(0). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00336882231224813","DOI":"10.1177\/00336882231224813"},{"key":"13401_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Mao, S., Wu, W., Xia, Y., Deng, Y., & Tien, J. (2023). Assessing phrase break of ESL speech with pre-trained language models and large language models. In Proceedings of the Interspeech 2023, 4194\u20134198. International Speech Communication Association https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21437\/Interspeech.2023-910","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2023-910"},{"key":"13401_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.104095","volume":"241","author":"M White","year":"2023","unstructured":"White, M. (2023). Sample size in quantitative instrument-based studies published in Scopus up to 2022: An artificial intelligence aided systematic review. Acta Psychologica, 241, 104095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.104095","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"13401_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wollny, S., Schneider, J., Di Mitri, D., Weidlich, J., Rittberger, M., & Drachsler, H. (2021). Are we there yet? - a Systematic Literature Review on Chatbots in Education [Systematic review]. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2021.654924","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2021.654924"},{"key":"13401_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184797902311763","DOI":"10.1177\/18479790231176372","volume":"15","author":"C Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, C., Lam, H., Kong, A., & Wong, W. (2023). The design and evaluation of a digital learning-based English chatbot as an online self-learning method. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 15, 18479790231176372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/18479790231176372","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Business Management"},{"key":"13401_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., Zhang, T., & He, J. (2024). The promises and challenges of AI-based chatbots in language education through the lens of learner emotions. Heliyon, 10(18). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37238"},{"issue":"4","key":"13401_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.5539\/ies.v12n4p244","volume":"12","author":"L Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, L., Tong, Y., & Siyuan, X. (2019). The efficacy of using Liulishuo for Spoken English ability\u2013taking the practice of Liulishuo in North China Electric Power University (Baoding) as an Example. International Education Studies, 12(4), 244\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/ies.v12n4p244","journal-title":"International Education Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"13401_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344022000039","volume":"34","author":"H Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, H., Kim, H., Lee, J. H., & Shin, D. (2022). Implementation of an AI chatbot as an English conversation partner in EFL speaking classes. ReCALL, 34(3), 327\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0958344022000039","journal-title":"ReCALL"},{"issue":"1","key":"13401_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/ijmbl.299405","volume":"14","author":"Y Ye","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ye, Y., Deng, J., Liang, Q., & Liu, X. (2022). Using a smartphone-based Chatbot in EFL Learners\u2019 oral tasks. Int J Mob Blended Learn, 14(1), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijmbl.299405","journal-title":"Int J Mob Blended Learn"},{"issue":"1","key":"13401_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633120952067","volume":"59","author":"J Yin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yin, J., Goh, T. T., Yang, B., & Xiaobin, Y. (2021). Conversation technology with micro-learning: The impact of chatbot-based learning on students\u2019 learning motivation and performance. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 59(1), 154\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0735633120952067","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"13401_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2024.3364015","volume":"17","author":"J Yin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yin, J., Goh, T. T., & Hu, Y. (2024). Using a Chatbot to provide formative feedback: A longitudinal study of intrinsic motivation, cognitive load, and learning performance. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 17, 1378\u20131389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TLT.2024.3364015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"},{"issue":"6","key":"13401_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2023.0140607","volume":"14","author":"JC Young","year":"2023","unstructured":"Young, J. C., & Shishido, M. (2023). Investigating OpenAI\u2019s ChatGPT potentials in generating chatbot\u2019s dialogue for English as a foreign language learning. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 14(6), 65\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14569\/IJACSA.2023.0140607","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"13401_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.13458\/j.cnki.flatt.004579","volume":"305","author":"HJ Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu, H. J., & Dai, W. D. (2019). A study of the Dynamic Development of English Language Learners\u2019 oral complexity and accuracy. Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 305(2), 104\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13458\/j.cnki.flatt.004579","journal-title":"Foreign Languages and Their Teaching"},{"key":"13401_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, L. N. (2020). Research on Perception, Acceptance and Application of Spoken Language Teaching Based on Virtual Reality Technology. PhD Dissertation. Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26969\/d.cnki.gbydu.2020.000200","DOI":"10.26969\/d.cnki.gbydu.2020.000200"},{"key":"13401_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, X., & Yang, Y. (2021). A Study on the Application of Blended Teaching to English Reading Course under the Background of Artificial Intelligence. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 693(1), 012019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/693\/1\/012019","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/693\/1\/012019"},{"issue":"2","key":"13401_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.55014\/pij.v6i2.377","volume":"6","author":"R Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng, R. (2023). An analysis of the Current Situation of Chinese University Students\u2019 English reading self-efficacy and a proposed intervention program for Enhancement. Pacific International Journal, 6(2), 179\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55014\/pij.v6i2.377","journal-title":"Pacific International Journal"},{"issue":"24","key":"13401_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pp1","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v17i24.42019","volume":"17","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., Hashim, H., & Sulaiman, N. A. (2023). A systemic review (2014\u20132023) on the Mobile-assisted blended learning for English as a Foreign Language Education with a focus on empirical studies. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 17(24), pp1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijim.v17i24.42019","journal-title":"International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM)"},{"issue":"4","key":"13401_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.3390\/su15042872","volume":"15","author":"B Zou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zou, B., Guan, X., Shao, Y., & Chen, P. (2023). Supporting speaking practice by Social Network-Based Interaction in Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Language Learning. Sustainability, 15(4), 2872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15042872","journal-title":"Sustainability"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13401-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13401-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13401-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T03:22:10Z","timestamp":1751944930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13401-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["13401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13401-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work the author used Grammarly in order to check grammar and word usage and improve readability. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process"}},{"value":"All participants provided informed consent before participating in the study. The anonymity and confidentiality of the participants were guaranteed, and participation was completely voluntary.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}