{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T23:00:42Z","timestamp":1772578842922,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013139","name":"Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24YJC880014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJC880014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13440-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T12:02:25Z","timestamp":1742472145000},"page":"17881-17907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the emergent role configuration and behavioral pattern in middle school collaborative programming learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1114-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"13440_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.04.004","volume":"57","author":"B Alorda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alorda, B., Suenaga, K., & Pons, P. (2011). Design and evaluation of a microprocessor course combining three cooperative methods: SDLA PjBL and CnBL. Computers and Education, 57(3), 1876\u20131884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.04.004","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"13440_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511527685","volume-title":"Observing interaction: An introduction to sequential analysis","author":"R Bakeman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bakeman, R., & Gottman, J. M. (1997). Observing interaction: An introduction to sequential analysis. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"13440_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106483","volume":"112","author":"M Beege","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beege, M., Schneider, S., Nebel, S., & Rey, G. D. (2020). Does the effect of enthusiasm in a pedagogical Agent\u2019s voice depend on mental load in the Learner\u2019s working memory? Computers in Human Behavior, 112, 106483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106483","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13440_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780080963594","volume-title":"Management Teams: Why They Succeed or Fail","author":"RM Belbin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Belbin, R. M. (2010). Management Teams: Why They Succeed or Fail (3rd ed.). Routledge.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"2","key":"13440_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2190\/CFKF-UGGC-JG1Q-7T40","volume":"34","author":"C Bishop-Clark","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bishop-Clark, C., Courte, J., & Howard, E. V. (2006). Programming in Pairs with Alice to improve confidence, enjoyment, and achievement. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 34(2), 213\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/CFKF-UGGC-JG1Q-7T40","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"13440_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02299758","volume":"46","author":"TA Brush","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brush, T. A. (1998). Embedding cooperative learning into the design of integrated learning systems: Rationale and guidelines. Educational Technology Research and Development, 46(3), 5\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02299758","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"13440_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654310376953","volume":"80","author":"AR Cavagnetto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cavagnetto, A. R. (2010). Argument to foster scientific literacy: A review of argument interventions in K\u201312 science contexts. Review of Educational Research, 80(3), 336\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0034654310376953","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"13440_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCED-07-2019-0041","volume":"22","author":"MM Chiu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chiu, M. M., Woo, C. K., Shiu, A., Liu, Y., & Luo, B. X. (2019). Reducing costly free-rider effects via OASIS. International Journal of Comparative Education and Development, 22(1), 30\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJCED-07-2019-0041","journal-title":"International Journal of Comparative Education and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"13440_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-019-9861-9","volume":"51","author":"A Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi, A., Seung, E., & Kim, D. (2021). Science Teachers\u2019 Views of Argument in Scientific Inquiry and Argument-Based Science Instruction. Research in Science Education, 51(1), 251\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11165-019-9861-9","journal-title":"Research in Science Education"},{"key":"13440_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chong, J., & Hurlbutt, T. (2007). The social dynamics of pair programming. Proceedings of the 29th International conference on software engineering, 354\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSE.2007.87","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2007.87"},{"key":"13440_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Comb\u00e9fis, S., & Stupurien\u0117, G. (2020). Bebras based activities for computer science education: review and perspectives. In K. Kori & M. Laanpere (Eds.), Informatics in Schools. Engaging Learners in Computational Thinking (pp. 15\u201329). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-63212-0_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-63212-0_2"},{"issue":"4","key":"13440_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-018-9292-z","volume":"13","author":"A Csanadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Csanadi, A., Eagan, B., Kollar, I., Shaffer, D. W., & Fischer, F. (2018). When coding-and-counting is not enough: Using epistemic network analysis (ENA) to analyze verbal data in CSCL research. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 13(4), 419\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-018-9292-z","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"key":"13440_CR13","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Collaborative-learning: Cognitive and computational approaches","author":"P Dillenbourg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dillenbourg, P. (1999). What do you mean by \u201ccollaborative learning.\u201d In P. Dillenbourg (Ed.), Collaborative-learning: Cognitive and computational approaches (pp. 1\u201319). Elsevier."},{"issue":"1","key":"13440_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2007.00191.x","volume":"23","author":"P Dillenbourg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dillenbourg, P., & Tchounikine, P. (2007). Flexibility in macro-scripts for computer-supported collaborative learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 23(1), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2007.00191.x","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"13440_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1102-z","volume":"51","author":"NMM Dowell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dowell, N. M. M., Nixon, T. M., & Graesser, A. C. (2019). Group communication analysis: A computational linguistics approach for detecting sociocognitive roles in multiparty interactions. Behavior Research Methods, 51(3), 1007\u20131041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-018-1102-z","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"13440_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2020.71.4","volume":"7","author":"NMM Dowell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dowell, N. M. M., Lin, Y., Godfrey, A., & Brooks, C. (2020). Exploring the relationship between emergent sociocognitive roles, collaborative problem-solving skills, and outcomes: A group communication analysis. Journal of Learning Analytics, 7(1), 38\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18608\/jla.2020.71.4","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Analytics"},{"issue":"2","key":"13440_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820802602667","volume":"19","author":"EB Dur\u00e1n","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n, E. B., & Amandi, A. (2011). Personalised collaborative skills for student models. Interactive Learning Environments, 19(2), 143\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820802602667","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"2","key":"13440_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.312","volume":"101","author":"S Faraone","year":"1987","unstructured":"Faraone, S., & Dorfman, D. (1987). Lag sequential-analysis\u2014Robust statistical-methods. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 312\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.312","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"13440_CR19","unstructured":"Gaillet, L. L. (1992). A foreshadowing of modern theories and practices of collaborative learning: The work of Scottish rhetorician George Jardine."},{"issue":"2","key":"13440_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1515\/ctra-2016-0019","volume":"3","author":"J Gralewski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gralewski, J. (2016). Teachers\u2019 beliefs about creativity and possibilities for its development in polish high schools: A qualitative study. Creativity Theories-Research-Applications, 3(2), 292\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ctra-2016-0019","journal-title":"Creativity Theories-Research-Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"13440_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327590ijhc1803_5","volume":"18","author":"T Gross","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gross, T., Stary, C., & Totter, A. (2005). User-centered awareness in computer-supported cooperative work-systems: Structured embedding of findings from social sciences. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 18(3), 323\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327590ijhc1803_5","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"13440_CR22","first-page":"13","volume":"20","author":"X Gu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gu, X., Wang, H., & Mason, J. (2017). Are they thinking differently: A cross-cultural study on the relationship of thinking styles and emerging roles in computer-supported collaborative learning. Educational Technology and Society, 20, 13\u201324.","journal-title":"Educational Technology and Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"13440_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2009.2019121","volume":"53","author":"K-W Han","year":"2010","unstructured":"Han, K.-W., Lee, E., & Lee, Y. (2010). The impact of a peer-learning agent based on pair programming in a programming course. IEEE Transactions on Education, 53(2), 318\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TE.2009.2019121","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Education"},{"issue":"7","key":"13440_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2009.02.001","volume":"51","author":"JE Hannay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hannay, J. E., Dyba, T., Arisholm, E., & Sjoberg, D. I. K. (2009). The effectiveness of pair programming: A meta-analysis. Information and Software Technology, 51(7), 1110\u20131122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infsof.2009.02.001","journal-title":"Information and Software Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"13440_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.14786\/flr.v8i2.469","volume":"8","author":"O-P Heinim\u00e4ki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heinim\u00e4ki, O.-P., Volet, S., & Vauras, M. (2020). Core and activity-specific functional participatory roles in collaborative science learning. Frontline Learning Research, 8(2), 65\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14786\/flr.v8i2.469","journal-title":"Frontline Learning Research"},{"key":"13440_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lcsi.2021.100539","volume":"30","author":"O-P Heinimaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heinimaki, O.-P., Volet, S., Jones, C., Laakkonen, E., & Vauras, M. (2021). Student participatory role profiles in collaborative science learning: Relation of within-group configurations of role profiles and achievement. Learning Culture and Social Interaction, 30, 100539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lcsi.2021.100539","journal-title":"Learning Culture and Social Interaction"},{"issue":"8","key":"13440_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1080\/095006999290336","volume":"21","author":"K Hogan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hogan, K. (1999). Sociocognitive roles in science group discourse. International Journal of Science Education, 21(8), 855\u2013882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/095006999290336","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"13440_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331211062260","volume":"60","author":"S Hopcan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hopcan, S., Polat, E., & Albayrak, E. (2022). Collaborative behavior patterns of students in programming instruction. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 60, 1035\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07356331211062260","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"13440_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2013.847381","volume":"52","author":"H-T Hou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hou, H.-T., Wang, S.-M., Lin, P.-C., & Chang, K.-E. (2015). Exploring the learner\u2019s knowledge construction and cognitive patterns of different asynchronous platforms: Comparison of an online discussion forum and facebook. Innovations in Education and Teaching Internationa, 52(6), 610\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14703297.2013.847381","journal-title":"Innovations in Education and Teaching Internationa"},{"issue":"3","key":"13440_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2022.203948","volume":"33","author":"J Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, J., & Parker, M. C. (2023). Developing computational thinking collaboratively: The nexus of computational practices within small groups. Computer Science Education, 33(3), 342\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08993408.2022.203948","journal-title":"Computer Science Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"13440_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.12.009","volume":"58","author":"WY Hwang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hwang, W. Y., Shadiev, R., Wang, C. Y., & Huang, Z. H. (2012). A pilot study of cooperative programming learning behavior and its relationship with students\u2019 learning performance. Computers and Education, 58(4), 1267\u20131281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.12.009","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"13440_CR32","volume-title":"Cooperation and competition: Theory and research","author":"DW Johnson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1989). Cooperation and competition: Theory and research. Interaction Book Company."},{"issue":"5","key":"13440_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X09339057","volume":"38","author":"DW Johnson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2009). An educational psychology success story: Social interdependence theory and cooperative learning. Educational Researcher, 38(5), 365\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0013189X09339057","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"issue":"3","key":"13440_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2010.00388.x","volume":"27","author":"A Karakostas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karakostas, A., & Demetriadis, S. (2011). Enhancing collaborative learning through dynamic forms of support: The impact of an adaptive domain-specific support strategy. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 27(3), 243\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2010.00388.x","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"13440_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-006-9007-2","volume":"18","author":"I Kollar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kollar, I., Fischer, F., & Hesse, F. W. (2006). Collaboration scripts-A conceptual analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 18(2), 159\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-006-9007-2","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"13440_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637776","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.637776","volume":"12","author":"S Korlat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Korlat, S., Kollmayer, M., Holzer, J., Luftenegger, M., Pelikan, E. R., Schober, B., & Spiel, C. (2021). Gender differences in digital learning during COVID-19: Competence beliefs, intrinsic value, learning engagement, and perceived teacher support. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 637776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.637776","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13440_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1145\/2785807","volume":"16","author":"WM Kunkle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kunkle, W. M., & Allen, R. B. (2016). The impact of different teaching approaches and languages on student learning of introductory programming concepts. ACM Transactions on Computing Education, 16(1), 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2785807","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13440_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.09.020","volume":"58","author":"F-R Kuo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kuo, F.-R., Hwang, G.-J., & Lee, C.-C. (2012). A hybrid approach to promoting students\u2019 web-based problem-solving competence and learning attitude. Computers and Education, 58(1), 351\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.09.020","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"13440_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.12.092","volume":"31","author":"M Laal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laal, M., & Laal, M. (2012). Collaborative learning: What is it? Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31, 491\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.12.092","journal-title":"Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"13440_CR40","first-page":"1999","volume":"10","author":"E Lehtinen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lehtinen, E., Hakkarainen, K., Lipponen, L., Rahikainen, M., & Muukkonen, H. (1999). Computer supported collaborative learning: A review. The JHGI Giesbers Reports on Education, 10, 1999.","journal-title":"The JHGI Giesbers Reports on Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"13440_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4018\/IJDET.2018070102","volume":"16","author":"Y-T Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-T., Wu, C.-C., & Chiu, C.-F. (2018). The use of wiki in teaching programming: Effects upon achievement, attitudes, and collaborative programming behaviors. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies, 16(3), 18\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/IJDET.2018070102","journal-title":"International Journal of Distance Education Technologies"},{"issue":"3","key":"13440_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/01411920701243636","volume":"33","author":"J Maloney","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maloney, J. (2007). Children\u2019s roles and use of evidence in science: An analysis of decision-making in small groups. British Educational Research Journal, 33(3), 371\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01411920701243636","journal-title":"British Educational Research Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"13440_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2021.1938612","volume":"31","author":"IM Matere","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matere, I. M., Weng, C., Astatke, M., Hsia, C.-H., & Fan, C.-G. (2023). Effect of design-based learning on elementary students computational thinking skills in visual programming maker course. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(6), 3633\u20133646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2021.1938612","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"13440_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2015.03.020","volume":"39","author":"N Meslec","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meslec, N., & Cur\u015feu, P. L. (2015). Are balanced groups better? Belbin roles in collaborative learning groups. Learning and Individual Differences, 39, 81\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2015.03.020","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"3","key":"13440_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2005.12.004","volume":"49","author":"L Moreno","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moreno, L., Gonzalez, C., Castilla, I., Gonzalez, E., & Sigut, J. (2007). Applying a constructivist and collaborative methodological approach in engineering education. Computers and Education, 49(3), 891\u2013915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2005.12.004","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"13440_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.12.001","volume":"26","author":"R Morris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Morris, R., Hadwin, A. F., Gress, C. L. Z., Miller, M., Fior, M., Church, H., & Winne, P. H. (2010). Designing roles, scripts, and prompts to support CSCL in gStudy. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 815\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2008.12.001","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"13440_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496495264005","volume":"26","author":"P Mudrack","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mudrack, P., & Farrell, G. (1995). An examination of functional-role behavior and its consequences for individuals in group settings. Small Group Research, 26(4), 542\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1046496495264005","journal-title":"Small Group Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"13440_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-10923-x","volume":"27","author":"PML Ng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ng, P. M. L., Chan, J. K. Y., & Lit, K. K. (2022). Student learning performance in online collaborative learning. Education and Information Technologies, 27(6), 8129\u20138145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-10923-x","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13440_CR49","volume-title":"Measuring Innovation in Education: A New Perspective on STEM Education","author":"OECD","year":"2019","unstructured":"OECD. (2019). Measuring Innovation in Education: A New Perspective on STEM Education. OECD Publishing."},{"issue":"3","key":"13440_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12647","volume":"50","author":"F Ouyang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ouyang, F., & Chang, Y.-H. (2019). The relationships between social participatory roles and cognitive engagement levels in online discussions. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(3), 1396\u20131414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12647","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"13440_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2016.07.006","volume":"96","author":"M Pohl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pohl, M., Wallner, G., & Kriglstein, S. (2016). Using lag-sequential analysis for understanding interaction sequences in visualizations. International Journal of Human-Comupter Studie, 96, 54\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2016.07.006","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Comupter Studie"},{"key":"13440_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2022.101217","volume":"47","author":"IPH Sibo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sibo, I. P. H., Celis, D. A. G., Liou, S., Koh, B., & Leung, A. K. Y. (2023). The role of argumentation on high- and low-creative performing groups: A structuration analysis of undergraduate students? group discussion. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 47, 101217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsc.2022.101217","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"issue":"4","key":"13440_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.08.006","volume":"26","author":"JW Strijbos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strijbos, J. W., & Weinberger, A. (2010). Emerging and scripted roles in computer-supported collaborative learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(4), 491\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2009.08.006","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"13440_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496403260843","volume":"35","author":"JW Strijbos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Strijbos, J. W., Martens, R. L., Jochems, W. M. G., & Broers, N. J. (2004). The effect of functional roles on group efficiency: Using multilevel modeling and content analysis to investigate computer-supported collaboration in small groups. Small Group Research, 35(2), 195\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1046496403260843","journal-title":"Small Group Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"13440_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-021-09938-x","volume":"69","author":"Z Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Lin, C.-H., Lv, K., & Song, J. (2021). Knowledge-construction behaviors in a mobile learning environment: A lag-sequential analysis of group differences. ETR&D-Educational Technology Research and Development, 69(2), 533\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-021-09938-x","journal-title":"ETR&D-Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"13440_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107120","volume":"128","author":"C Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, C., Shute, V. J., Stewart, A. E. B., Beck-White, Q., Reinhardt, C. R., Zhou, G., Duran, N., & D\u2019Mello, S. K. (2022). The relationship between collaborative problem solving behaviors and solution outcomes in a game-based learning environment. Computers in Human Behavior, 128, 107120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107120","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13440_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takanishi, R., & Menestrel, S. L.(2017). Promoting the educational success of children and youth learning english: Promising futures. National Academies Press.","DOI":"10.17226\/24677"},{"key":"13440_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2021.101895","volume":"111","author":"A Virtanen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Virtanen, A., & Tynjala, P. (2022). Pedagogical practices predicting perceived learning of social skills among university students. International Journal of Educational Research, 111, 101895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijer.2021.101895","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"13440_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2016.11.006","volume":"53","author":"S Volet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Volet, S., Vauras, M., Salo, A.-E., & Khosa, D. (2017). Individual contributions in student-led collaborative learning: Insights from two analytical approaches to explain the quality of group outcome. Learning and Individual Differences, 53, 79\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2016.11.006","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"13440_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2019.05.002","volume":"73","author":"S Volet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Volet, S., Jones, C., & Vauras, M. (2019). Attitude-, group- and activity-related differences in the quality of preservice teacher students\u2019 engagement in collaborative science learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 73, 79\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2019.05.002","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"4","key":"13440_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1177\/10464964221137524","volume":"54","author":"E Vuorenmaa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vuorenmaa, E., J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S., Dindar, M., & J\u00e4rvenoja, H. (2023). Sequential patterns in social interaction states for regulation in collaborative learning. Small Group Research, 54(4), 512\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10464964221137524","journal-title":"Small Group Research"},{"key":"13440_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: Development of higher psychological processes. In M. Cole, V. Jolm-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman (Eds.), Harvard University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctvjf9vz4","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjf9vz4"},{"key":"13440_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, C. (2021). Roles interaction during mobile-blended collaborative learning: The impact of external scripts. In R. Li, S. K. S. Cheung, C. Iwasaki, L. F. Kwok, & M. Kageto (Eds.), Blended Learning: Re-thinking and Re-defining the Learning Process (pp. 191\u2013202). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-80504-3_16","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80504-3_16"},{"issue":"2","key":"13440_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-017-9254-x","volume":"12","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, X., Kollar, I., & Stegmann, K. (2017). Adaptable scripting to foster regulation processes and skills in computer-supported collaborative learning. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 12(2), 153\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-017-9254-x","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"13440_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stamet.2012.05.004","volume":"10","author":"MJ Warrens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Warrens, M. J. (2013). Conditional inequalities between Cohen\u2019s kappa and weighted kappas. Statistical Methodology, 10(1), 14\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stamet.2012.05.004","journal-title":"Statistical Methodology"},{"issue":"5","key":"13440_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1145\/332833.332848","volume":"43","author":"LA Williams","year":"2000","unstructured":"Williams, L. A., & Kessler, R. R. (2000). All I really need to know about pair programming I learned in kindergarten. Communications of the ACM, 43(5), 108\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/332833.332848","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"1","key":"13440_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2011.565498","volume":"32","author":"KC Williams","year":"2011","unstructured":"Williams, K. C., Morgan, K., & Cameron, B. A. (2011). How do students define their roles and responsibilities in online learning group projects? Distance Education, 32(1), 49\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01587919.2011.565498","journal-title":"Distance Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"13440_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042245","volume":"19","author":"X Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, X., He, Z., Li, M., Han, Z., & Huang, C. (2022). Identifying learners\u2019 interaction patterns in an online learning community. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19042245","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"13440_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-023-09356-3","volume":"36","author":"F Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, F., & Correia, A. P. (2024). Adopting distributed pair programming as an effective team learning activity: A systematic review. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 36(2), 320\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-023-09356-3","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"},{"key":"13440_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, H., Alozie, N., & Rachmatullah, A. (2022). Collaboration at scale: Exploring member role changing patterns in collaborative science problem-solving tasks. Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale, 309\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3491140.3528319","DOI":"10.1145\/3491140.3528319"},{"key":"13440_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.02.038","volume":"48","author":"Z Zhan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhan, Z., Fong, P. S. W., Mei, H., & Liang, T. (2015). Effects of gender grouping on students\u2019 group performance, individual achievements and attitudes in computer-supported collaborative learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 587\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2015.02.038","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13440_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104485","volume":"183","author":"S Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Gao, Q., Sun, M., Cai, Z., Li, H., Tang, Y., & Liu, Q. (2022). Understanding student teachers\u2019 collaborative problem solving: Insights from an epistemic network analysis (ENA). Computers and Education, 183, 104485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104485","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13440_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-021-09307-w","volume":"34","author":"L Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Zhen, Y., Niu, J., & Zhong, L. (2022). An exploratory study on fade-in versus fade-out scaffolding for novice programmers in online collaborative programming settings. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 34(2), 489\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-021-09307-w","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13440_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10798-019-09536-2","volume":"31","author":"B Zhong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhong, B., & Wang, Y. (2021). Effects of roles assignment and learning styles on pair learning in robotics education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 31(1), 41\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10798-019-09536-2","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology and Design Education"},{"issue":"9","key":"13440_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11640-9","volume":"28","author":"Z Zhong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhong, Z., Wang, J., Deng, Y., Jin, S., Feng, S., & Li, R. (2023). Effects of external scripts incorporating capabilities, roles and tasks on IVE\u2019s collaborative learning. Education and Information Technologies, 28(9), 11495\u201311516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11640-9","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"13440_CR76","first-page":"127","volume":"15","author":"C Zhu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhu, C. (2012). Student satisfaction, performance, and knowledge construction in online collaborative learning. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 15(1), 127\u2013136.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology & Society"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13440-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13440-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13440-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T07:50:42Z","timestamp":1757145042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13440-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["13440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13440-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"To ensure confidentiality, the students' personal identifiers were removed prior to data processing. Appropriate permission and ethical approval were obtained for the study. The authors also declare that they didn\u2019t use generative artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-assisted technologies in scientific writing.This study was conducted by the\u2009ethical requirements of Capital Normal University in China and was approved by the faculty\u2019s research and ethics board. All participants provided consent, and consent from their parents for minors was received.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}]}}