{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T07:50:03Z","timestamp":1788335403874,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mus Alparslan University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the role of AI in preschool from the perspective of preschool teachers. The research group consisted of 101 preschool teachers. The study group was selected according to the easily accessible case sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling methods. The study was a phenomenology, which is a qualitative research design. Qualitative data were collected using a semi-structured interview form. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis. As a result of the analyses, the participants stated they did not feel sufficient regarding Al literacy and competencies. The participants also emphasized that using AI in preschool was appropriate and would improve children\u2019s skills, such as AI literacy and computational thinking. Moreover, they stated that using AI in preschool would cause privacy and security concerns for different reasons, such as not protecting personal data, using children\u2019s pictures, and providing false and misleading information. The participants stated that they were worried about the implementation process of Al due to lack of content knowledge, lack of infrastructure, physical structure of the classroom, and lack of materials. In addition, participants emphasized that if the existing concerns were eliminated, AI could be easily integrated into the preschool period. In addition, it was determined that most participants had problems in modeling and drawing a model related to AI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13478-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T02:30:02Z","timestamp":1741660202000},"page":"17405-17446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A new era in early childhood education (ECE): Teachers\u2019 opinions on the application of artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2435-4092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esra Bet\u00fcl","family":"K\u00f6lemen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5374-4025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bekir","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"13478_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1108\/TR-04-2023-0234","volume":"79","author":"M Abou Kamar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abou Kamar, M., Maher, A., Salem, I. E., & Elbaz, A. M. (2024). Gamification impact on tourists\u2019 pro-sustainability intentions: Integration of technology acceptance model (TAM) and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Tourism Review, 79(2), 487\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/TR-04-2023-0234","journal-title":"Tourism Review"},{"key":"13478_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akdeniz, M., & \u00d6zdin\u00e7, F. (2021). Maya: An artificial intelligence based smart toy for pre-school children. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcci.2021.100347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcci.2021.100347"},{"issue":"3","key":"13478_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681021-00096-7","volume":"2","author":"S Akgun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akgun, S., & Greenhow, C. (2022). Artificial intelligence in education: Addressing ethical challenges in K-12 settings. AI and Ethics, 2(3), 431\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681021-00096-7","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"key":"13478_CR4","unstructured":"Allen, A. (2016). Do not fear STEM-you already teach it. School Age\/After School Exchange, September\/October 56\u201359.\u00a0https:\/\/hub.exchangepress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/5023156.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2024."},{"issue":"3","key":"13478_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.33225\/jbse\/24.23.432","volume":"23","author":"S Alshorman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alshorman, S. (2024). The readiness to use AI in teaching science: Science teachers\u2019 perspective. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 23(3), 432\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33225\/jbse\/24.23.432","journal-title":"Journal of Baltic Science Education"},{"key":"13478_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12903-9","author":"M Alwaqdani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alwaqdani, M. (2024). Investigating teachers\u2019 perceptions of artificial intelligence tools in education: Potential and difficulties. Education and Information Technologies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12903-9","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"3","key":"13478_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.17679\/inuefd.789366","volume":"21","author":"\u00d6 Arslan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arslan, \u00d6., & Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, B. (2020). The Effect of STEM practices on self-efficacy pedagogical and content knowledge of pre-service teachers. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 21(3), 1339\u20131355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17679\/inuefd.789366","journal-title":"Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education"},{"key":"13478_CR8","unstructured":"Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada Korea AI Ethics Association. (2021). Talent for the future: AI education for K-12 in Canada and South Korea. Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. https:\/\/www.asiapacific.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/publication-pdf\/AI%20K-12%20Education%20Report_FINAL.pdf. Accessed 12 July 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"13478_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2020.1809035","volume":"54","author":"O Avidov-Ungar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Avidov-Ungar, O., Shamir-Inbal, T., & Blau, I. (2020). Typology of digital leadership roles tasked with integrating new technologies into teaching: Insights from metaphor analysis. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(1), 92\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15391523.2020.1809035","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"key":"13478_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100099","volume":"3","author":"MA Ayanwale","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ayanwale, M. A., Sanusi, I. T., Adelana, O. P., Aruleba, K. D., & Oyelere, S. S. (2022). Teachers\u2019 readiness and intention to teach artificial intelligence in schools. Computers in Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100099","journal-title":"Computers in Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"11","key":"13478_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01859.x","volume":"17","author":"C Baker","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baker, C., Wuest, J., & Stern, P. N. (1992). Method Slurring: The grounded theory\/ phenomenology example. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17(11), 1355\u20131360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01859.x","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"key":"13478_CR12","unstructured":"Balaban, D. (2024). Privacy and security issues of using ai for academic purposes. Forbes. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/davidbalaban\/2024\/03\/29\/privacy-and-security-issues-of-using-ai-for-academicpurposes\/. Accessed 19 June 2024."},{"key":"13478_CR13","unstructured":"Balc\u0131, A. (2016). Research methods, techniques, and principles in social sciences [Sosyal bilimlerde ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntem, teknik ve ilkeler]. Pegem."},{"issue":"1","key":"13478_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-023-00418-7","volume":"10","author":"L Casal-Otero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Casal-Otero, L., Catala, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Morante, C., Taboada, M., Cebreiro, B., & Barro, S. (2023). AI literacy in K-12: A systematic literature review. International Journal of STEM Education, 10(1), 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40594-023-00418-7","journal-title":"International Journal of STEM Education"},{"key":"13478_CR15","volume":"2","author":"AP Cavalcanti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cavalcanti, A. P., Barbosa, A., Carvalho, R., Freitas, F., Tsai, Y. S., Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D., & Mello, R. F. (2021). Automatic feedback in online learning environments: A systematic literature review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2,","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"13478_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107468","volume":"138","author":"\u0130 \u00c7elik","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00c7elik, \u0130. (2023). Towards Intelligent-TPACK: An empirical study on teachers\u2019 professional knowledge to ethically integrate artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools into education. Computers in Human Behavior, 138, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107468","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13478_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-022-00715-y","volume":"66","author":"I \u00c7elik","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00c7elik, I., Dindar, M., Muukkonen, H., & J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S. (2022). The promises and challenges of artificial intelligence for teachers: A systematic review of research. TechTrends, 66, 616\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11528-022-00715-y","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"issue":"1","key":"13478_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1177\/14639491231169813","volume":"25","author":"JJ Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, J. J., & Lin, J. C. (2024). Artificial intelligence as a double-edged sword: Wielding the power principles to maximize its positive effects and minimize its negative effects. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 25(1), 146\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14639491231169813","journal-title":"Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood"},{"issue":"14","key":"13478_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5568","DOI":"10.3390\/su12145568","volume":"12","author":"TKF Chiu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chiu, T. K. F., & Chai, C. S. (2020). Sustainable curriculum planning for artificial intelligence education: A self-determination theory perspective. Sustainability, 12(14), 5568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12145568","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"13478_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chiu, T. K. F., Meng, H., Chai, C. S., Yeung, Y., King, I., & Wong, S. (2021). Creation and evaluation of a pre-tertiary artificial \u0131ntelligence (AI) curriculum. IEEE Transactions on Education, 30\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TE.2021.3085878","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2021.3085878"},{"key":"13478_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-021-00243-5","volume":"32","author":"IA Chounta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chounta, I. A., Bardone, E., Raudsep, A., & Pedaaste, M. (2022). Exploring teachers\u2019 perceptions of artificial intelligence as a tool to support their practice in estonian K-12 education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32, 725\u2013755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-021-00243-5","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13478_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00988593","volume":"3","author":"JM Corbin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. L. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 3(1), 3\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00988593","journal-title":"Qualitative Sociology"},{"key":"13478_CR23","volume-title":"Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches","author":"JW Creswell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage."},{"key":"13478_CR24","unstructured":"Creswell, J. W. (2020). QQualitative research methods: Qualitative research and research design according to five approaches [Nitel ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemleri: be\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re nitel ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma deseni], (Trans. Ed: B\u00fct\u00fcn, M. & Demir, S. B.). 5th Edition. Siyasal."},{"key":"13478_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davis, F. D. (1989, September). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of \u0131nformation technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/249008","DOI":"10.2307\/249008"},{"key":"13478_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Devi, J. S., Sreedhar, M. B., Arulprakash, P., Kazi, K., & Radhakrishnan, R. (2022). A path towards child-centric artificial intelligence based education. International Journal of Early Childhood, 14(3),. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9756\/INT-JECSE\/V14I3.1145","DOI":"10.9756\/INT-JECSE\/V14I3.1145"},{"key":"13478_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ding A. C. E., Shi, L., Yang, H., & Choi, I. (2024). Enhancing teacher AI literacy and integration through different types of cases in teacher professional development. Computers and Education Open, 6, 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeo.2024.100178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2024.100178"},{"key":"13478_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Druga, S., & Ko A. J. (2021). How do children\u2019s perceptions of machine intelligence change when training and coding smart programs?\u00a0In Interaction design and children. (pp. 49\u201361).\u00a0https:\/\/faculty.washington.edu\/ajko\/papers\/Druga2021Cognimates.pdf. Accessed 23 June 2024.","DOI":"10.1145\/3459990.3460712"},{"key":"13478_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Druga, S., Vu, S., Likhith, E., & Qiu, T. (2019). Inclusive AI literacy for kids around the world. Proceedings of the FabLearn, 104\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3311890.3311904.","DOI":"10.1145\/3311890.3311904"},{"issue":"2","key":"13478_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.55737\/qjss.135537445","volume":"5","author":"R Durrani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Durrani, R., Iqbal, A., & Akram, H. (2024). Artificial intelligence (AI) in early childhood education, exploring challenges, opportunities and future directions: A Scoping review. Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences, 5(2), 411\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55737\/qjss.135537445","journal-title":"Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences"},{"key":"13478_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2022.826737","volume":"5","author":"D Elliott","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elliott, D., & Soifer, E. (2022). AI technologies, privacy, and security. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 5,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2022.826737","journal-title":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"13478_CR32","unstructured":"European Parliament (2023) MEPs ready to negotiate first-ever rules for safe and transparent AI. European Parliament. Available at: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/news\/en\/pressroom\/20230609IPR96212\/meps-ready-to-negotiate-first-ever-rules-forsafe-and-transparent-ai. Accessed 25 May 2024."},{"key":"13478_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03004279.2023.2271019","volume":"3\u201313","author":"AL Fauzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fauzi, A. L., Kusumah, Y. S., Nurlaelah, Y. S., & Juandi, D. (2023). Computational thinking education in K-12 artificial intelligence literacy and physical computing. Education, 3\u201313, 1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03004279.2023.2271019","journal-title":"Education"},{"key":"13478_CR34","unstructured":"Felix, C. V. (2020). International perspectives on the role of technology in humanizing higher education. Emerald Publishing."},{"key":"13478_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filgueiras, F., & Almeida, V. (2021) Governance for the digital world: Neither more state no more market. Palgrave. Springer. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-030-55248-0","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55248-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"13478_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/17461979231160674","volume":"19","author":"F Filgueiras","year":"2024","unstructured":"Filgueiras, F. (2024). Artificial intelligence and education governance. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 19(3), 349\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17461979231160674","journal-title":"Education, Citizenship and Social Justice"},{"issue":"3","key":"13478_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/09575140600898407","volume":"26","author":"P Gammage","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gammage, P. (2006). Early Childhood Education and Care: Politics, policies and possibilities. Early Years, 26(3), 235\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09575140600898407","journal-title":"Early Years"},{"key":"13478_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203793206","volume-title":"Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research","author":"BG Glaser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2017). Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge."},{"key":"13478_CR39","first-page":"1319","volume":"41","author":"MP Grady","year":"1998","unstructured":"Grady, M. P. (1998). Qualitative and action research: A practitioner handbook. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 1319\u20131320.","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"13478_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-014-0348-1","volume":"14","author":"A Granic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Granic, A., & ve Marangunic, N. (2015). Technology acceptance model: A literature review from 1986 to 2013. Universal Access in the Information Society, 14, 81\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-014-0348-1","journal-title":"Universal Access in the Information Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"13478_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/160940690400300104","volume":"3","author":"T Groenewald","year":"2004","unstructured":"Groenewald, T. (2004). A phenomenological research design \u0131llustrated. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3(1), 42\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/160940690400300104","journal-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Methods"},{"key":"13478_CR42","first-page":"1949","volume":"11","author":"K Hamdan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamdan, K., Amorri, A., & Hamdan, F. (2017). Robot technology \u0131mpact on dyslexic students\u2019 English learning. International Journal of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, 11, 1949\u20131954.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"13478_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"J Hargis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hargis, J. (2014). A ten-year study of faculty classroom observations. Transformative Dialogues: Teaching and Learning Journal, 7(2), 1\u201321.","journal-title":"Transformative Dialogues: Teaching and Learning Journal"},{"key":"13478_CR44","unstructured":"Hibpshman, T. L. (2007). Analysis of transcript data for mathematics and science teachers. Education Professional Standards Board."},{"key":"13478_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01499-8","author":"E Hine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hine, E., & Floridi, L. (2022). Artificial intelligence with American values and Chinese characteristics: A comparative analysis of American and Chinese governmental AI policies. AI & SOCIETY. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01499-8","journal-title":"AI & SOCIETY"},{"issue":"2","key":"13478_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.15354\/sief.23.re202","volume":"16","author":"L Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, L. (2023). Ethics of artificial intelligence in education: Student privacy and data protection. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 16(2), 2577\u20132587.","journal-title":"Science Insights Education Frontiers"},{"key":"13478_CR47","unstructured":"ISTE. (2008). National educational technology standards for teachers (2nd Ed.). International Society for Technologyin Education."},{"key":"13478_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jada, I., & Mayayise, T.O. (2023). The impact of artificial intelligence on organisational cyber security: An outcome of a systematic literature review. Data and Information Management, Article 100063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dim.2023.100063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dim.2023.100063"},{"issue":"1","key":"13478_CR49","first-page":"139","volume":"10","author":"A Jamal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jamal, A. (2023). The role of artificial intelligence (Al)\u2019in teacher education: Opportunities & challenges. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 10(1), 139\u2013146.","journal-title":"International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews"},{"key":"13478_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johnson, D., Malmir, M., Forster, D., Alac, M., & Movellan, J. (2012). Design and early evaluation of the RUBI-5 sociable robots. In: 2012 IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDL20773.2012","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDL20773.2012"},{"key":"13478_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kandlhofer, M., Steinbauer, G., Hirschmugl-Gaisch, S., & Huber, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence and computer science in education: From kindergarten to university. In 2016 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp. 1\u20139). IEEE.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FIE.2016.7757570, https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7757570.\u00a0Accessed 18 July 2024.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2016.7757570"},{"issue":"3","key":"13478_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.36681\/tused.v18i3.1063","volume":"18","author":"A Karademir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karademir, A., & Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, B. (2021). A Different perspective on preschool STEM education: Preschool STEM education and engineering for preservice teachers. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 18(3), 338\u2013350.","journal-title":"Journal of Turkish Science Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"13478_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/18369391211056668","volume":"46","author":"S Kewalramani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kewalramani, S., Palaiologou, I., Dardanou, M., Allen, K. A., & Phillipson, S. (2021). Using robotic toys in early childhood education to support children\u2019s social and emotional competencies. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 46(4), 355\u2013369.","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Early Childhood"},{"key":"13478_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100137","volume":"4","author":"K Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, K., & Kwon, K. (2023). Exploring the AI competencies of elementary school teachers in South Korea. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100137","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"17","key":"13478_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15569","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i17.17833","volume":"35","author":"S Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, S., Jang, Y., Kim, W., Choi, S., Jung, H., Kim, S., & Kim, H. (2021). Why and what to teach: AIcurriculum for elementary school. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 35(17), 15569\u201315576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aaai.v35i17.17833","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"02","key":"13478_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v18i02.46613","volume":"18","author":"P Kitcharoen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kitcharoen, P., Howimanporn, S., & Chookaew, S. (2024). Enhancing Teachers\u2019 AI Competencies through Artificial Intelligence of Things Professional Development Training. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 18(02), 4\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijim.v18i02.46613","journal-title":"International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM)"},{"issue":"4","key":"13478_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7748\/nr2004.07.11.4.7.c6211","volume":"11","author":"S Kleiman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kleiman, S. (2004). Phenomenology: To wonder and search for meanings. Nurse Researcher, 11(4), 7\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7748\/nr2004.07.11.4.7.c6211","journal-title":"Nurse Researcher"},{"key":"13478_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, S. C., & Abelson, H. (Eds.). (2022). Computational thinking education in K\u201312: Artificial intelligence literacy and physical computing. MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/13375.001.0001"},{"key":"13478_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kong, S. C., Cheung, W. M. Y., & Zhang, G. (2023). Evaluating an artificial intelligence literacy programme for developing university students\u2019 conceptual understanding, literacy, empowerment and ethical awareness. Educational Technology & Society, 26(1), 16\u201330.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30191\/ETS.202301_26(1).0002","DOI":"10.30191\/ETS.202301_26(1).0002"},{"issue":"4","key":"13478_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-272420170000400011","volume":"12","author":"S Koul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koul, S., & ve Eydgahi, A. (2017). A systematic review of technology adoption frameworks and their applications. Journal of Technology Management & innovation, 12(4), 106\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4067\/S0718-272420170000400011","journal-title":"Journal of Technology Management & innovation"},{"issue":"14","key":"13478_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8636","DOI":"10.3390\/su14148636","volume":"14","author":"V Kuleto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kuleto, V., Ili\u0107, M. P., Bucea-Manea-\u021aoni\u015f, R., Ciocodeic\u0103, D.-F., Mih\u0103lcescu, H., & Mindrescu, V. (2022). The attitudes of K\u201312 schools\u2019 teachers in Serbia towards the potential of artificial intelligence. Sustainability, 14(14), 8636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14148636","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"13478_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laato, S., Vilppu, H., Heimonen, J., Hakkala, A., Bjorne, J., Farooq, A., \u2026 Airola, A. (2020, October). Propagating AI knowledge across university disciplines-the design of a multidisciplinary AI study module. In 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp. 1\u20139). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FIE44824.2020.9273940","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE44824.2020.9273940"},{"key":"13478_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Langford, B.E, Gerald, S. & Izzo, G. (2002). Nominal grouping sessions vs. focus groups. Qualitative Market Research, 5(1), 58\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/13522750210414517","DOI":"10.1108\/13522750210414517"},{"key":"13478_CR64","unstructured":"Lee, S., Noh, H., Lee, J., Lee, K., & Lee, G. G. (2010). Cognitive effects of robot-assisted language learning on oral skills. second language studies -- acquisition, learning, education and technolog. https:\/\/www.iscaarchive.org\/l2ws_2010\/lee10_l2ws.pdf. Accessed 24 Aug 2024."},{"issue":"2","key":"13478_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.18178\/ijiet.2024.14.2.2042","volume":"14","author":"YJ Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee, Y. J., Davis, R. O., & Ryu, J. (2024). Korean in-service teachers\u2019 perceptions of implementing artificial intelligence (ai) education for teaching in schools and their ai teacher training programs. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 14(2), 214\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18178\/ijiet.2024.14.2.2042","journal-title":"International Journal of Information and Education Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13478_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.61801\/OUAESS.2023.1.54","volume":"23","author":"FM Leta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leta, F. M. (2023). Ethics in Education: Exploring the ethical implications of artificial intelligence \u0131mplementation. \u201cOvidius\u201d University Annals Economic Sciences Series, 23(1), 413\u2013421.","journal-title":"\"Ovidius\" University Annals Economic Sciences Series"},{"key":"13478_CR67","volume-title":"The glocalization of early childhood curriculum: Global childhoods, local curricula","author":"PH Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, P. H., & Chen, J. J. (2023). The glocalization of early childhood curriculum: Global childhoods, local curricula. Routledge."},{"key":"13478_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lim, E.M., (2024). Metaphor analysis on pre-service early childhood teachers\u2019 conception of AI (Artificial Intelligence) education for young children. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsc.2023.101455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2023.101455"},{"issue":"9","key":"13478_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13381","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i09.7061","volume":"34","author":"P Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin, P., Van Brummelen, J., Lukin, G., Williams, R., & Breazeal, C. (2020). Zhorai: Designing a conversational agent for children to explore machine learning concepts. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 34(9), 13381\u201313388.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"13478_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7811","DOI":"10.3390\/su14137811","volume":"14","author":"X-F Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin, X.-F., Chen, L., Chan, K. K., Peng, S., Chen, X., Xie, S., Liu, J., & Hu, Q. (2022). Teachers\u2019 perceptions of teaching sustainable artificial intelligence: A design frame perspective. Sustainability, 14, 7811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14137811","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"13478_CR71","unstructured":"Lindner, A., & Romeike, R. (2019). Teachers\u2019 perspectives on artificial intelligence. In ISSEP 2019 - 12th International conference on informatics in schools: Situation, evaluation and perspectives, local proceedings 2019 (pp. 22\u201329).https:\/\/es.org\/issep2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/LocalISSEP-v5.pdf. Accessed 18 June 2024."},{"key":"13478_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What Is AI literacy?. Competencies and design considerations. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1\u201316). Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3313831.3376727","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376727"},{"issue":"5","key":"13478_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10798-021-09714-1","volume":"32","author":"SY Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu, S. Y., Lo, C. C., & Syu, J. Y. (2022). Project-based learning oriented STEAM: The case of micro\u2013bit paper-cutting lamp. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 32(5), 2553\u20132575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10798-021-09714-1","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology and Design Education"},{"key":"13478_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003193173","author":"R Luckin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luckin, R., George, K., & Cukurova, M. (2022). AI for school teachers. CRC Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781003193173","journal-title":"CRC Press"},{"issue":"1","key":"13478_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2023.2214181","volume":"35","author":"W Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo, W., He, H., Liu, J., Berson, I. R., Berson, M. J., Zhou, Y., & Li, H. (2024). aladdin\u2019s genie or pandora\u2019s box for early childhood education? experts chat on the roles, Challenges, and developments of ChatGPT. Early Education and Development, 35(1), 96\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10409289.2023.2214181","journal-title":"Early Education and Development"},{"key":"13478_CR76","unstructured":"Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.).\u00a0New York: Sage."},{"issue":"3","key":"13478_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4103\/ijves.ijves_37_23","volume":"10","author":"H Mondal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mondal, H., Marndi, G., Behera, J. K., & Mondal, S. (2023). ChatGPT for teachers: Practical examples for utilizing artificial intelligence for educational purposes. Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 10(3), 200\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijves.ijves_37_23","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"13478_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/1098214016630406","volume":"37","author":"E Namey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Namey, E., Guest, G., McKenna, K., & Chen, M. (2016). Evaluating bang for the buck: A costeffectiveness comparison between individual interviews and focus groups based on thematic saturation levels. American Journal of Evaluation, 37(3), 425\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098214016630406","journal-title":"American Journal of Evaluation"},{"issue":"1","key":"13478_CR79","first-page":"1","volume":"1607","author":"J Nan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nan, J. (2020). Research of application of artificial intelligence in preschool education. Journal of Physics: Conference Series IOP Publishing, 1607(1), 1\u20135.","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series IOP Publishing"},{"issue":"4","key":"13478_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13232","volume":"53","author":"T Nazaretsky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nazaretsky, T., Ariely, M., \u00c7ukurova, M., & Alexandron, G. (2022). Teachers\u2019 trust in AI-powered educational technology and a professional development program to improve it. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(4), 914\u2013931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13232","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"13478_CR81","unstructured":"Neuman, W. L, & Robson, K. (2014). Basics of social research. Pearson."},{"issue":"2","key":"13478_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-019-00997-7","volume":"48","author":"MM Neumann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neumann, M. M. (2020). Social robots and young children\u2019s early language and literacy learning. Early Childhood Education Journal, 48(2), 157\u2013170.","journal-title":"Early Childhood Education Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"13478_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/pra2.487","volume":"58","author":"DTK Ng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, K. W. S., & Qiao, M. S. (2021). AI literacy: Definition, teaching, evaluation and ethical issues. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 58(1), 504\u2013509.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"13478_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4628126","author":"M Nyaaba","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nyaaba, M., & Zhai, X. (2024). Generative AI professional development needs for teacher educators. Journal of AI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4628126","journal-title":"Journal of AI"},{"key":"13478_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ouyang, F., & Jiao, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence in education: The three paradigms. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100020"},{"key":"13478_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00d6zkaynar, K. (2024). The relationsh\u0131p between perceived benefits, attitudes and intentions in consumers' use of artificial intelligence tools within the framework of the technology acceptance model: The moderating effect of ethical concerns. Journal of Administrative Sciences, 22(Special Issue), 1472\u20131498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35408\/comuybd.1515898","DOI":"10.35408\/comuybd.1515898"},{"key":"13478_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657895","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2021.657895","volume":"6","author":"S Papadakis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Papadakis, S. (2021). The impact of coding apps on young children Computational Thinking and coding skills. A literature review. Frontiers in Education, 6, 657895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.657895","journal-title":"Frontiers in Education"},{"key":"13478_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-023-00454-3","volume":"10","author":"J Park","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park, J., Teo, T. W., Teo, A., Chang, J., Huang, J. S., & Koo, S. (2023). Integrating artificial intelligence into science lessons: Teachers\u2019 experiences and views. International Journal of STEM Education, 10, 61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40594-023-00454-3","journal-title":"International Journal of STEM Education"},{"key":"13478_CR89","unstructured":"Payne, B. H. (2019). An ethics of artificial intelligence curriculum for middle school students. MIT Media Lab Personal Robots Group. https:\/\/thecenter.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/MIT-AI-Ethics-Education-Curriculum.pdf. Accessed 21 July 2024."},{"key":"13478_CR90","unstructured":"Penagos, M., Kassir, S., & Vosloo, S. (2020). National AI strategies and children (Policy brief). Unicef Office of Global insight and Policy. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/globalinsight\/media\/1156\/file. Accessed 21 July 2024."},{"key":"13478_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prentzas, J. (2013). Artificial intelligence methods in early childhood education. In X.- S. Yang (Ed.), Artificial Intelligence, Evolutionary Computing and Metaheuristics (pp. 169\u2013199). Springer.\u00a0https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-642-29694-9_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29694-9_8"},{"issue":"2","key":"13478_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12232","volume":"34","author":"LP Prieto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prieto, L. P., Sharma, K., Kidzinski, \u0141, Rodr\u00edguez-Triana, M. J., & Dillenbourg, P. (2018). Multimodal teaching analytics: Automated extraction of orchestration graphs from wearable sensor data. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 34(2), 193\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12232","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"13478_CR93","unstructured":"Rubin, A. & Babbie, E. (2016). Research methods for social work. (9th ed.)."},{"key":"13478_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sabuncuoglu, A. (2020). Designing one year curriculum to teach artificial intelligence for middle school. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM conference on innovation and technology in computer science education. (pp. 96\u2013102). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3341525.3387364","DOI":"10.1145\/3341525.3387364"},{"key":"13478_CR95","unstructured":"\u015eahan, H.H. & Uyang\u00f6r, (2021). Scientific sample selection in research [Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda bilimsel \u00f6rneklem se\u00e7imi], M. \u00c7elebi (Ed.), Qualitative research methods. Pegem."},{"issue":"8","key":"13478_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci12080569","volume":"12","author":"SZ Salas-Pilco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salas-Pilco, S. Z., Xiao, K., & Hu, X. (2022). Artificial intelligence and learning analytics in teacher education: A systematic review. Education Sciences, 12(8), 569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci12080569","journal-title":"Education Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"13478_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ep2419","DOI":"10.30935\/jdet\/14864","volume":"4","author":"V Samara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Samara, V., & Kotsis, K. T. (2024). Use of the artificial intelligence in teaching the concept of magnetism in preschool education. Journal of Digital Educational Technology, 4(2), ep2419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30935\/jdet\/14864","journal-title":"Journal of Digital Educational Technology"},{"key":"13478_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100098","volume":"3","author":"IT Sanusi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sanusi, I. T., Olaleye, S. A., Agbo, F. J., & Chiu, T. K. F. (2022). The role of learners\u2019 competencies in artificial intelligence education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100098","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"4","key":"13478_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8","volume":"52","author":"B Saunders","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., & Bartlam, B. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Qual Quan., 52(4), 1893\u20131907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8","journal-title":"Qual Quan."},{"key":"13478_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.09.009","volume":"128","author":"R Scherer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., & Tondeur, J. (2019). The technology acceptance model (TAM): A meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach to explaining teachers\u2019 adoption of digital technology in education. Computers & Education, 128, 13\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.09.009","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13478_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steinbauer, G., Kandlhofer, M., Chklovski, T., Heintz, F., & Koenig, S. (2021). A differentiated discussion about AI education K-12 (pp. 1\u20137). KI-K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz,\u00a035, 131\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13218-021-00724-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-021-00724-8"},{"key":"13478_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stohlmann, M., Tamara J. M., & Roehring, G. H. (2012). Considerations for teaching integrated STEM education. Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research (J-PEER), 2(1), 28\u201334.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5703\/1288284314653","DOI":"10.5703\/1288284314653"},{"key":"13478_CR103","volume-title":"Basics of qualitative research techniques","author":"A Strauss","year":"2014","unstructured":"Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2014). Basics of qualitative research techniques. Sage."},{"key":"13478_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Su, J. (2024a). Kindergarten parents\u2019 perceptions of the use of AI technologies and AI literacy education: Positive views but practical concerns. Education and Information Technologies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12673-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12673-4"},{"key":"13478_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Su, J. (2024b). Kindergarten teachers\u2019 perceptions of AI literacy education for young children. International Journal of Technology and Design Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10798-024-09876-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10798-024-09876-8"},{"key":"13478_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Su, J., & Yang, W. (2022). Artificial intelligence in early childhood education: A scoping review. Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence, Article 100049.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100049"},{"key":"13478_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, J., Yu, C., & Ng, D. T. K. (2022). A meta-review of literature on educational approaches for teaching AI at the K-12 levels in the Asia-Pacific region. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, Article 100065.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100065"},{"key":"13478_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Su, J., & Zhong, Y. (2022). Artificial Intelligence (AI) in early childhood education: Curriculum design and future directions. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3,\u00a0100072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100072"},{"key":"13478_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100124","volume":"4","author":"J Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su, J., Ng, D. T. K., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023). Artificial intelligence (AI) literacy in early childhood education: The challenges and opportunities. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100124","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"5","key":"13478_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.9781\/ijimai.2024.02.010","volume":"8","author":"L Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang, L., & Su, Y. S. (2024). Ethical implications and principles of using artificial intelligence models in the classroom: A systematic literature review. Special Issue on Generative Artificial Intelligence in Education, 8(5), 25\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9781\/ijimai.2024.02.010","journal-title":"Special Issue on Generative Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"13478_CR111","unstructured":"Tatl\u0131, C., & \u00d6zen, S. (2023). A research on our personal data in the digital environment. Journal of STEM Teacher Institutes, 3(1), 1\u201312. Retrieved from https:\/\/jstei.com\/index.php\/jsti\/article\/view\/42. Accessed 11 Aug 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"13478_CR112","first-page":"153","volume":"20","author":"M Tekindal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tekindal, M., & U\u011fuz Arsu, \u015e. (2020). A review on the scope and process of phenomenological approach as a qualitative research method. Ufkun \u00d6tesi Bilim Dergisi, 20(1), 153\u2013172.","journal-title":"Ufkun \u00d6tesi Bilim Dergisi"},{"key":"13478_CR113","unstructured":"The State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2017). China\u2019s \u2018new generation artificial intelligence development plan\u2019. China\u2019s State Council. http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/content\/2017-07\/20\/content_5211996.htm. Accessed 25 May 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"13478_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9795","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33019795","volume":"33","author":"D Touretzky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Touretzky, D., Gardner-McCune, C., Martin, F., & Seehorn, D. (2019). Envisioning AI for K-12: What should every child know about AI? Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 33(1), 9795\u20139799.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"13478_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tseng, T., Murai, Y., Freed, N., Gelosi, D., Ta, T. D., & Kawahara, Y. (2021). PlushPal: Storytelling with interactive plush toys and machine learning. In Interaction design and children (pp. 236\u2013245).\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3459990.3460694","DOI":"10.1145\/3459990.3460694"},{"key":"13478_CR116","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Education (2023). Artificial intelligence and future of teaching and learning: Insights and recommendation. Office of Educational Technology. https:\/\/www.ed.gov\/sites\/ed\/files\/documents\/ai-report\/aireport.pdf. Accessed 24 July 2024."},{"key":"13478_CR117","unstructured":"UNESCO (2022). Recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence. UNESCO. https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000381137. Accessed 18 June 2024."},{"issue":"5","key":"13478_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2024.05.004","volume":"67","author":"R Urbani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Urbani, R., Ferreira, C., & Lam, J. (2024). Managerial framework for evaluating AI chatbot integration: Bridging organizational readiness and technological challenges. Business Horizons, 67(5), 595\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bushor.2024.05.004","journal-title":"Business Horizons"},{"key":"13478_CR119","unstructured":"Van Brummelen, J., Heng, T., & Tabunshchyk, V. (2021). Teaching tech to talk: K12 conversational artificial intelligence literacy curriculum and development tools. In 2021 AAAI symposium on educational advances in artificial intelligence (EAAI). https:\/\/www.aaai.org\/AAAI21Papers\/EAAI-20.VanBrummelenJ.pdf. Accessed 12 July 2024."},{"key":"13478_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcci.2020.100182","volume":"25","author":"H Vartiainen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vartiainen, H., Tedre, M., & Valtonen, T. (2020). Learning machine learning with very young children: Who is teaching whom? International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 25,","journal-title":"International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"13478_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vrochidou, E., Najoua, A., Lytridis, C., Salonidis, M., Ferelis, V., & Papakostas. G. A. (2018). Social robot NAO as a self-regulating didactic mediator: A case study of teaching\/learning numeracy. In: 2018 26th international conference on software, telecommunications and computer networks (SoftCOM) (pp 1\u20135). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/SOFTCOM.2018.8555764","DOI":"10.23919\/SOFTCOM.2018.8555764"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"13478_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-021-04450-0","volume":"308","author":"SF Wamba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wamba, S. F., Queiroz, M. M., & Braganza, A. (2022). Preface: Artificial intelligence in operations management. Annals of Operations Research, 308(1\u20132), 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-021-04450-0","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"key":"13478_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weintrop, D., & Wilensky, U. (2015). To block or not to block, that is the question: Students\u2019 perceptions of blocks-based programming. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (pp. 199\u2013208).\u00a0Digital Library. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2771839.2771860","DOI":"10.1145\/2771839.2771860"},{"key":"13478_CR124","unstructured":"Williams, R. (2018). PopBots: Leveraging social robots to aid preschool children\u2019s artificial intelligence education. [Unpublished master thesis].\u00a0MIT. https:\/\/dspace.mit.edu\/handle\/1721.1\/122894. Accessed 21 Dec 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"13478_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9729","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33019729","volume":"33","author":"R Williams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams, R., Park, H. W., Oh, L., & Breazeal, C. (2019). Popbots: Designing an artificial intelligence curriculum for early childhood education. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 33(1), 9729\u20139736.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"13478_CR126","unstructured":"World Economic Forum [WEF], (2022). Artificial intelligence for children: Toolkit. World Economic Forum.\u00a0https:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_Artificial_Intelligence_for_Children_2022.pdf.\u00a0Accessed 23 Sep 2024."},{"issue":"8","key":"13478_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4236\/jss.2024.128010","volume":"12","author":"Y Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu, Y. (2024). Is early childhood education prepared for artificial intelligence?: A global and us policy framework literature review. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 12(8), 127\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jss.2024.128010","journal-title":"Open Journal of Social Sciences"},{"key":"13478_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2021.103521","volume":"109","author":"A Yada","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yada, A., Leskinen, M., Savolainen, H., & Schwab, S. (2022). Meta-analysis of the relationship between teachers\u2019 self-efficacy and attitudes toward inclusive education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 109,","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"13478_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121188","volume":"174","author":"C Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, C., & Huang, C. (2022). Quantitative mapping of the evolution of AI policy distribution, targets and focuses over three decades in China. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 174, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121188","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting & Social Change"},{"key":"13478_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, W. (2022). Artificial Intelligence education for young children: Why, what, and how in curriculum design and implementation. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100061"},{"issue":"2","key":"13478_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12892","volume":"40","author":"W Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, W., Hu, X., Yeter, I. H., Su, J., Yang, Y., & Lee, J. C. K. (2024). Artificial intelligence education for young children: A case study of technology-enhanced embodied learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 40(2), 465\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12892","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"12","key":"13478_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10637-7","volume":"57","author":"H Yi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yi, H., Liu, T., & Lan, G. (2024). The key artificial intelligence technologies in early childhood education: A review. Artificial Intelligence Review, 57(12), 1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10462-023-10637-7","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"key":"13478_CR133","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, A., & \u015eim\u015fek, H. (2011). Qualitative research methods in social sciences [Sosyal bilimlerde nitel ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemleri]. Se\u00e7kin."},{"key":"13478_CR134","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, A. & \u015eim\u015fek, H. (2016). Qualitative research methods in social sciences [Sosyal bilimlerde nitel ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemleri].\u00a0Se\u00e7kin."},{"issue":"2","key":"13478_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-020-01056-2","volume":"49","author":"B Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, B. (2021). Preschool STEM activities: Preschool teachers\u2019 preparation and views. Early Childhood Education Journal, 49(2), 149\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10643-020-01056-2","journal-title":"Early Childhood Education Journal"},{"key":"13478_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12242-1","author":"B Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, B. (2023). Flipped TRIZ-STEM: Enhancing teacher training through innovative pedagogy? Education and Information Technologies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12242-1","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"13478_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.55549\/jeseh.741","volume":"10","author":"B Yildirim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yildirim, B., & Akcan, A. T. (2024). AI-professional development modelfor chemistry teacher: Artificial intelligencein chemistry education. Journal of Education in Science, Environment and Health (JESEH), 10(4), 161\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55549\/jeseh.741","journal-title":"Journal of Education in Science, Environment and Health (JESEH)"},{"key":"13478_CR138","unstructured":"Yin, R. K. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. SAGE."},{"key":"13478_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yin J., Goh T. T., Yang B., & Hu Y. (2024). Using a chatbot to provide formative feedback: A longitudinal study of intrinsic motivation, cognitive load, and learning performance. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 17, 1404\u20131415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25361"},{"issue":"5","key":"13478_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.3390\/su14052600","volume":"14","author":"I Yoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoo, I., & Yi, C. G. (2022). Economic innovation caused by digital transformation and impact on social systems. Sustainability, 14(5), 2600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14052600","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"13478_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yun, S., Shin, J., Kim, D., Kim, C. G., Kim, M., & Choi, M. T. (2011). Engkey: Tele-education robot. In: Mutlu, B., Bartneck, C., Ham, J., Evers, V., Kanda, T. (eds) Social Robotics. ICSR 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7072. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-25504-5_15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25504-5_15"},{"key":"13478_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yun, P., Wu, H., Alsenani, T. R., Bouzgarrou, S. M., Alkhalaf, S., Alturise, F., & Almujibah, H. (2024). On the utilization of artificial intelligence for studying and multi-objective optimizing a compressed air energy storage integrated energy system. Journal of Energy Storage, 84.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.est.2024.110839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.110839"},{"key":"13478_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100025","volume":"2","author":"K Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, K., & Aslan, A. B. (2021). AI technologies for education: Recent research & future directions. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100025","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"3","key":"13478_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.12677\/ae.2020.103056","volume":"10","author":"S Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, S. (2020). Analysis of the professional development of teachers in the era of artificial intelligence. Advances in Education, 10(3), 339\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12677\/ae.2020.103056","journal-title":"Advances in Education"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13478-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13478-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13478-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T07:30:22Z","timestamp":1757143822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13478-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["13478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13478-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The data for this study were collected voluntarily from preschool teachers. I am grateful to all the teachers who participated in this process.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical considerations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}